1.

1 Introduction
A set is a collection of well-defined objects.
The concept of set in two forms called Relations and Functions.


Real life examples of Relations and Functions



1. The distance travelled by the vehicle - Functions



2. The price of a commodity in terms of demand - Functions

3. The relationship between a teacher and their students –
Relations
4. The connection between friends in a social circle – Relations
In Class IX, we have studied sets by taking union, intersection and
complementation.


1.2 Ordered Pair

A pair of numbers, written in a particular order, precisely indicates a
location. Such a number pair is called an Ordered Pair of numbers.


 Example: The seating plan in the cinema theater.

1.3 Cartesian Product

Illustration 1
A is the set of 3 vegetables and B is the set of 4 fruits.
A={ carrot , brinjal , ladies finger }∧B={ apple , orange , grapes , strawberry } The possible
ways of choosing a vegetable with a fruit:
Vegetables (A) Fruits (B)
Carrot (c) Apple (a)
Brinjal (b) Orange (o)
Ladies finger (l) Grapes (g)
Strawberry (s)
We can select them in 12 distinct pairs:
{(c,a),(c,o),(c,g),(c,s),(b,a),(b,o),(b,g),(b,s),(l,a),(l,o),(l,g),(l,s)}
This collection represents the Cartesian product of the set of vegetables
and set of fruits.
Definition
[Page 2]
If A and B are two non-empty sets, then the set of all ordered pairs (a,
b) such that a ∈ A , b∈ B is called the Cartesian Product of A and B, and is
denoted by A × B . Thus, A × B={(a , b)∨a ∈ A ,b ∈ B }. Also note that A ×∅ =∅ .
Note – 1 Note – 2
A × B is the set of all possible B× A is the set of all possible ordered
ordered pairs between the pairs between the elements of A and B
elements of A and B such that the such that the first coordinate is an
first coordinate is an element of A element of B and the second
and the second coordinate is an coordinate is an element of A.
element of B.
Note – 3 Note – 4
In general,( a , b ) ≠(b , a), in particular, The “Cartesian Product” is also
if a=b, then ( a , b )=(b , a). referred as “Cross Product”.

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Illustration 2
Let A={1 , 2, 3 } and B={a , b }. Write A × B and B× A ?
Solution
A × B= { 1, 2 , 3 } × { a , b }={ ( 1 , a ) , ( 1 , b ) , ( 2 , a ) , ( 2 , b ) , ( 3 , a ) , ( 3 ,b ) }
B× A= { a , b } × { 1 , 2, 3 }={ ( a , 1 ) , ( a ,2 ) , ( 2 , a ) , ( 2, b ) , ( 3 , a ) , ( 3 , b ) }
Thinking Corner
When will A × B be equal to B× A ?
A × B=B × A , When A=B .
A={ 1 ,2 } ; B={ 1 , 2 }
A × B= { ( 1 ,1 ) , ( 1, 2 ) , ( 2 ,1 ) , ( 2 ,2 ) }
B× A= { ( 1 ,1 ) , ( 1, 2 ) , ( 2 ,1 ) , ( 2 ,2 ) }
Note – 1 Note – 2
In general A × B ≠ B × A , but A × B=∅ If and only if A=∅ ∨B=∅
Example:
Example:
n ( A × B )=n ( B × A ) .

Given
A={}∧B={} A × B=∅
A={ 1 ,2 } ∧B={ a , b } A × B= { ( 1 ,a ) , ( 1 , b ) , ( 2 ,a ) , ( 2 , b ) } B × A= { ( a , 1 ) , ( a ,2 ) , ( b , 1 ) , ( b ,2 ) }
Note – 3
Answer:
n ( A × B )=4∧n ( B× A )=4
If n ( A ) =p and n ( B )=q then
A×B≠B× A {
( 2, a ) , ( 2 , b ) }{
( 1 ,a ) , ( 1 , b ) , ≠ ( a , 1 ) , ( a ,2 ) ,
( b , 1 ) , ( b ,2 ) } Example:
n ( A × B )= pq .

n ( A × B )=n ( B × A )4=4 A={ 1 ,2 } ∧B={ a , b }n ( A ) =2∧n (B)=2

n ( A × B )=2× 2=4

Recall of standard infinite sets:

1. Natural Numbers N= { 1, 2 , 3 , 4 … … }
2. Whole Numbers W ={ 0 , 1, 2 , 3 … … }
3. Integers Z={ … ,−2,−1 ,0 , 1 , 2, … }

4. Rational Numbers Q= {| }
p
p,q∈Z ,q≠0

5. Real Numbers R=Q∪ Q ' , where Q ' is the set of all irrational numbers.
q

Illustration 3
 Let A be the set of numbers in the interval [3, 5] and B be the set of
numbers in the interval [2, 3].
 Then the Cartesian product A × B corresponds to the rectangular region.
 It consists of all points (x, y) within the region.

Progress Check
[Page 3]
1. For any two non-empty sets A and B, A X B is called as Cartesian
Product.
2. If n ( A × B )=20 and n ( A ) =5 then n(B) is 4.
3. If A={−1 ,1 } and B={−1 , 1 } then geometrically describe the set of points
of A × B . A × B={(−1 ,1 ) , (−1 ,1 ) , ( 1 ,−1 ) , ( 1, 1 ) }
4. If A, B are the line segments given by the intervals (−4 , 3) and (−2 , 3)
respectively, represent the Cartesian product of A and B.

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Note
[Page 4]
The set of all points in the Cartesian plane can be viewed as the set of all
ordered pairs (x, y) where x, y are real numbers. In fact, R × R is the set of
all points which we callas the Cartesian plane.
Activity 1
Let A={ x|x ∈ N , x ≤ 4 } , B={ y| y ∈ N , y< 3 }
Represent A × B and B× A in a graph sheet. Can you see the difference
between A × B and B× A ?
Solution
Given A={ 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 } & B={1, 2 }
A × B= { ( 1 ,1 ) , ( 1, 2 ) , ( 2 ,1 ) , ( 2 ,2 ) , ( 3 ,1 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) , ( 4 , 1 ) , ( 4 , 2 ) }
B× A= { ( 1 ,1 ) , ( 1, 2 ) , ( 1, 3 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 2 ,1 ) , ( 2 ,2 ) , ( 2 ,3 ) , ( 2 , 4 ) }

Example 1.1 If A={1 , 3 ,5 } and B= {2 , 3 } then (All 3 together 5 Marks)

(i) Find A × B and B× A (2 Marks)

Solution
Given A={ 1 ,3 , 5 }∧B={2 , 3}
A × B= { 1, 3 , 5 } × { 2 ,3 }={ (1, 2) ,(1 ,3) ,(3 , 2) ,(3 , 5) ,(5 ,2) ,(5 , 3) } … … …(1)
B× A= { 2, 3 } × {1 , 3 ,5 }={ (2 ,1),(2 ,3),(2 , 5),(3 , 1),(3 ,3),(3 , 5) } … … …(2)

(ii) Is A × B=B × A ? If not why? (2 Marks)

Solution
From (1) and (2) we conclude that A × B ≠ B × A as ( 1 , 2 ) ≠(2, 1) & ( 1 , 3 ) ≠ (3 ,1),
etc.
(iii) Show that n ( A × B )=n ( B × A )=n( A)× n(B) (2 Marks)
Solution
n ( A ) ×n ( B )=3× 2=6n ( B ) × n ( A )=2× 3=6n ( A × B )=n ( B × A )=n ( A ) ×n ( B )=6
n ( A × B )=n ( B × A )=n ( A ) ×n ( B )

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Example 1.2 If A × B={( 3 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) , ( 5 , 2 ) , ( 5 , 4 ) }then find A and B. (2 Marks) ⨂ ⨂
Solution
Given
A × B= { ( 3 ,2 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) , ( 5 , 2 ) , ( 5 , 4 ) } A= { set of all first coordinates of elements of A × B } .∴ A= { 3 ,5 }
B= { set of all second coordinate of elements of A × B } .∴ B= {2 , 4 }Thus A={ 3 ,5 }∧B= {2 , 4 }

