Professional Practices (GE-261)

Line No: 03
Objective Part (16*2=32)
Q1. Attempt all parts and each require answer 2- 3 lines

1. Write down any four levels of justification to study computer ethics?

2. If a developer is hospitalized and data has to be taken from him but he is unable then his id is
hacked, we can say it is ethical but according to which theory?

3. According to Cyber Crime Bill 2007, how spoofing is treated?

4. Differentiate between Copyright and Patent?

5. Define code of ethics?

6. What is discrimination?

7. Give any two internet security issues?

8. What is regulatory body?

9. What are non-commercial bodies?

10. Differentiate between different types of limited company?

11. Differentiate between Computer Science and Information Technology?

12. According to Cyber Crime Bill 2007, how harassment is treated?

13. Differentiate between current and non-current liabilities?

14. Give the statement of health and safety at work Act 1974?

15. How employers ensure that their activities don’t expose the general public to risk to their health
and safety?

16. In which cases shareholders can be the directors?

Subjective Part (4*12)

Q2. Describe consequentialism theory with example?

Q3. What is Contract? Discuss advantages and how a contract can be terminated?

Q4. You and a few friends are thinking of going into business together to offer software development
and system integration services to small businesses. Explain why it would be wise (or, alternatively,
why you think it would not be wise) to form yourselves into a limited company?

Q5. Describe the liability and responsibility of the board of directors of a company?

Q6. Explain IEEE Code of Ethics?

Q7. Why a British legislature is two chambers and how it works?

 -------Solution-------
Part 1
Q: 01
Personal Justification: Understanding computer ethics helps individuals navigate ethical dilemmas
in their professional and personal use of technology, promoting responsible behavior and decision-
making.

Social Justification: By studying computer ethics, society can establish norms and guidelines for the
ethical development, deployment, and use of technology, fostering a more ethical and equitable
digital environment for all members.

Individual Justification: Studying computer ethics helps individuals understand the impact of their
actions in the digital realm, promoting responsible behavior and decision-making.

Organizational Justification: Organizations benefit from studying computer ethics by fostering a

culture of ethical conduct, reducing legal and reputational risks, and enhancing trust among
stakeholders.

Q: 02
The Common Good Approach emphasizes actions that benefit the overall well-being of society or a
community. In this case, accessing the developer's data might be justified if it serves the common
good, such as ensuring the completion of critical projects or safeguarding public interests. However,
it's important to consider the ethical implications, such as respecting the developer's privacy rights
and confidentiality. The action should be weighed against potential consequences to ensure it aligns
with the broader societal good.

Q:03
Spoofing is treated in the Cyber Crime Bill 2007 may vary depending on the jurisdiction and the
language of the bill itself, generally, spoofing is considered a criminal offense. Penalties for spoofing
may include fines, imprisonment, or both, depending on the severity of the offense and the harm
caused. Spoofing can take many forms, including email spoofing, caller ID spoofing, and website
spoofing, among others.

Q:04
Copyright:
I. Protects original works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression, such as
literary works, music, art, and software code.
II. Provides the creator with the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, perform, display, and
create derivative works based on the original work.
III. Generally, copyright protection lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years.

Patent:
 I. Protects inventions, processes, and designs that are novel, useful, and non-obvious.
II. Provides the inventor with the exclusive right to prevent others from making, using, selling,
or importing the patented invention for a limited period, typically 20 years from the filing
date of the patent application.
III. Patents are typically granted for inventions in fields such as technology, pharmaceuticals, and
manufacturing.

Q: 05
Code of Ethics:
A code of ethics is a set of principles or guidelines that govern the behavior and conduct of
individuals or groups within a particular profession, organization, or community. It outlines the
moral and ethical standards expected of members and provides guidance on how to behave in
various situations. These codes often include values such as integrity, honesty, respect, fairness,
and responsibility, and they help ensure ethical decision-making and behavior in the pursuit of
organizational or professional goals.

Q: 06
Discrimination:
Discrimination refers to the unjust or prejudicial treatment of individuals or groups based on
certain characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, religion, disability,
or any other characteristic protected by law. Discrimination can manifest in various forms,
including but not limited to, unequal access to opportunities, services, or resources, harassment,
exclusion, or differential treatment. It is a violation of human rights and can have significant
social, economic, and psychological impacts on those affected.

