BASIC CALCULUS

2ND SEM REVIEWER shed 🖩∞

LIMITS  Sum law for limits states that the limit
 A value that a function approaches the of the sum of two functions equals the
output for the given input values. sum of the limits of two functions.
 It is used in the analysis process, and  Difference law for limits states that the
it always concerns about the behavior limit of the difference of two functions
of the function at a particular point. equals the difference of the limits of
two functions.
THEOREM ON LIMITS

Substitutions, Factoring, and SUM:
Conjugate Method. lim ( f ( x ) ) + g(x )¿ ¿
PROPERTIES: x →a
i. Limit of a Constant Function DIFFERENCE:
 equal to the same constant. lim ( f ( x ) )−g (x) ¿ ¿
 for instance, if the function is y = 7, x →a
then the limit of this function is 7. This EXAMPLE:
can be represented as: lim ₓ → ₐ C = lim 2 x + 4=lim 2 x+ lim 4
C. a.
x →1 x→1

= 2 lim x + lim 4
EXAMPLE:
lim c=c
= 2(1) + 4
x→ 1 x →1

=6
x →0

a. lim 5=5 b. lim 11=11

x →1 x →7 vi. Limit of a Product of Two Function
 lim f(x) and lim g(x) represent the limits
ii.Limit of Identify Function of each individual function.

use either the direct substitution or
factoring method.
lim ( f ( x ) ) ∙ g( x )¿ ¿
x →a
 it involves substituting the value c for x EXAMPLE:
in the function and simplifying from
there. a. lim x=lim (2 x+1)
x→ 4 x→4

= lim [ x ( 2 x+ 1 ) ]
EXAMPLE:
lim x=9
= 4[2lim
x→ 4
x →8
lim x=−27 x+ lim 1 ¿
a.
=
x→ 4 x →4
x=−27
4 ∙[2 ( 4 ) +1]
= 4 ∙9
= 36
iii. Constant Multiple
 the limit of a constant multiple of a
function equals the product of the
constant with the limit of the function. vii. Limit of the Quotient of Two
EXAMPLE: Function
lim [¿ c ∙ f ( x)]=c ∙ L ¿  the limit of a quotient of functions
x →a equals the quotient of the limit of each
a. lim 5 x=5 lim x function.
x →3 x →3
lim f (x )
= 5(3) f (x) x → a
= 15 lim =
x →a g ( x ) lim g (x)
iv. Limit of a Linear Function x→ a
EXAMPLE:
lim (mx +b=ma+ b)
x →0 x −2 −2 1
EXAMPLE: a. lim = = =
x→−2 x−4 −2−4 −6 3
a. lim ( 2 x−3 )=2 ( 1 )−3
x →1 b.
= -1 2
lim ( 4 x+2 )=4 (−3)+2 x 2 +5 x+ 6 (−1) +5 (−1 )+6 1−5+6
b. lim = = =2
= -10
x→−3 x→−1 x+ 2 (−1 ) +2 1

v. Limit of the Sum and Difference

 BASIC CALCULUS
2ND SEM REVIEWER shed 🖩∞
c. 1 1
2 = =
x 2−9 (−3 ) −9 9−9 0 3+3 6
lim = = =
x→−3 x +3 −3+3 0 0
cannot be x. Limit of the nth Power of the
Function
use factoring:
 the limit of the nth power of a function
( x +3)(x−3) equals the nth power of the limit of the
=x−3=−3−3=6 function.
cancel thex+3
x+3
 root law for limits states that the limit of
viii. Factoring Method the nth root of a function equals the
 a way to find limits by canceling nth root of the limit of the function.
n
common factors. lim ( f ( x)) =¿
EXAMPLE: x →a
2 EXAMPLE:
x +2−15
lim a. lim ( 5 x +7 )
4
x →3 x−3 x →2

=
( x +5)(x−3)
cancel the x-3
= ( 5 (−2 ) +7 )
4

(x −3)
= x +5=3+ 5 = 8
4
= (−10+7 )
= (−3)4 =81
ix. Conjugate Method
2
lim ( 2 x −9 )
 This method is usually use when the 2
b.
binomial term includes a square x→−3
root, because multiplying by the = ¿¿
conjugate will cancel the square root = (2 ( 9 ) −9)
2
and make it easier for us to solve for
the limit. = (18−9)2
 The conjugate of any binomial term
= (9)2=81
a+b is just the same binomial, but
with the sign flipped in the middle.
So if the original binomial is a+b, xi. Limit of a nth of a
then its conjugate is a-b. If the  the limit of the nth root of a function
original binomial is a-b, then its equals the nth root of the limit of the
conjugate is a+b. function.
lim √ f (x )= n lim f (x ) √
when the answer is n
EXAMPLE: 0, cannot be, so use
x−4 4−4 0
the conjugation x →a x→ a
a. lim = method= EXAMPLE:
x→ 4 √ x−2 √ 4−2 0
a. lim √ 5 x +3
∙√
x +2
x−4 radicals
change sign of x →3
= lim
x→ 4 √ x−2 √ x +2 cancel this = √ ( 3 ) +3
5
= lim ( x−4)¿ ¿ ¿ = √ 18=3 √ 2
x→ 4 ( √ x−2 ) ( √ x+2 )=x−2 √ x +2 √ x−49 ∙ 2
square root of 9

= lim ( x−4)¿cancel
¿ ¿ the x-4
= x-4 3 √2
x→ 4

= lim √ x +2= √ 4+2=2+2=4 lim √−4 x

3
x→ 4
b.
x →2

(3− √ x ) (3+ √x)

change sign of
= √−4 ( 2 )
3

b. lim ∙ radicals √
= 3 −8=−2
x →9 (9−x ) (3+ √ x )

(9+ 3 √ x−3cancel
√ x−x)
this LIMIT OF INFINITY
=  If f(x) can be made arbitrarily close to L
( 9−x )(3+ √ x) by taking x large enough.
1  If this limit exists, we say that the
=
3+ √ 9 function f has the limit L as x increases
without bound.
 BASIC CALCULUS
2ND SEM REVIEWER shed 🖩∞
 If the numerator is “0”, then the answer
must be 0.
 Not all answer is like that, there are
answer like whole numbers and
fraction, it depends on the given.
EXAMPLES:

( )
2 ❑
2 x −x +3
1) lim 3
x→ ∞ 4 x −1
=
2 x2 x 3 2 1 3
− + − +
x 3 x 3 x 3 x x2 x 3 0+ 0+0 0
3
= = =
4x 1 1 4−0 4
− 3 4− 3
3
x
=0
x x

3
x +2 x +3
2) lim 2
x→ ∞ 5 x +1
=
x3 2 x 3 2 3
2
+ 2 + 2 x+ + 2
x x x x x x +0+ 0 x
2
= = =
5x 1 1 5+ 0 5
+ 2 5+ 2
x 2
x x
+∞
¿ =∞
5
NOTE:
 Zero numerator is always equal to “0”
 In solving always get the highest
denominator of the given fraction
 If the denominator is “x” automatic “0”
 x numerator is equal to infinity