Example 1.3 Let A={ x ∈ N|1< x< 4 } , B= { x ∈W |0≤ x <2 } , C={x ∈ N ∨x< 3}
(5 Marks) ⨂

(i) A ×(B ∪ C )=( A × B)∪( A × C)

Solution
Given A={ 2 ,3 } , B={0 ,1 } & C={1 , 2 }
B∪C= { 0 ,1 } ∪ { 1 ,2 }={ 0 , 1 ,2 }
A × ( B ∪C )={ 2 ,3 } × { 0 ,1 , 2 }= { (2 , 0 ) , ( 2 ,1 ) , ( 2 ,2 ) , ( 3 , 0 ) , (3 ,1 ) , ( 3 ,2 ) } … … … ( 1 )
A × B= { 2, 3 } × {0 , 1 }= { ( 2 ,0 ) , ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 0 ) , ( 3 ,1 ) } A ×C= {2 , 3 } × { 1 , 2 }={ ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) }
( A × B ) ∪ A ×C ¿={(2 , 0) ,(2 , 1),(3 ,0) ,(3 , 1)}∪{(2 , 1),(2 , 2), (3 ,1),(3 , 2)}
¿ { ( 2 , 0 ) , ( 2, 1 ) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 3 , 0 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) } … … … ( 2 ) ¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) , A × ( B ∪ C ) =( A × B ) ∪ ( A × C )

(ii) A × ( B ∩C )=( A × B ) ∩ ( A ×C )
Solution
Given A={ 2 ,3 } , B= {0 , 1 } & C={ 1 , 2 }
B∩ C={ 0 ,1 } ∩ {1 , 2 }={ 1 } A × ( B ∩C )={ 2 ,3 } × { 1 }={ ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) } … … … ( 1 )
A × B= { 2, 3 } × {0 , 1 }= { ( 2 ,0 ) , ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 0 ) , ( 3 ,1 ) } A ×C= {2 , 3 } × { 1 , 2 }={ ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) }
( A × B ) ∩ ( A ×C )= {( 2 , 0 ) , ( 2 ,1 ) , ( 3 , 0 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) } ∩ { ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) }¿ { ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) } … … … ( 2 )
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) , A × ( B ∩C )=( A × B ) ∩ ( A ×C ) is verified .

Note
[Page 5]
The above two verified properties are called distributive property of
Cartesian product over union and intersection respectively. In fact, for any
three sets A, B, C we have
1.3.1 Cartesian Product of three Sets
If A, B, and C are three non-empty sets then the Cartesian Product of three
sets is the set of all possible ordered triplets given by
A × B ×C={ ( a ,b , c ) for all a ∈ A , b∈ B , c ∈C }

Note
[Page 5]
In general, Cartesian product of two non-empty sets provides a shape in
two dimensions and Cartesian product of three non-empty sets provide an

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Illustration for Geometrical understanding of Cartesian product of two
and three sets
Let
A={ 0 , 1 } B= { 0 ,1 } C={ 0 , 1 } A × B={ 0 , 1 } × { 0 ,1 }={( 0 , 0 ) , ( 0 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 0 ) , (1 , 1 ) }

Representing A × B in the XY – plane we get

( A × B ) ×C= {( 0 ,0 ) , ( 0 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 0 ) , ( 1, 1 ) } × {0 , 1 }

{
¿ ( 0 , 0 ,0 , ) , ( 0 , 0 , 1 ) , ( 0 , 1 , 0 ) , ( 0 ,1 , 1 ) ,
( 1 , 0 , 0 ) , (1 , 0 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 1, 0 ) , ( 1 ,1 , 1 ) }
Representing A × B ×C in the XYZ – plane we get
Thus, A × B represent vertices of a square in two dimensions and
A × B ×C represent vertices of a cube in three dimensions.
Exercise: 1.1
1. Find A × B , A × A∧B × A (All 3 together 5 Marks)
[Page 6]
(i) A={ 2 ,−2 , 3 }∧B={1 ,−4 } (2 Marks)
Solution
A × B= { 2,−2 ,3 } × { 1,−4 }= {( 2 , 1 ) , (2 ,−4 ) , (−2 , 1 ) , (−2 ,−4 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) , ( 3 ,−4 ) }

{
A × A={ 2 ,−2 , 3 } × { 2 ,−2 , 3 }= ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 2 ,−2 ) , ( 2 , 3 ) , (−2 , 2 ) , (−2,−2 ) , (−2 , 3 ) ,
( 3 ,2 ) , ( 2 ,−2 ) , ( 2 ,3 ) }
B× A= { 1,−4 } × { 2 ,−2.3 }={ ( 1 ,2 ) , ( 1 ,−2 ) , ( 1 ,3 ) , (−4 ,2 ) , (−4 ,−2 ) , (−4 , 3 ) }
(ii) A=B={ p , q } (2 Marks)
Solution
A × B= { p , q } × { p , q }= { ( p , p ) , ( p ,q ) , ( q , p ) , ( q , q ) }
A × A={ p , q } × { p , q }={ ( p , p ) , ( p , q ) , ( q , p ) , ( q , q ) }
B× A= { p , q } × { p , q }= { ( p , p ) , ( p ,q ) , ( q , p ) , ( q , q ) }∴ A × B= A × A=B × A

(iii) A={ m, n } ; B=∅ (2 Marks)

Solution
A × B= { m, n } ×∅ If either A or B null sets, then A × B will also be an empty
set.
i.e., A=∅ ( ¿ ) B=∅ A × B=∅ , B × A=∅ A × A={ m , n } × { m, n }={ ( m , m) , ( m ,n ) , ( n , m ) , ( n ,n ) }

2. Let A={ 1 ,2 , 3 }∧B={x∨x is a prime number less than10 }. Find A × B and B× A .

(2 Marks) ⨂
Solution
A={ 1 ,2 , 3 } ;∧B={2 ,3 , 5 , 7 }
A × B= { ( 1 ,2 ) , ( 1 ,3 ) , ( 1 ,5 ) , ( 1 ,7 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , (2 , 3 ) , ( 2 ,5 ) , ( 2 ,7 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) , (3 , 3 ) , ( 3 ,5 ) , ( 3 , 7 ) }
B× A={( 2 ,1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 3 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) , (3 , 2 ) , ( 3 ,3 ) , ( 5 , 1 ) , ( 5 , 2 ) , ( 5 , 3 ) , ( 7 ,1 ) , ( 7 , 2 ) , ( 7 ,3 ) }

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3. If B× A= { (−2 ,3 ) , (−2 , 4 ) , ( 0 , 3 ) , ( 0 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , (3 , 4 ) } find A and B. (2 Marks)
Solution ⨂
From B× A , all the first entries belong to the set B and all the second entries
belong to A.
4. If A={ 5 ,6 } , B= { 4 , 5 , 6 } , C= { 5 ,6 ,7 } , Show that A × A=( B × B ) ∩ ( C ×C )
Solution
A × A={ 5 , 6 } × { 5 , 6 }= { ( 5 ,5 ) , ( 5 , 6 ) , ( 6 ,5 ) , ( 6 , 5 ) } … … … (1)
B× B= { 4 , 5 ,6 } × { 4 ,5 , 6 }={ ( 4 , 4 ) , ( 4 ,5 ) , ( 4 , 6 ) , (5 ,6 ) , ( 5 , 5 ) , (5 , 6 ) , ( 6 , 4 ) , ( 6 ,5 ) , ( 6 , 6 ) }

5. Given
C × C={ 5 ,6 ,7 } × {5 ,6 , 7 }={ ( 5 , 5 ) , ( 5 , 6 ) , ( 5 , 7 ) , (6 ,5 ) , ( 6 , 6 ) , ( 6 , 7 ) , ( 7 ,5 ) , ( 7 , 6 ) , ( 7 , 7 ) }
( B× B ) ∩ (C ×C )={ ( 5 , 5 ) , ( 5 ,6 ) , ( 6 , 5 ) , ( 6 , 6 ) } … … …(2)
A={ 1 ,2 , 3 } , B={ 2 ,3 , 5 } ,C= {3 , 4 } ∧D={ 1 , 3 ,5 } , ifˇ ( A ∩C ) × ( B ∩ D ) =( A × B ) ∩ ( C × D ) is true?
(5 Marks)
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) , A × A=( B × B ) ∩ ( C × C ) is verified .