Q: 07
Two internet security issues include:

Phishing: Phishing involves attempts by malicious actors to deceive users into providing sensitive
information such as usernames, passwords, or financial details by posing as a trustworthy entity
through emails, messages, or websites. Phishing attacks often use social engineering tactics to
manipulate users into clicking on fraudulent links or disclosing confidential information.

Malware: Malware, short for malicious software, encompasses a wide range of software
programs designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems or
networks. Examples of malware include viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and spyware.
Malware can infect devices through various means, such as malicious downloads, email
attachments, or compromised websites, posing significant threats to data security and privacy.

Q: 08
Regulatory Body:
A regulatory body is an organization or government agency responsible for creating and
enforcing rules, regulations, and standards within a particular industry or sector. Its primary role
is to oversee and ensure compliance with laws and regulations to protect the interests of
consumers, promote fair competition, and maintain the integrity of the industry. Regulatory
bodies often have the authority to issue licenses, conduct inspections, impose penalties for non-
compliance, and set guidelines for ethical conduct within the industry they regulate.

Q: 09
Non-commercial Bodies:
Non-commercial bodies, also known as non-commercial organizations (NCOs), are entities that
operate without the primary goal of making a profit. These organizations are typically focused on
serving the public or advancing a particular cause, rather than generating revenue. Non-
commercial bodies can include non-profit organizations, charities, community groups, religious
organizations, and educational institutions. They often rely on donations, grants, and volunteer
efforts to support their activities and fulfill their mission.

Q: 10
There are various types of limited companies, each with its own characteristics and
requirements:

Private Limited Company (Ltd):

 Owned by shareholders and operated by directors.
 Shares are privately held and not traded on the stock exchange.
 Limited liability, meaning shareholders' personal assets are protected from company
debts.

Public Limited Company (PLC):

 Allows shares to be traded on the stock exchange, offering greater access to capital.
 Requires a minimum share capital and stricter regulatory requirements compared to
private limited companies.
 May have a larger number of shareholders and is subject to public disclosure
requirements.

Limited Liability Partnership (LLP):

 Combines elements of a partnership and a limited company.
 Partners have limited liability, protecting their personal assets from business debts.
 Typically used by professionals like lawyers, accountants, and consultants.

Community Interest Company (CIC):

 Formed to benefit the community rather than private shareholders.
 Assets are locked and reinvested into the community.
 Must have a social or environmental mission and adhere to specific regulations.

Guarantee Company:
 Typically used by non-profit organizations or clubs.
 Members guarantee to pay a nominal amount towards company debts in the event of
liquidation, usually £1.
  Profits are reinvested into the company rather than distributed to shareholders.

Q: 11
Computer Science and Information Technology are related fields but have distinct focuses:

Computer Science:
 Primarily concerned with the theoretical foundations of computation and problem-solving
using computers.
 Involves the study of algorithms, data structures, programming languages, software design,
artificial intelligence, and computational theory.
 Emphasizes understanding how computers work at a fundamental level and developing new
technologies and innovations.

Information Technology (IT):

 Focuses on the practical application of computing technology to solve real-world problems
and manage information.
 Encompasses areas such as computer networking, database management, system
administration, cybersecurity, and software development.
 Emphasizes the use of existing technologies to meet the needs of organizations and users
efficiently and securely.

Q: 12
Harassment in cybercrime legislation is typically treated as a serious offense. It may encompass
various forms of online harassment, such as cyberbullying, stalking, or sending threatening or
abusive messages electronically.

Penalties for harassment under cybercrime laws may include fines, imprisonment, or both,
depending on the severity of the offense and the jurisdiction's laws. Additionally, provisions may
exist for protective measures to safeguard victims and prevent further harassment. It's essential to
refer to the specific provisions outlined in the Cyber Crime Bill 2007 or the relevant legislation in a
particular jurisdiction for precise details on how harassment is treated under the law.

