HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Compiled By Dr. Sanjay Das,

GSI Training Institute

How to create MOSAIC ING

ARC TOOLBOX----- DATA MANAGEMENT TOOL------RASTER -------

RASTER DATASET----------MOSAIC NEW RASTER ------ New Dataset

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 1. Create a Fill Dem from a projected DEM data----

CREATE a subset data using Extraction tool of Spatial Analyst

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VVI: PROJECT THE DATA USING PROJECT RASTER
In PCS : UTM projection system: This is important in the sense , no analysis can be done
without converting the data into PCS
THEN Fill the SRTM DEM

Using SPATIAL ANALYST-------HYDROLOGY--- Fill DEM Tool.

Then Create a FLOW DIRECTION map using Hydrology—Flow Direction Process.

The Flow chart for Drainage analysis is shown below

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This is flow Direction Map

Then create FLOW ACCUMULATION map

HYDOLOGY_FLOW ACCUMULATION—Input map for this FLOW DIRECTION
map.

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‘Conditional FLOW ACCUMULATION’ Map or ‘STREAM NETWORK’ MAP
SPATIAL ANALYST---RASTER CALCULATOR----MAP ALGEBRA

CON(“FLOW_ACC_RSTER”>200,1)—enter ,
You will generate a CON_FL_ACC Map ( raster)

STREAM ORDER raster Map we need two file input.

A stream Order raster map will be generated with Stahler classification rule.

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STREAM TO FEATURE MAP

Ist Input= Stream Order Raster , 2nd Input= Flow Direction Raster
Stream- Feature management.
Except first and final order (6th or 7th) stream, you need to create Merge operation of
selected order stream. Separate out stream of particular order by select attribute tool.
Then with the help of Explode tool of Advance Editing Toolbar Separate out drainage
which are physically detached. After performing this operation also you will be facing
some problems in managing streams which converge into one point and having same
Geocodes. Here two different drainage segment of same order will behave as single
object, which is logically incorrect.
To eliminate the problem, you need to use Planarize tool of Topology toolset.
Start Editing and use specific selection criterion. Select Stream Order = 3 Or stream
Order = 4. So all 3rd and 4th order (as example will be selected)
Then Planerize. This will create intersection point at the junction of converged
3rd and 4th Order drainage and you will generate a logically correct stream Order Vector.
Subsequently exact number of 2nd order, 3rd order, 4th order …. streams will be
created.

 Delineate Basins using Basin Tool

 Vectorise / Polygonise the Ordered Stream raster using Stream to Feature
Tool in Spatial: Analysis---Hydrology—Stream to Feature tool : Stream
Order Feature will be generated, where attribute GRID_CODE is the
Stream Order .

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Create Basin Raster from Basin Tool

Where Input is only the FLOW DIRECTION RASTER

Create Watershed : Before that you need to create a Single Pour Point. Now at Proper
place you Digitise that Pour Point where you think the water is going out of the basin.
Snap_Pour point Raster will be generated by following operation.

How to create Pour Point?

Create a pour point (point shape file).

You can create multiple snap points depending upon where are the places you want to
create watershed for these points (suppose you want to create dams or want to get
influence areas for stream sediment samples).

Create those pour points after displaying your flow accumulation map below. Classify
the Flow accumulation map for better viewing.

Digitize the pour points little bit upstream of the drainage.

For Multiple Pour points add one Id field in the point shapefile/feature class attribute
file.
Then classify it.

Now in Hydrology tool

Select Snap Pour Point

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Give 100 as Snap distance.

Now you generate multiple pour point raster in the name of ‘SNAP_P_P”

Use this raster data to create Watershed

Go to Watershed Hydrology toolset and create Watershed maps

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Then create Watershed map ( raster)

Now you can convert you raster Watershed zones to vector format for more accurate
calculations.

Least Cost Path Analysis

Cost Distance Raster = Flow Accumulation Raster

Flow accumulation in a drainage basin indicates total cost at the end cell. This gives
cumulative addition of the values of the pixels through which the lines or path passes.

LEAST COST PATH analysis can be done ----- Spatial Analyst---

Distance---- Cost Path Tool -----

Where Input1 = Source point vector// Source Point Raster.

Input2= Cost Distance Raster = Flow Accumulation Raster
Input3= Cost Blank Raster = Flow Direction Raster

Output = Least Cost Path Raster. Path type = Each Cell.

Therefore, it is clear that to get quantitative data in metric scale Least Cost Distance or
Least Cost Path raster has to be converted into Polyline Vector file
Use CONVERSION tool to get Longest Stream line as LCP vector ( From Raster )

Calculation of Flow Length

Spatial Analyst--- Hydrology—Flow Length

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 •

Flow length gives the idea about the length of flow at particular point in the raster map
based on the pixel that it has crossed during the flow from initial point.