Solution
( A ∩C )={ 1 , 2, 3 } ∩ { 3 , 4 }= {3 }( B∩ D )= {2 , 3 ,5 } ∩ {1 , 3 ,5 }={ 3 , 5 }
( A ∩C ) × ( B ∩ D ) ={ 3 } × { 3 , 5 }= {( 3 , 3 ) , ( 3 ,5 ) } … … …(1)

{ }
( 1 , 2) ,( 1 , 3) ,( 1 , 4 ) ,
( A × B )= { 1, 2 , 3 } × { 2 ,3 , 5 }= ( 2, 2 ) , ( 2, 3 ) , ( 2 ,5 ) ,

6. Let A={ x ∈W x <2 } , B=({3x ,∈1 )N, ( 31<, 3x) ≤ ) , {3 , 5 } . Verify that ⨂
( 3 , 2 ) , (3 , 3 ) , ( 3 ,5 )
}∧C=
(i) A × ( B ∪ C )=( A × B ) ∪ ( A ×C
( C × D )= {3 , 4 } × { 1 ,3 , 5 }=
{ }
, ( 34 ,5
( 4 ,1)) , ( 4 ,3 ) , ( 4 , 5 )
( A × B ) ∩ ( C × D )={ ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 3 ,5 ) } … … … (2 )

Solution ¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) , ( A ∩C ) × ( B ∩ D ) =( A × B ) ∩ (C × D ) is verified .

A={ 0 , 1 } B= {2 , 3 , 4 }∧C={ 3 , 5 }
( B∪ C )= { 2, 3 , 4 } ∪ {3 , 5 }={ 2 ,3 , 4 ,5 }
A × ( B ∪ C )={ 0 , 1 } × { 2, 3 , 4 ,5 }={ ( 0 , 2 ) , ( 0 ,3 ) , ( 0 , 4 ) , ( 0 ,5 ) , ( 1 ,2 ) , ( 1 ,3 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 1 ,5 ) } ..(1)
( A × B )= { 0 ,1 } × {2 , 3 , 4 }={ ( 0 , 2 ) , ( 0 ,3 ) , ( 0 , 4 ) , (1 , 2 ) , (1 , 3 ) , ( 1, 4 ) }
((ii) {0 ∩C
,1 } ×)={3( ,A5× }=B{ ()0∩,3( A) ,×C
( 0 , 5) ) , ( 1, 3 ) , ( 1 ,5 ) }
(Solution
A ×C A×)=( B
A × B ) ∪ ( A ×C )={ ( 0 , 2 ) , ( 0 ,3 ) , ( 0 , 4 ) , ( 0 ,5 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 1 , 5 ) } ..(2)
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) , A × ( B ∪ A= C {) 0=,(1A} B=
× B{)2∪, 3( A, 4×}∧C= { 3 , 5 }( B∩
C ) is verified . C ) ={ 2 ,3 , 4 } ∩ { 3 ,5 }={ 3 }
A × ( B ∩C )={ 0 , 1 } × { 3 }= { ( 0 ,3 ) , ( 1 ,3 ) } … … … ( 1 )
( A × B )= { 0 ,1 } × {2 , 3 , 4 }={ ( 0 , 2 ) , ( 0 ,3 ) , ( 0 , 4 ) , (1 , 2 ) , (1 , 3 ) , ( 1, 4 ) }
( A ×C )= {0 ,1 } × {3 , 5 }= { ( 0 ,3 ) , ( 0 , 5 ) , ( 1, 3 ) , ( 1 ,5 ) }( A × B ) ∩ ( A ×C )= {( 0 ,3 ) , ( 1 ,3 ) } … … … ( 2 )
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) , A × ( B ∩C )=( A × B ) ∩ ( A ×C ) is verified .

(iii) ( A ∪ B ) × C=( A ×C ) ∪ (B × C)
Solution
A={ 0 , 1 } B= {2 , 3 , 4 }∧C={ 3 , 5 }( A ∪ B )= {0 , 1 } ∪ { 2 ,3 , 4 }= {0 , 1 , 2, 3 , 4 }

{ }
( A ∪ B ) × C={ 0 , 1, 2 , 3 , 4 } × {3 , 5 }= ( 0 , 3 ) , ( 0 , 5 ) , ( 1 , 3 ) , (1 , 5 ) , ( 2, 3 ) , … … … ( 1 )
( 2 , 5 ) , (3 ,3 ) , ( 3 , 5 ) , ( 4 , 3 ) , ( 4 , 5 )
( A ×C )= {0 ,1 } × {3 , 5 }= { ( 0 ,3 ) , ( 0 , 5 ) , ( 1, 3 ) , ( 1 ,5 ) }
( B× C )={ 2 ,3 , 4 } × {3 , 5 }= { ( 2, 3 ) , ( 2 ,5 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 3 , 5 ) , ( 4 ,3 ) , ( 4 ,5 ) }

{ }
( A ×C ) ∪ ( B ×C )= ( 0 , 3 ) , ( 0 ,5 ) , ( 1 ,3 ) , ( 1 , 5 ) , ( 2 , 3 ) … … … ( 2 )
( 2 , 5 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 3 ,5 ) , ( 4 ,3 ) , ( 4 , 5 )
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) , ( A ∪ B ) × C=( A ×C ) ∪ ( B ×C ) is verified .
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7. Let A = the set of all natural numbers less than 8, B = the set of all
prime numbers less than 8, C = The set of even prime number. Verify
that (5 Marks) ⨂ ⨂
(i) ( A ∩ B ) ×C=( A ×C ) ∩( B ×C)
Solution
A={ 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ,7 } B={ 2 ,3 , 5 , 7 } C= { 2 }( A ∩ B )= {1 , 2 ,3 , 4 ,5 ,6 , 7 } ∩ {2 , 3 ,5 , 7 }={ 2 ,3 , 5 , 7 }
( A ∩ B ) ×C={ 2 ,3 , 5 , 7 } × {2 }= { ( 2 ,2 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) , ( 5 , 2 ) , ( 7 , 2 ) } … … … (1)
( A ×C )= {1 , 2 ,3 , 4 ,5 ,6 , 7 } × {2 }={ ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) , ( 4 , 2 ) , (5 , 2 ) , ( 6 , 2 ) , ( 7 , 2 ) }
( B× C )={ 2 ,3 , 5 , 7 } × { 2 }= { ( 2 ,2 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) , ( 5 , 2 ) , ( 7 , 2 ) }
( A ×C ) ∩ ( B ×C )= { ( 2 ,2 ) , ( 3 ,2 ) , ( 5 , 2 ) , ( 7 , 2 ) } … … … (2)
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) , ( A ∩ B ) × C=( A ×C ) ∩ ( B ×C ) is verified .

(ii) A × ( B−C )= ( A × B )−( A × C)

Solution
A={ 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ,7 } B={ 2 ,3 , 5 , 7 } C= { 2 }( B−C )= {2 , 3 ,5 ,7 }−{ 2 }= {3.5 .7 }

{ }
( 1 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 5 ) , (1 , 7 ) , ( 2 ,3 ) , ( 2 , 5 ) , ( 2 , 7 ) ,
A × ( B−C )= {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ,6 ,7 } × { 3 ,5 , 7 }= ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 3 ,5 ) , ( 3 , 7 ) , ( 4 ,3 ) , ( 4 ,5 ) , ( 4 , 7 ) , … ( 1 )
( 5 , 3 ) , ( 5 ,5 ) , ( 5 , 7 ) , ( 6 ,3 ) , ( 6 , 5 ) , ( 6 , 7 ) ,
(7 ,3 ) , ( 7 , 5 ) , (7 ,7 )