Q: 13
Current liabilities and non-current liabilities are two categories of debts and obligations on a
company's balance sheet:

Current Liabilities:
 Current liabilities are debts or obligations that are due and payable within a short period,
typically within one year or the operating cycle of the business, whichever is longer.
 Examples of current liabilities include accounts payable, short-term loans, accrued expenses,
and current portions of long-term debt.
 Current liabilities are usually settled using current assets, such as cash or inventory.
Non-current Liabilities:
 Non-current liabilities, also known as long-term liabilities, are debts or obligations that are
not due within the next twelve months or the operating cycle of the business.
 Examples of non-current liabilities include long-term loans, bonds payable, deferred tax
liabilities, and lease obligations.
 Non-current liabilities are typically settled over an extended period, often beyond one year,
and are recorded on the balance sheet separately from current liabilities.
Q: 14
The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is a UK legislation that outlines the general duties
employers have towards their employees' health, safety, and welfare in the workplace. Some
key principles are:
General Duty: Employers must ensure the health, safety, and welfare of their employees as
far as is reasonably practicable.
Risk Assessment: Employers are required to assess the risks to health and safety in the
workplace and implement measures to control these risks.
Training and Information: Employers must provide adequate training, supervision, and
information to employees to ensure their health and safety.
Consultation: Employers must consult with employees or their representatives on health
and safety matters.
Monitoring and Review: Employers are required to monitor and review workplace health
and safety measures to ensure their effectiveness.
Duty to Protect Others: Employers must also ensure that their work activities do not harm
others, such as contractors, visitors, or the public.
Q: 15
Employers can ensure that their activities do not expose the general public to risk to their
health and safety by implementing various measures:
Risk Assessment: Conducting thorough risk assessments to identify potential hazards and
risks associated with their activities that may impact the public.
Control Measures: Implementing control measures to minimize or eliminate risks to the
public, such as installing safety barriers, signage, or warning systems.
Training and Supervision: Providing adequate training and supervision to employees to
ensure they follow safe work practices and procedures that minimize the risk of harm to the
public.
Compliance with Regulations: Ensuring compliance with relevant health and safety
regulations and standards that govern their industry and activities.
Emergency Preparedness: Developing and implementing emergency response plans to
mitigate the impact of any incidents or accidents that may occur and protect the public from
harm.
Communication and Consultation: Communicating with the public about potential risks
associated with their activities and consulting with relevant stakeholders to address concerns
and ensure public safety.
Q: 16
Shareholders can be directors of a company in many cases, as long as they meet certain
requirements and comply with legal regulations. Some common scenarios include:
Small or Family-Owned Businesses: In small businesses or family-owned enterprises,
shareholders often serve as directors, as they are directly involved in the management and
decision-making processes of the company.
 Startups: In startup companies, founders who are also shareholders often serve as directors
to have direct control over the company's direction and operations.
Investor Representation: In some cases, large investors or venture capital firms may
nominate representatives to serve on the board of directors to protect their interests and
ensure alignment with company goals.
Employee Ownership: In employee-owned companies or cooperatives, employees who are
also shareholders may serve as directors to represent the interests of the workforce and
participate in decision-making.
Legal Requirements: Depending on the jurisdiction and the company's articles of
association, there may be specific legal requirements regarding the composition of the board
of directors. In some cases, shareholders may be required or permitted to serve as directors
based on these regulations.

Part 2
Q: 02
Consequentialism is a moral theory that assesses the morality of actions solely based on their
outcomes or consequences. According to this ethical framework, the rightness or wrongness of an
action is determined by the overall good or bad consequences it produces. In other words, the end
justifies the means. This theory prioritizes the consequences of actions over other factors such as
intentions, rules, or principles.

An illustrative example of consequentialism is the ethical principle of utilitarianism, which is a form

of consequentialism. Utilitarianism proposes that the morally right action is the one that maximizes
overall happiness or utility for the greatest number of people. It prioritizes the greatest good for the
greatest number, aiming to maximize pleasure or happiness and minimize pain or suffering in society.

Consider a scenario where a government is deliberating whether to allocate funds to build either a
new hospital or a sports stadium. From a utilitarian perspective, the decision would be based on
which option maximizes overall utility. If building the hospital leads to greater benefits for society in
terms of improved healthcare access, saved lives, and reduced suffering, while the stadium primarily
provides entertainment for a smaller group of people, then utilitarianism would advocate for
investing in the hospital.

In this example, consequentialism prioritizes the positive consequences of building the hospital over
the potential benefits of the sports stadium. It emphasizes the overall welfare and well-being of the
population as a whole, regardless of individual preferences or intentions.

However, consequentialism also faces criticism, such as the challenge of accurately predicting and
measuring consequences, the potential for overlooking individual rights and justice, and the risk of
sacrificing minority interests for the majority's benefit. Despite these criticisms, consequentialism
remains a significant and influential ethical theory in moral philosophy.