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 Cut and Fill Operation : Input--- Contour Before Surface and input After
Surface (A-B) = Resultant is the Cut and Fill Raster which classifies into three
categories ;; Loss area, Gain Area and Unchanged area.
Conversion of Raster Data into ASCII file. Use Conversion Tool Set---- From
Raster
to ASCII. Once it is converted to ASCII into *.txt format. It can again be opened
into excel.
Open Microsoft EXCEL Open the Txt file (Open All file) : Browse the target txt
file. Delimited Space and Tab both. It will be open into excel sheet into column.

Edit data and change elevation values at different points. Save it into different name
and then again convert into new Raster data which will have slightly different
elevation surface. This file will not be having projection system initially. So assign
spatial reference through properties in Arc Catalogue.

8. Map Aljebra and Raster Calculator perform similar operation in two different format.

The Raster which are acquired in Integer Format can be changed into Float values using
Raster Math Float
Operation.

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9. Band Ratio Creation.: Once the Raster /Grid files are converted into Float Raster
through Map Algebra, Create Band Ratio Operation. Raster Calculator or Divide two
Raster by Divide Operation in Map Algebra.

The Value of the raster will be changed into fraction.

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HILL SHADE

Shaded relief, or hill shading, is a technique where a lighting effect is added to a map
based on elevation variations within the landscape. It generally is intended to mimic the
sun's effects - illumination, shading and shadows - on hills and canyons. This is a
common tool for mapmakers and cartographers because people identify with it - peaks
look like peaks, valleys look like valleys. This is a good way to get a (faux) 3-D effect
without changing from a 2-D perspective. It often makes the difference between a
(literally) flat, schematic-like map and a map that truly shows a picture of a landscape.

Shaded relief effect is derived from a digital elevation model (DEM), which is a raster
dataset of elevation values. DEMs and hill shades are separate datasets - a DEM contains
actual elevation values while a hill shade, though also a raster, contains brightness
values. These two data layers can be used on their own or in combination.

Creating a Hillshade

Exact procedures for creating a hill shade will vary depending on your GIS software, so
refer to your software's help menus for step-by-step guidance. However, there are a
number of key points that are relevant to all hillshade creation.

Data sources: For the U.S., DEMs are commonly obtained from USGS and are
available in a range of resolutions from 10-meter (high resolution) to 90-meter (lower
resolution) cell sizes. 30-meter data is available consistently across the conterminous
U.S., Hawaii, and Puerto Rico; 60-meter data is available for Alaska. 10-meter data
availability varies by location - you can check the USGS Site for current availability.
USGS also produces a global elevation model at approximately 1-km resolution (30 arc
second), as does NASA at various resolutions through their SRTM (Shuttle Radar
Topography Mission) dataset.

Resolution and scale: For generating a hillshade, use a DEM that is appropriate to your
mapping extent and scale. A hillshade generated from a high-resolution DEM (say 10-
meter) will not display well at small scales such as 1:250,000, but may work well at
1:24,000. Conversely, a hillshade derived from a low-resolution (say 1-km) DEM will
not work for large-scale mapping (e.g., 1:24,000) but may be ideal for 1:1,000,000 scale
mapping. You generally do not want to resample a hillshade, so better to work with the
right resolution DEM from the beginning.

Units: Units are extremely important when creating hillshades. And this doesn't just
mean your data's inherent x,y coordinate system units; the vertical (z) units are also
critical. This is because the hillshading process calculates slope and aspect based on each
cell's x, y, and z values (location and elevation), so it is important that these units be
consistent. Each DEM should specify its horizontal units, likely built into the projection

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information - e.g., for a DEM that is in UTM Zone 10 NAD27 meters, meters specifies
the horizontal (x, y) units. For DEMs, however, there is also a vertical (z) unit - each cell
in the DEM specifies an elevation, but is that elevation in meters or feet? Once you
attempt to calculate slope based on that elevation, the units become quite important.
Check the metadata for the DEM elevation units, or, if unavailable, use common sense (is
the highest peak in my area really 5,000 feet, or 5,000 meters - over 16,000 feet!).

Light source: Again, a hillshade specifies the brightness for each cell on a map image.
This brightness depends on how the cell is positioned in relation to a single light source
(e.g., the sun). So where you position this light source will affect this brightness. There
are two variables that are used to define the light's position - altitude and azimuth.
Altitude ranges from 0 to 90 (degrees) and relates the angle the light source is from the
horizon. 0 means the light source is on the horizon, 90 means the light source is directly
overhead. Azimuth ranges from 0 to 360 (also degrees) and describes where the light
source is positioned around the compass - north is 0, east is 90, south is 180, and west is
270. Play with these values until you find a combination that yields reasonable, legible,
and attractive results (a good starting point is altitude=45, azimuth=315).

Depending on the GIS software you use, how you incorporate a hillshade into your map
may vary. Sometimes it is incorporated as a "lighting effect" or "brightness theme", other
times it is added in as a transparent greyscale image that adds gradations of lightness or
darkness to your other map layers. Check your specific software's help section for how
best to add a hillshade layer.