{ }
( 1 , 2) , ( 1 , 3) ,( 1 , 5) ,( 1 , 7) ,
( 2 ,2 ) , ( 2 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 5 ) , (2 , 7 ) ,
( 3 ,2 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 3 , 5 ) , ( 3 ,7 ) ,
( A × B )= { 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ,6 ,7 } × { 2 ,3 , 5 ,7 }= ( 4 ,2 ) , ( 4 , 3 ) , ( 4 , 5 ) , ( 4 , 7 ) ,
( 5 ,2 ) , ( 5 , 3 ) , ( 5 , 5 ) , (5 ,7 ) ,
( 6 , 2) , ( 6 , 3) ,(6 , 5) , ( 6 , 7) ,
( 7 , 2 ) , ( 7 ,3 ) , ( 7 , 5 ) , ( 7 ,7 )
( A ×C )= {1 , 2 ,3 , 4 ,5 ,6 , 7 } × {2 }={ ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) , ( 4 , 2 ) , (5 , 2 ) , ( 6 , 2 ) , ( 7 , 2 ) }

{ }
( 1 , 3 ) , (1 , 5 ) , ( 1, 7 ) , ( 2 ,3 ) , ( 2 , 5 ) , ( 2 , 7 ) ,
( A × B )− ( A × C )= (3 ,3 ) , ( 3 , 5 ) , ( 3 , 7 ) , ( 4 ,3 ) , ( 4 ,5 ) , ( 4 , 7 ) , … ( 2 )
(5 , 3 ) , ( 5 ,5 ) , ( 5 , 7 ) , ( 6 ,3 ) , ( 6 , 5 ) , ( 6 , 7 ) ,
( 7 ,3 ) , ( 7 , 5 ) , ( 7 ,7 )
¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) , A × ( B−C )= ( A × B )−( A ×C ) is verified .

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1.4 Relations [Page
6]
Two objects that are connected with each other by some rule of
correspondence. The two objects are related under the specified rule.
Example:
Expressing using Representation as
Relationship
the symbol R ordered pair
New Delhi is the capital of New Delhi R
(New Delhi, India)
India India
Line AB is perpendicular to Line AB R line
(line AB, Line XY)
line XY XY
−1 is greater than −5 −1 R−5 (−1 ,−5 )
l is a line of symmetry for △ PQR l R △ PQR (l , △ PQR)
How are New Delhi and India related?
There are several ways in which ‘New Delhi’ and ‘India’ are related.
 New Delhi is the capital of India.
 New Delhi is in the northern part of India.
 New Delhi is one of the largest cities of India.
So, when we wish to specify a particular relation, providing only
one ordered pair (New Delhi, India) it may not be practically
Progress Check
[Page 7]
Let A={1 , 2, 3 , 4 } and B={a , b , c }.
1. Which of the following are relations from A to B?
( A × B )={( 1 , a ) , (1 , b ) , ( 1 , c ) , ( 2 , a ) ,(2 , b),(2,c),(3,a),(3,b),(3,c),(4,a),(4,b),(4,c)}
( i ) { ( 1, b ) , ( 1 , c ) , ( 3 , a ) , ( 4 ,b ) }=Relation
( ii ) { ( 1 , a ) , ( b , 4 ) , ( c , 3 ) }= ( b , 4 )∧( c ,3 ) are not ∈ ( A × B ) so Not Relation
( iii ) { (1 , a ) , ( a , 1 ) , ( 2, b ) , ( b , 2 ) } =( a , 1 )∧( b , 2 ) are not∈ ( A × B ) so Not Relation

2. Which of the following are relations from B to A?

{ }
( B× A )= ( a ,1 ) , ( a , 2 ) , ( a ,3 ) , ( a , 4 ) , ( b , 1 ) , ( b , 2 ) , ( b , 3 ) , ( b , 4 ) ,
( c ,1 ) , ( c ,2 ) , ( c ,3 ) , ( c , 4 )
( i ) { ( c ,a ) , ( c , b ) , ( c ,1 ) } are not ∈ ( B × A ) so Not Relation
Illustration 4
Student in a
Class
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10

Heights (in feet) 4.5 5.2 5 4.5 5 5.1 5.2 5 4.7 4.9
Let us define a relation between heights of corresponding
students.

R={ ( heights , students ) } R=

{ ( 4.5 , S1 ) , ( 5.2 , S2 ) , ( 5 , S 3 ) , ( 4.5 , S 4 ) , ( 5 , S 5 ) ,
( 5.1 , S 6 ) , ( 5.2 , S7 ) , ( 5 , S8 ) , ( 4.7 , S 9) , ( 4.9 , S 10) }
~8~
Definition
Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. A ‘relation’ R from A to B is a
subset of A × B satisfying conditions. If x ∈ A is related to y ∈ B through R,
then we write it as xRy . xRy if and only if (x , y )∈ R .
Illustration 5
Let A={1 , 2, 3 , 4 ,5 } and B={ Mathi , Arul , John }
A relation R between the above sets A and B can be
represented by an arrow diagram.
Then, domain of R={1 ,2 , 3 , 4 }
Range of R={ Mathi , Arul , John }=co−domain of R.
Note that domain of R is a proper subset of A.
Activity 2 [page 8]
Let A and B be the set of lines in xy-plane such that A consists of
lines parallel to X-axis. For x ∈ A , y ∈ B , let R be a relation from A to B
defined by xRy if x is perpendicular to y. find the elements of B using a

Illustration 6
Let A={1 , 3 ,5 , 7 } and B= { 4 , 8 } . If R is a relation defined by “is less than”
from A to B, then 1R4(∵ 1is less than 4). Similarly, it is observed that 1R8,
3R4, 3R8, 5R8, 7R8
A={ ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 1 ,8 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) , (3 , 8 ) , ( 5 , 4 ) , ( 5 , 8 ) , ( 7 , 4 ) , ( 7 , 8 ) }

So R is a subset of
R={( 1 , 4 ) , ( 1 , 8 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) , ( 3 ,8 ) , ( 5 , 8 ) , (7 , 8 ) }
Illustration 7
In a particular area of a town, let us consider ten
families A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J with two
children. Among these, families B, F, I have two
girls; D, G, J has one boy and one girl; the
remaining has two boys.
X denote the number of boys
Y denote the family with X number of boys
R is concerned about the number of boys
The domain R will consist of three elements {0, 1,
2}.
R={( 0 , B ) , ( 0 , F ) , ( 0 , I ) , ( 1 , D ) , ( 1 ,G ) , ( 1 , J ) ,

~9~
 Example 1.4 Let A={3 , 4 ,5 , 7 } and B={1, 7 , 10 }. Which of the
following sets are relations from A to B? (5 Marks) ⨂

(i) R1={ ( 3 ,7 ) , ( 4 , 7 ) , ( 7 ,10 ) , ( 8 , 1 ) }

Solution
A × B= { ( 3 ,1 ) , ( 3 , 7 ) , (3 , 10 ) , ( 4 ,1 ) , ( 4 ,7 ) , ( 4 , 10 ) , ( 5 , 1 ) , (5 , 7 ) , ( 5 , 10 ) , ( 7 , 1 ) , ( 7 ,7 ) , ( 7 , 10 ) }
R1 ⊆ A × B .Thus , R1 is a relation ¿ A ¿ B .
(ii) R2 = {(3,1), (4,12)}
Solution
( 4 , 12 ) ∈ R 2 , but ( 4 , 12 ) ∉ A × B . So , R2 is not a relation ¿ A ¿ B .
(iii) R3={( 3 , 7 ) , ( 4 , 10 ) , ( 7 ,7 ) , ( 7 ,8 ) , ( 8 , 11) , ( 8 ,7 ) , ( 8 ,10 ) }
Solution

Note 1 Note 2
( 7 , 8 ) ∈ R3 , but ( 7 , 8 ) ∉ A × B . So R 3 is not a relation¿ A ¿ B .

A relation may be represented An arrow diagram is a visual

algebraically either by the roster representation of a relation.
method or by the set builder
Example 1.5 The arrow diagram a relationship between the sets
P and Q. Write the relation (i) Set builder form (ii) Roster form
(iii) What is the domain range of R.

5 3
Solution
6
4
7 (i) Set builder form of R={ ( x , y )| y=x−2, x ∈ P , y ∈Q }
8 5
(ii)Roster form R={( 5 , 3 ) , ( 6 , 4 ) , ( 7 , 5 ) }
(iii) Domain of R={5 , 6 , 7 } and range of R={3 , 4 ,5 }
P Q
Null relation
Let us consider the following example. Suppose
A={−3 ,−2 ,−1 }∧B={1 , 2 ,3 , 4 }. A relation from A to B is defined as a−b=8
i.e., there is no pair (a, b) such that a−b=8. Thus R contain no element
and so R=∅ .
A relation which contains no element is called a “Null relation”.
If n(A) = p, n(B) = q, then the total number of relations that exist from A
to B 2 pq.

~ 10 ~
 Exercise: 1.2
1. Let A={ 1 ,2 , 3 ,7 }∧B={3 , 0 ,−1 ,7 } which of the following are relations from A
to B?
Solution

{ }
A × B= { 1, 2 , 3 ,7 } × { 3 ,0 ,−1 ,7 }= ( 1 ,3 ) , ( 1 ,0 ) , ( 1 ,−1 ) , ( 1 ,7 ) , ( 2 , 3 ) , (2 , 0 ) , ( 2 ,−1 ) , ( 2, 7 ) ,
( 3 ,3 ) , ( 3 , 0 ) , (3 ,−1 ) , ( 3 , 7 ) , ( 7 , 3 ) , (7 ,0 ) , ( 7 ,−1 ) , ( 7 , 7 )
(i) R1={ ( 2 ,1 ) , ( 7 , 1 ) }
There is no element 1 in B. There is no relation from A to B.
(ii) R2={ (−1 ,1 ) }
There is no relation from A to B. {−1 ∄ A , 1∄ B }
(iii) R3={( 2 ,−1 ) , ( 7 ,7 ) , ( 1 , 3 ) }
All these pair are there in A × B
(iv) R4 = {(7,-1),(0,3),(3,3),(0,7)}
2. Let A={ 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , … . , 45 } and R be the relation defined as “is
square of a number” on A. Write R as a subset of A × A . Also,
find the domain and range of R.
Solution

The relation defined as “is square of a number”

A={1 , 2, 3 , 4 … , 45 }

Domain of R={ 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 }
R={( 1 ,1 ) , ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 9 ) , ( 4 , 16 ) , ( 5 , 25 ) , ( 6 ,36 ) }

3. A Relation R is given b] y the set { ( x , y ) y =x+3 , x ∈ { 0 , 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } } .

Determine its domain and range.
Solution

{ }
0+3=3 ,
1+3=4 ,
2+3=5 ,
x= {0 , 1 , 2, 3 , 4 ,5 } y=x +3 y= y= {3 , 4 , 5 ,6 ,7 , 8 }
3+3=6 ,
4+3=7 ,
5+ 3=8
R={ ( x , y ) } ={ ( 0 , 3 ) , (1 , 4 ) , (2 , 5 ) , ( 3 ,6 ) , ( 4 , 7 ) , ( 5 ,8 ) } Domain of R={ 0 , 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 }
Range of R= {3 , 4 , 5 ,6 ,7 , 8 }

4. Represent each of the given relations by (a) an arrow

diagram, (b) a graph and (c) a set in roster form, wherever
possible.
(i) {(x , y )∨x=2 y , x ∈ {2 , 3 , 4 ,5 } , y ∈ {1 , 2 ,3 , 4 }
Solution (a) Arrow diagram b) graph
2 1
x=2 y , where x=2
2=2×1=2x=2 y , where x=44=2 ×32=4 2
(c) roster form 4 3 x
5 4
(2, 1), (4, 2) y

~ 11 ~
(ii){(x , y )∨ y =x+3 , x , y are natural numbers<10
Solution

~ 12 ~
1.5 Functions
[Page 10]
Among several relations that exist between two non-empty set, some
special relations are important for further exploration. Such relations
Illustration 8
A company has 5 employees in different
categories. If we consider their salary
distribution for a month as show by
arrow diagram. There is only one salary
associated for every employee of the
company.
Here are various real life situations illustrating some special relations:
1. Consider the set A of all of your classmates; corresponding to each
student, there is only one age.
2. You go to a shop to buy a book. If you take out a book, there is only
one price corresponding to it; it does not have two prices
corresponding to it.
3. Corresponding to a given value of pressure P, there is only one value
of volume V.
4. In Economics, the quantity demanded can be expressed as
Q=360−4 P , where P is the price of the commodity. We see that for
each value of P, there is only one value of Q. Thus the quantity
Definition
A relation ƒ between two non-empty sets X and Y is called a function
from X to Y if for each x ∈ X there exists only one y ∈Y such that(x , y )∈ƒ.
That is, ƒ={(x , y)∨for all x ∈ X , y ∈ Y }.

A function ƒ from X to Y is written as ƒ : X →Y .

Comparing the definitions of relation
and function, we see that every function is a
relation. Thus, functions are subsets of
relations and relations are subsets of
Cartesian Product.
A function ƒ can be thought as a
mechanism, which gives a unique output ƒ(x )
to every input x .
Note
If ƒ : X →Y is a function then
 The set X is called the domain of the function ƒ and the set Y is called
as co-domain.
 If ƒ ( a )=b , then b is called ‘image’ of a under ƒ and a is called a ‘pre-
image’ of b.
 The set of all images of the elements of X under ƒ is called the ‘range’
of ƒ.
 ƒ : X →Y is a function only if every element in the domain of ƒ
has an image

~ 13 ~
 Describing domain of a function
(i) Let ƒ ( x )= . If x=−1 then f (−1) is not defined. Hence ƒ is defined
1

for all real numbers except at x=−1. So, domain of ƒ is R−{−1} .

x+1

(ii)Let f (Check
Progress ; If x=2 , 3 then f (2) and f (3) are not defined.
[page
1
x )= 2
11]
x −5 x+ 6

1. Relations are subsets of Cartesian Products. Functions are subsets of

Relation.
2. True or False: All the elements of a relation should have images.
False
3. True or False: All the elements of a function should have images.
True
4. True or False: If ƒ : A → B is a relation then the domain of R=A .
5. If ƒ : N → N is defined as ƒ ( x )=x 2 the image of 1 and 2 are 1 and √ 2 (not
a natural number so none.
6. What is the difference between relation and function?
Answer: A relationship can have many outputs for a single
input, but a function has a single input for a single output.
7. Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets. Then which one among the
following two collections is large?
(i) The number of relations between A and B.
Number of relations between A and B = 2no . of elements∈ A × B
Example: A={ 1 ,2 } , B={ 3 , 4 }
n ( A ) =2 ,n ( B )=222 ×2=24=16
(ii)The number of functions between A and B.
Illustration 9 – Texting for functions
Representation by Arrow diagram

Functions play very important role in understanding of higher

ideas in mathematics.


 They are the basic tools to convert from one form to another form.
 Functions are widely applied in Engineering Sciences.
 The range of a function is subset of its co-domain.

~ 14 ~
(ii) Is ƒ a function?s
Example 1.6 Let and and
R={( 1 ,2 ) , ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 6 ) , ( 4 ,8 ) }. Show the R is a function and find its
X ={1 , 2 ,3 , 4 } Y ={2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 }

domain, co-domain and range? (2 Marks)

Solution
For each x ∈ X , there exists only one y ∈Y .
Thus all elements in X have only one image in Y.
Therefore R is a function.
Domain X ={ 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 }
Co-domain Y = { 2, 4 , 6 , 8 ,10 }
Range of ƒ={2 , 4 , 6 , 8 }

Example 1.7 A relation ƒ : X →Y is defined by ƒ ( x )=x 2−2 where,

X ={−2 ,−1 , 0 , 3} and Y =R .
Solution
(i) List the elements of ƒ (ii) Is ƒ a function?
We note that each element in
the domain of ƒ has a unique
2 2
ƒ ( x )=x −2ƒ (−2 )=−2 −2=4−2=2
image.
2
ƒ (−1 )=−1 −2=1−2=−1
Therefore, ƒ is a function.
2
ƒ ( 0 )=0 −2=0−2=−2
2
ƒ ( 3 )=3 −2=9−2=7
∴ ƒ= { (−2 ,2 ) , (−1 ,−1 ) , ( 0 ,−2 ) , ( 3 ,7 ) }