Once the hillshade is part of your map, there are a number of effective ways it can be
used to develop great background effects. For example, use your hillshade in conjunction
with:

 a DEM - to create a nice colored elevation/relief effect

 contour lines - to create a real-world "topo" map
 an aerial image - to add texture and a 3-D perspective to your imagery
 your own project polygon layers - to add a terrific landscape dimension to
properties or focus areas.

As always, keep in mind your basic cartographic principles when working with shaded
relief. If too prominent, relief can detract from other information on the map. It also may
not add value to a map of an area with little elevation change. Set your low and high
hillshade values from dark grey to light grey (versus black to white) for a more subtle
hillshade, or vary the transparency to emphasize or de-emphasize a relief effect.

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Delineation of Stream Network and Watershed
The Hydrology module of Spatial Analyst deals with delineation of Drainage and
Watershed from Digital Elevation Model

Delineation of Stream Network

 Fill sinks in the DEM raster to remove imperfections in the data by using Fill
tool
 Create Flow Direction raster from the Filled DEM using Flow Direction Tool
 Create Flow Accumulation raster using Flow Accumulation Tool
 Create Stream raster using conditional statement in Map Algebra
 Con(FlowAccum>200,1)

 Order the stream using the Stream Order Tool : in this process Stream Order
Raster file will be generated. (Select STRAHLER Method)

Once you create Stream Order file ,

Which is Raster File you need to get a corresponding vector or feature class / Shape
file

For this in Hydrology tool of Spatial Analyst itself ‘Stream to Feature’ Operation to be
used . For this tool you need Stream Order Raster as Input 1 nand Flow direction raster
as input 2.

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The output map is Stream feature , which is nothing but the stream order in vector format.
The necessity of this file is that all type of accurate statistical analysis using the attributes
of the file is possible.
But initially this feature class/ shape file does not give accurate number of features.
Except the 1st order and last order stream statistical data, especially the number of
objects/ feature is not properly calculated.

Delineation of Watershed

• The input source data can be a feature class or raster.

• Cell locations with NoData in the input cost raster act as barriers in the cost
surface functions. Any cell location that is assigned NoData on the input cost
surface will receive NoData on all outputs (cost distance raster and,
optionally, cost backlink raster).
• The maximum distance is specified in the same cost units as those on the cost
raster.
• The least-cost distance or minimum accumulative cost distance of a cell to a
set of source cells is the lower bound of the least-cost distance from the cell to
all source cells.
• The output type for the optional output distance raster is floating point.
• The output type for the optional output backlink raster is integer.

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Least Cost path Raster gives you full channel (2D) . This raster is first converted to
Vector through Conversion (From Raster)

Now use this Channel 2D as input for creating Channel 3D. As steps given below

Use 3D Analysis: Customise _ Extension _ 3D Analyst

Arc Tool Box _ 3D analyst—Analysis _Functional Surface _Interpolate

The conversion will be done based on the principles , Extraction of Z value or
altitude value from Digital Elevation model Raster ( Fill DEM) along the 2D Vector
data polyline

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Creation of DEM and Derivative Maps using Spatial Analyst Extension
of ArcGIS
Spatial analyst is an extension module of the ArcGIS suite that deals with the raster data
analysis. It doesn’t form a part of the core ArcGIS. You have to have a licence for
working with this extension.

Invoking Spatial Analyst Toolbar

 Start ArcMap
 Click on Tools – Extensions
 Check the Spatial Analyst extension in the Extensions window
 Click on View – Toolbars and check Spatial Analyst

Spatial Analyst Toolbar appears.

Creation of Point Shape file

 Open ArcCatalog and connect to your working folder
 Right-click on the worksheet of the xls/dbf/csv file containing the long, lat and
elevation data
 Click on Create Feature Class… From XY Table
 Select columns for Long (X) and Lat (Y)
 Assign the appropriate Projection (Geographic, WGS 84)
 Give a name for the output file and save it in your working directory

A point shape file is created.

Re-projection of Shape file

It is advised to project the shape file with Geographic co-ordinate system to a projected
co-ordinate system like UTM for making both horizontal and vertical units the same.

 Open ArcToolbox window

 Open Data Management Tools – Projections and Transformations – Feature –
Project
 Give the required parameters in the Project window (for output Co-ordinate
system use appropriate UTM Zone)
A projected shape file is created. Use this shape file for all further tasks.

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Default Setting for DEM creation and Raster Analysis
Before using the elevation shape file for creating an interpolated raster, set the following
parameters

 Click on the Options sub-menu in the Spatial Analyst dropdown menu

 Set default working directory and Analysis mask (Analysis mask is the boundary
polygon file defining the working area)
 Set the extent for which interpolation is required (you set boundary shape to
define extent)
 Select an appropriate Analysis cell size by As Specified Below.
Commonly a cell size of approximately 1/4th the average station spacing is taken. In this
case you can select a cell size of 250 meters.

Creation of Raster from vector point data using Interpolation

 Click on Interpolate to Raster and select an appropriate interpolation method.
 Select Z field value as the Elevation field.
An interpolated raster (DEM) is created
 Try with all the 3 interpolation methods.

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