Example 1.8 If X ={−5 , 1, 3 , 4 } and Y ={a , b , c }, then which of the

following relations are functions from X to Y?
Solution
R1= { (−5 , a ) , ( 1 , a ) , ( 3 , b ) } R1R2=¿ R3=¿
is not a function as
R2 is a function as R3 is not a function as
( 3 , a ) ,(4 , c)} ( 3 , b ) , ( 4 , c ) ,(1 , b)}
4 ∈ X does not have an
image in Y. each element of X 1 ∈ X has two images
has an unique image a ∈ Y and b ∈ Y .
of Y. Exercise: 1.3
1. Let f ={(x , y )∨x , y ∈ N ∧ y=2 x } be a relation on N. Find the
domain, co-domain and range. Is this relation a function?1 2
Solution 1 3
4
x= {1 , 2 ,3 , 4 ,5 … } y= {1 , 2 ,3 , 4 , 5 … } If x=1 ; y=2 ( 1 )=2 2 5
6
3 7
Example 1.9 2Given . Find
( 3 )=6 (i) ƒ(1) (ii) 10 …4 (iii) f 8( x ) + f (1)
Domain={ 1 , 2, 3 , 4 ,5 … } If x=2 ; y=2 ( 2 )=4
9
Solution 5
2
Co−domain={1, ( x )=2
, 3 , 4 , 5 …f }If x=3 x−x ; y=2 Range={2 , 8 ,+1)
, 4 , 6ƒ(x }
10

(i)
If x=4 ; y=2 ( 4 )=8 R={( 1 ,2 ) , ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 3(ii) ( x ) + f Every
(iii)( 5 )f=10
domain has a2 unique image
, 6 ) , (f4( x,8+1
) , ()5 , 10 ) }If x=5 ; y=2 (1 )
x=1 f ( 1 )=2 ( 1 )−1 =2−1=1 ¿ ( 2 x−x 2 ) +1
2
f ( x +1 )=2 ( x +1 )−( x +1 )

2. Let X ={ 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 } . Determine whether the relation

2
¿ 2 x+2−( x 2+ 2 x +1 )¿−x 2+1 ¿−x +2 x +1

R={(x , ƒ ( x ) )∨x ∈ X , ƒ ( x )=x + 1} is a function from X to N?

1
Solution .
2

.
.
10
.
X ={ 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 }Y =ƒ ( x )=x +1If x=3 ; ƒ ( 3 )=3~+1=9+1=10
2 2 15 ~ 2
If x=4 ; ƒ ( 4 )=4 +1=16+1=17
. ,8 }
.
17
If x=6 ; ƒ ( 6 ) =6 +1=36 +1=37If x=8 ; ƒ ( 8 ) =8 +1=64 +1=65 Domain={ 3 , 4 ,6
2 2

3 ., ( 8 , 65 ) }
4 .
.
Co−domain= {1 , 2 ,3 , 4 ,5 , … } Range={ 10 ,17 , 37 , 65 } R= { ( 3 ,10 ) , ( 4 , 17 ) , ( 6 ,37 )
4. A graph representing the function f (x) is given in the figure
it is clear that f ( 9 )=2.
(i) Find the following values of the function
(a) f (0) (b) f (7) (c) f (2) (d) f (10)
(ii)For what value of x is f ( x )=1 ?
(iii) Describe the following (i) Domain (ii) Range.
(iv) What is the image of 6 under f ?
Solution
(ii) Value of x is f ( x )=1 is 9.5
(i) Values of the
function (iii) Domain={ 1 , 2, 3 , 4 ,5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ,10 }
(a) f ( 0 )=9 (b) f ( 7 )=6
(c) f ( 2 )=6
Range={1 ,2 , 3 , 4 ,5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9}

(d) f ( 10 )=0 (iv) The image of 6 under ƒ is 5.

5. Let f ( x )=2 x +5. If x ≠ 0 then find .

f ( x+ 2 )−f (2)
( 2 x +9 )−( 9 ) 2 x
= =x
Solution
x x x

Given f ( x )=2 x +5 where x ≠ 0

f ( x+ 2 )−f (2 )
=x
f ( x +2 )=2 ( x +2 ) +5 x
f ( 2 )=2 (2 )+5 ¿ 4 +5=9
¿ 2 x+ 4+5¿ 2 x+ 9 f ( 2 )=9
f ( x +2 )=2 x +9 Answer=x

6. A function f is defined by 7. An open box is to be made from

a square paper of material, 24 cm
on a side, by cutting equal squares
f ( x )=2 x−3

(i) Find
from the corners and turning up
f ( 0) + f ( 1)
.

the sides as shown in figure.

2

Express the volume V of the boxes

f ( 0 )=2 ( 0 )−3=−3f ( 1 ) =2 ( 1 ) −3=−1

a function of x .
f ( 0 ) + f ( 1 ) −3−1 −4
= = =−2
2 2 2
(ii)Find x such that f ( x )=0.
3
2 x−3=02 x=3 x=
(iii) Find x such that f ( x )=x .
2

2 x−3=x2 x−x=3x=3
(iv) Find x such that f ( x )=f ( 1−x ) .
Solution
Volume of cuboids = l ×b × h
2−2 x−3=−2 x−12 x−3=−2 x−1

cubic.unt
2 1
2 x+ 2 x=3−14 x=2 x= =
4 2
Here l=24−2 xb=24−2 xh=x
∴ V =( 24−2 x )( 24−2 x ) ( x )
¿ ( 576−48 x−48 x+ 4 x 2 ) ( x )
2 3 3 2
V =576 x −96 x + x ¿ x −96 x +576 x
3 2
Volume of box= x −96 x +576 x

~ 16 ~
8. A function f is defined by f ( x )=3−2 x. Find x such that f ( x 2 ) =¿
Solution
f ( x )=3−2 x f (x ¿¿ 2)=3−2(x ¿¿ 2)¿ ¿ f (x ¿¿ 2)=3−2 x 2 ¿

( f ( x ) )2 =( 3−2 x )2( a−b )2=a2−2 ab +b2¿ ( 3 )2−2 ( 3 ) ( 2 x )+ (2 x )2( 3−2 x )2=9−12 x+ 4 x 2

Given f ( x 2 ) =¿3−2 x 2=9−12 x+ 4 x 2−2 x 2−4 x 2 +12 x+3−9=0−6 x 2 +12 x−6=0

÷ (−6 ) ⟹−6 x +12 x−6=0x 2−2 x+1=0 Product=+1 , ∑ ¿−1( x−1 ) ( x−1 )=0
2

x−1=0 x−1=0 Answer x=1

9. A plane is flying at a speed of 500 km per hour. Express the

distance ‘ d ’ travelled by the pane as function of time t in
hours.
Solution
Speed = 500 kms/hr Distance = Speed × time
Distance = d
Time = t
d=500× t
d ( t )=500 t kms
10. The data in the adjacent table depicts the length of a person
forehand and their corresponding height. Based on this data, a student
finds a relationship between the height ( y ) and the forehand length (x ) as
y=ax+ b , where a , b are constants.
(i) Check if this relation is a function.
(ii)Find a∧b .
(iii) Find the height of a person whose forehand length is 40 cm.
(iv) Find the length of forehand of a person if the height is 53.3 inches.
Length ' x ' of forehand Height ' y ' (in
(in cm) inches)
35 56
45 65
50 69.5
55 74
~ 17 ~
Solution (iii) y=ax+ b y=0.9 x +24.5
(i)
X Y When x=40 , y=? y=0.9 x +24.5
35 56 y=0.9× 40+24.5 y=36.0+ 24.5 y=60.5
45 65 ∴ Height of the person=60.5
50 69.5
55 74
Each element in Domain has
unique image in Co-domain.
Therefore relation is a function. (iv)
y=53.3 inches , x=? 0.9 x +24.5= y 0.9 x +24.5=53.3 0.9 x =53.3−
288
(ii) y=ax+ b, find a and b.
x= =32∴ Lengthof forehand=32 cm
9

a ( 35 )+ b=5635 a+ b=56 … . ( 1 )a ( 45 ) +b=65

45 a+b=65 … .(2)
( 2 ) ⟹ 45 a+b=65 ( 1 ) ⟹35 a± b=¿10 a=9
9
a= =0.9 Subtitute a=0.9∈⟹ ( 1 )
10
35 a+ b=56 35 ( 0.9 ) +b=5631.5+b=56
b=56−31.5b=24.5∴ a=0.9∧b=24.5

~ 18 ~
1.6 Representation of Functions
A function may be represented by
(a) a set of ordered pairs (b) a table form
(c) an arrow diagram (d) a graphical form
Let f : A → B be a function. If A={1 , 2, 3 , 4 ,5 … . } B={2 , 4 , 6 , 8 ,10 … . }
(a) Set of ordered pairs
The set f ={ ( x , y )| x , y ∈ N , y=2(x)} of all ordered pairs represent a
function.
f ={ (1 , 2 ) , ( 2, 4 ) , ( 3 ,6 ) , ( 4 , 8 ) , (5 ,10 ) }
(b) Table form
The values of x and the values of their respective images under f can
be given in the form of a table.
1 2 3 4 5
2 4 6 8 1
x

0
y

(c) Arrow diagram

An arrow diagram indicates the elements of the domain of f and their
1 2
respective images by means of arrows.
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 100

(d) Graph
The ordered pairs in the collection f ={ ( x , y )| x , y ∈ N , y=2(x)} are plotted
as points in the XY – plane. The graph of f is the totality of all such
points.

~ 19 ~
1.6.1 Vertical line test Example 1.11 Let A={1 , 2, 3 , 4 } and
A curve drawn in a graph B={2 ,5 , 8 , 11,14 } be two sets. Let
represents a function, if every f : A → B be a function given by
vertical line intersects the curve in f ( x )=3 x−1 . Represent this function
at most one point. (i) By arrow diagram
(ii)In a table form
Example 1.10
(iii) As a set of ordered pairs
Do not represent a function as the
(iv) In a graphical form
Vertical Lines meet the curves in
Solution
two points P andQ .
A={ 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 } B= {2 , 5 , 8 ,11, 4 } f ( x )=3 x−1
f ( 1 ) =3 (1 )−1=3−1=2
f ( 2 )=3 ( 2 )−1=6−1=5
f ( 3 )=3 ( 3 )−1=9−1=8
f ( 4 )=3 ( 4 )−1=12−1=11
Arrow diagram

The curves represent a function as

vertical lines meet the curve in at
most one point.
Table form

x 1 2 3 4

f (x) 2 5 8 11

Set of ordered pairs

f ={ ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 5 ) , (3 ,8 ) , ( 4 , 11) }
Graph

~ 20 ~
1.7 Types of Functions 1.7.2 Many – one function
(i) One – one (ii) Many – one In a theatre complex three
(iii) Onto (iv) Into films F 1, F 2 , F 3 are shown. Seven
1.7.1 One – one function persons (P1 ¿ P2) arrive at the
We have a cell phone with theatre and buy tickets.
proper working condition. If we If the selection of films is
make a usual call to your friend considered as a relation, then this
then you can make only one call at is a function which many-one,
a time. since more than one person may
If we treat making calls as a choose to watch the same film.
function, then it will be one – one.

An one-one function called an

A function f : A → B is called man-
injection.
one function if two or more
Illustration 10 elements of A have same image in
A={1 , 2, 3 , 4 } and B={a , b , c ,d , e } B.
Illustration 11
(i) f ={ (1 , a ) , ( 2 , b ) , ( 3 ,d ) , ( 4 , c ) }
1.7.3 Onto – one function
Different elements in A, there are
In a mobile phone assume
different images in B. Hence f is a
that there are 3 persons in the
one-one function.
contact. If every person in the
contact receives call, then the
function representing making calls
will be onto.
A function f : A → B is said to
be onto function if the range of f is
equal to the co-domain of f . An
onto function is also called a
(ii) g={( 1 , b ) , ( 2 , b ) , ( 3 , c ) , ( 4 , e ) } surjection.
Two distinct elements 1 & 2 in first
set A have same image b the
second set in B. Hence g is not a
one-one function.

Illustration 12
The range of f =B .

Let A={ x , y , z } , B={ l , m, n }

~ 21 ~
1.7.4 Into – one function 1.7.5 Bijection
In a home appliance showroom, Consider the circle where
the product television, air each letter of the English
conditioner, washing machine and alphabet is changes from
water heater were provided with inner portion to a letter in the
20% discount as New Year sale outer portion. Thus
offer. If the selection of the above A → D , B → E , C → F , … Z →C . We call
products by the three customers this circle as ‘cipher circle’.
C 1 , C 2 , C3 is considered as a function In this way if we try to change
then the diagram represent an into the word ‘HELLO’ then it will
function. During winter season become ’KHOOR’. Now using
customers usually do not prefer the same circle if we
buying air conditioner. Here air substitute for each outer
conditioner is not chosen by any letter the corresponding inner
customer. This is an example of letter we will get back the
into function. word ‘HELLO’. This process of
converting from one form to
an other form and receiving
back the required information
is called bijection. This
process is widely used in the
study of secrete codes called
cryptography.
If a function f : A → B is both
A function f : A → B is called
one-one and onto, then f is
an into function if there exists
called a bijection. from A to
atleast one element in B which is
B.
not the image of any element of A.
That is the range of f is a
proper subset of the co-domain of f
. A function f : A → B is called ‘into’
if it is not ‘onto’.
Illustration 13
Let A= {1,2,3} and B={w , x , y , z },

Range of f ={w , x , z }⊂ B
f ={ (1 , w ) , ( 2 , z ) , ( 3 , x ) }

∴ f is a into function.
Note that y ∈ B is not an image
of any element in A.

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Example 1.13 Let A={ 1 ,2 , 3 } , B={4 ,5 ,6 , 7 } and f ={ (1 , 4 ) , ( 2, 5 ) , ( 3 ,6 ) } be a
function from A to B. Show that f is one-one but not onto
function.
Solution
A={ 1 ,2 , 3 } , B={ 4 ,5 , 6 , 7 } ; f ={ ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 2 ,5 ) , ( 3 , 6 ) }
One – one function
f : A → B for different elements in A, there are different
images in B. Hence f is one-one function.
Onto function
f : A → B the element 7 in the co-domain does not have
any pre-image in the domain. Hence f is not onto.
Example 1.14 If A={−2 ,−1 , 0 ,1 , 2 } and f : A → B is an onto function
defined by f ( x )=x 2 + x +1 then find B.
Solution
Given A={−2 ,−1 , 0 ,1 , 2 } and f ( x )=x 2 + x +1 f (−2 )=(−2 ) + (−2 ) +1=4+ (−2 )+ 1=3
2

2 2
f (−1 )=(−1 ) + (−1 ) +1=1+ (−1 ) +1=1f ( 0 )=( 0 ) + ( 0 )+ 1=0+ 0+ 1=1
f ( 1 ) =( 1 ) + (1 )+1=1+1+1=3f ( 2 )=( 2 ) + ( 1 )+ 1=4 +1+1=7 ∴ B={ 3 , 1 ,1 , 3 ,7 }={1 , 3 , 7 }
2 2

Example 1.15 Let f be a function f : N → N be defined

(i) Find the images of 1, 2, 3 (ii) find the pre-images of

f ( x )=3 x +2 x , x ∈ N .

29, 53
(iii) Identify the type of function
Solution
(i) The function f : N → N is defined by f ( x )=3 x +2

The image of 1, 2, 3 are 5, 8, 11 respectively.

If x=1 , f ( 1 )=3 ( 1 ) +2=5 If x=2 , f ( 2 )=3 ( 2 )+2=7 If x=3 , f ( 3 )=3 ( 3 )+ 2=11

(ii) If x is the pre-image of 29, then f ( x )=29. Hence

3 x+ 2=2. 3 x=29−2 ; 3 x=27 ; x= =9 If x I the pre-image of 53, then
27
3
f ( x )=53. Hence 3 x+ 2=53.3 x=53−2; 3 x=51 ; x= =17
51
3
Thus the pre-image of 29 and 53 are 9 and 17 respectively.
(iii)The type of function
Different elements of N have different images in the co-domain,
∴ f is one-one function
The co-domain of f is N . The range of f ={5 , 8 , 11, … } is a proper subset
of N
∴ f is not an onto function and f is an into function.
Thus f is one – one and into function.
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 Example 1.16 Forensic scientists can determine the height (in
cm) of a person based on the length of the thigh bone. They
usually do so using the function h ( b )=2.47 b+54.10 where b is the
length of the thigh bone.
(i) Verify the function h is one – one or not
(ii)Also find the height of a person if the length of his thigh bone is 50
cm.
(iii) Find the length of the thigh bone if the height of a person is 147.96
cm.
Solution
(i) To check if h is one – one, assume that h ( b 1 )=h(b2 )

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~ 26 ~
 Exercise 1.4
1. Determine whether the graph given below represent functions. Give
reason for your answer concerning each graph.
Solution

(i) By Vertical line test:

In this diagram vertical line meets the curve in two points, so this graph
does not represent a function.
(ii)By Vertical line test:
In this diagram vertical lines meet the curve in t most one point, so this
graph represents a function.
(iii) By Vertical line test:
In this diagram vertical line meets the curve in three points, so this
graph does not represent a function.
(iv) By Vertical line test:
In this diagram vertical lines meet the curve in t most one point, so this
graph represents a function.
2. Let f : A → B be a function defined by f ( x )= −1 , where
x

A={ 2 , 4 , 6 , 10 ,12 } , B={ 0 , 1 ,2 , 4 ,5 , 9 } . Represent f by

2

(i) set of ordered pairs (ii) a table (iii) an arrow diagram (iv) a graph
Solution
The function f : A → B is defined by f ( x )= −1
x
2
If x=2 , f ( 2 )= −1=1−1=0If x=4 , f ( 4 )= −1=2−1=1If x=6 , f (6 )= −1=3−1=2If
2 4 6
2 2 2
10 12
x=10 , f ( 10 ) = −1=5−1=4 x=12 , f ( 12 )= −1=6−1=5
2 2

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~ 28 ~
1.9 Composition of Functions
1. When a car driver depresses the accelerator pedal, its controls the
flow of fuel in turn influences the speed of the car.
2. The composition of two functions is a kind of ‘chain reaction’, where
the functions act upon one after another.
3. We can explain this further with the concept that a function is a
‘process’.
4. If f and g are two functions then the composition g(f ( x )) is formed in
two steps.
(i) Feed an input (say x ) to f ;
(ii) Feed the output f ( x ) to g to get g ( f ( x ) ) and call it gf (x ).

Illustration
Consider the set A of all students, who appeared in class X of Board
Examination. Each student appearing in the Board Examination is
assigned a roll number. In order to have confidentiality, the Board
arranges to deface the roll number of each student and assigns a code
number to each roll number.
a. Let A be the set of all students appearing for the board exam.
b. B⊆ N be the set all roll numbers and C ⊆ N be the set of all code
numbers.
c. This gives rise to two functions f : A → B and g :B → C given by b=f (a)
be the roll number assigned to student a , c=g (b) be the code
number assigned to roll number b , where a ∈ A , b∈ B andc ∈C .
d. We can write c=g ( b )=g ( f ( a ) ) .

Definition
Let f : A → B and g :B → C be two functions. Then the composition of f and g
denoted by f ∘ g ( x ) =g ( f ( x ) ) ∀ x ∈ A .

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 Thinking Corner
[Page 26]
If f ( x )=x m and g ( x )=x n does f ∘ g=g ∘ f
Example 1.19 Find f ∘ g and g ∘ f Example 1.21 If
?
when f ( x )=2 x +1 g ∘ fand and if
Note f ∘ g=g ∘ f , then find the value ofx ¿27] [Page
( x m )¿ ( x m ❑ )f¿( (xx)mn g ( x )=2 x+ k
Solution
( x ) =gg[(fx()x=x
2
) ]¿ g−2
n
=3 ) x x−2,
nm mn
=x [ ]
1. Generally, f ∘ g≠ g ∘ f f for any∘ f two functions f and g. So,
f ∘ g ( x ) =f g ( x ) ¿ f ( x n
) ¿(
m nm
¿ n ❑ ) ¿¿( x )
Given f ( x )=2 x +1 , g ( x )=x 2−2
∘ g=g
composition of functions is not commutative.
Solution
k.

2. The composition g ∘ f ( x) exists Given only f ( xwhen range

g ( x )=2of x+ kf is a subset
f ∘ g ( x ) =f [ g ( x ) ]¿ f ( x 2−2 )¿ 2 ( x 2−2 ) +1

of domain of g.
)=3 x−2,
2
2
¿ 2 x −2+1¿ 2 x
2
−1∴ f ∘ g=2 x −1… … ( 1 )
f ∘ g ( x ) =f [ g ( x ) ]¿ f ( 2 x +k ) ¿ 3 ( 2 x + k )−2
g ∘ f =g [ f ( x ) ] ¿ g ( 2 x +1 ) ¿ ( 2 x+1 )2 +1 ¿ 6 x +3 k−2f ∘ g=6 x +3 k −2
2 2 2
( a+ b ) =a + 2 ab+b ;where a=2 x , b=1 g ∘ f ( x ) =g [ f ( x ) ]¿ g ( 3 x−2 )¿ 2 ( 3 x −2 ) +k
2
¿ [ ( 2 x ) ¿ ¿ 2+ 2 ( 2 x ) (1 )+ ( 1 ) ]+1 ¿ ¿ 6 x−4+ k g ∘ f =6 x−4+ k
2 2
¿ 4 x + 4 x+ 1+ 1¿ 4 x + 4 x+ 2
∴ g∘ f =4 x + 4 x+ 2 … … ( 2 )Answer:
2

2 2
f ∘ g=2 x −1g ∘ f =4 x + 4 x +2

Example 1.20 Represent the

function f ( x )= √2 x 2−5 x+3 as a Example 1.22 Find k if f ∘ f ( k )=5
where f ( k )=2 k −1.
composition of two functions.
Solution
Solution
Given f ( x )= √ 2 x 2−5 x+3 f ( x )=g ( x )∧h ( x ) f ∘ f ( k )=f [ f ( k ) ]¿ f ( 2 k −1 )¿ 2 ( 2 k−1 )−1

h ( x )=2 x −5 x+3g ( x )=√ x g ∘h ( x )=g [ h ( x ) ]

2 ¿ 4 k−2−1f ∘ f ( k )=4 k−3Given f ∘ f ( k )=5
8
¿ g [ 2 x 2−5 x +3 ] g ∘h=√ 2 x 2−5 x +3 4 k−3=54 k=5+ 34 k=8k = ∴ k =2
4
∴ g∘ h=f ( x )

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Multiple Choice Questions:
[Page 32]
Exercise: 1.6
1. If n ( A × B )=6 and A={1 , 3} then n ( B ) is
Solution
6
n ( A ) =2 ,n ( A × B ) =6∧n ( B ) =?n ( B )=n ( A × B ) /n ( A )n ( B )= =3 Answer=3
2
2. A={ a , b , p } , B= { 2, 3 } , C={ p ,q , r , s } thenn [ ( A ∪C ) × B ] is
Solution
A ∪ C ¿={a ,b , p , q , r , s }( A ∪ C ) × B={ a , b , p , q , r , s } × {2 , 3 }n [ ( A ∪C ) × B }=6 ×2=12
Answer=12
3. If A={ 1 ,2 } , B={ 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 } ,C= {5 , 6 } ∧D={5 , 6 , 7 , 8 } then state which of the
following statement is true?
Solution
(A) ( A ×C ) ⊂( B × D)
( A ×C )= { (1 , 5 ) , ( 1, 6 ) , ( 2 ,5 ) , ( 2 , 6 ) }

{ }
( B× D )= ( 1 ,5 ) , ( 1 , 6 ) , (1 , 7 ) , ( 1 ,8 ) , ( 2 , 5 ) , ( 2 , 6 ) , ( 2 ,7 ) , ( 2 , 8 ) Hence ( A ×C ) ⊂ (B× D)
( 3 , 5 ) , ( 3 , 6 ) , ( 3 , 7 ) , ( 3 ,8 ) , ( 4 , 5 ) , ( 4 , 6 ) , ( 4 ,7 ) ,(4 , 8)
⊂ proper⊂of

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