Q: 03
A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that outlines the terms and

conditions governing their relationship. Contracts can be verbal or written, but written contracts are
generally preferred as they provide clear evidence of the parties' intentions and obligations.

Advantages of Contracts:
Clarity and Certainty: Contracts clearly define the rights, responsibilities, and expectations of each
party, reducing misunderstandings and disputes.

Legal Protection: Contracts provide legal protection to parties by establishing enforceable rights
and remedies in case of breach.

Risk Allocation: Contracts allocate risks between parties, specifying who is responsible for what,
which helps manage and mitigate potential losses.

Business Relationships: Contracts facilitate and formalize business relationships, promoting trust
and cooperation between parties.

Enforceability: Contracts are legally enforceable documents, allowing parties to seek remedies
through the legal system if necessary.

Termination of Contracts:
Performance: Contracts can be terminated when both parties fulfill their obligations as per the
terms of the agreement.

Mutual Agreement: Parties can mutually agree to terminate the contract, typically through a formal
termination agreement or by signing a new agreement that supersedes the original contract.

Breach: If one party fails to fulfill its obligations under the contract (breach), the other party may
have the right to terminate the contract and seek remedies for damages.

Frustration of Purpose: If circumstances arise that make it impossible or impractical to fulfill the
contract's purpose due to unforeseen events beyond the parties' control (e.g., natural disasters,
government regulations), the contract may be terminated.

Expiration: Contracts may have a specified duration or expiration date, after which they
automatically terminate unless renewed or extended by mutual agreement.

It's essential for parties to carefully review and understand the terms of a contract before entering
into it, and to seek legal advice if needed to ensure their rights and interests are protected.

Q: 04
Forming yourselves into a limited company for offering software development and system integration
services to small businesses can have several advantages:

Limited Liability: One of the primary benefits of forming a limited company is limited liability
protection. As shareholders of a limited company, you would not be personally liable for the
company's debts or legal obligations beyond your investment in the company. This protects your
personal assets in case the business encounters financial difficulties or legal issues.

Professional Image: Operating as a limited company can enhance your professional image and
credibility in the eyes of potential clients and partners. Limited companies are perceived as more
established and reliable entities, which may attract more business opportunities and instill trust in
your clients.

Tax Efficiency: Limited companies often have more tax planning opportunities compared to other
business structures. You may benefit from lower corporate tax rates, the ability to claim business
expenses, and various tax deductions available to companies. Additionally, you can optimize your
remuneration strategy to minimize tax liabilities.

Separation of Finances: By forming a limited company, you establish a clear separation between
your personal finances and the business finances. This simplifies accounting and financial
management, making it easier to track business expenses, revenues, and profits.

Ease of Transferability: Shares in a limited company can be easily transferred or sold to new
investors or shareholders if needed, providing flexibility for future growth, expansion, or exit
strategies.

However, there are also considerations to take into account before forming a limited company:

Administrative Burden: Limited companies are subject to more regulatory and administrative
requirements compared to other business structures. This includes maintaining statutory records,
filing annual accounts and reports, and complying with company law obligations.

Costs: Setting up and operating a limited company may involve higher initial costs and ongoing
expenses, such as registration fees, accounting fees, and compliance costs.

Responsibility as Directors: As directors of a limited company, you have legal duties and
responsibilities to act in the best interests of the company and its shareholders. You must ensure
compliance with relevant laws and regulations, which may require time, effort, and expertise.

Overall, forming a limited company can provide significant benefits in terms of liability protection,
professionalism, tax efficiency, and flexibility. However, it's essential to carefully weigh the
advantages and disadvantages and seek professional advice to determine the most suitable business
structure for your specific circumstances and objectives.

Q: 05
The liability and responsibility of the board of directors of a company are distinct but interconnected
aspects of their role in governing the company:

Liability:
 The board of directors can be held liable for breaches of their duties or legal obligations,
which may result in legal consequences.
 Directors may be personally liable for losses incurred by the company if they breach their
fiduciary duties, such as the duty of care, duty of loyalty, or duty of obedience.
 They may also be held liable for negligence, fraud, conflicts of interest, or violations of laws
and regulations governing corporate governance and financial reporting.
 Directors' liability can extend to civil lawsuits, regulatory enforcement actions, fines,
penalties, and even criminal charges in cases of serious misconduct or fraud.
Responsibility:
The board of directors has a range of responsibilities and duties to fulfill in governing the company
effectively:

 Strategic Planning: Setting the company's mission, vision, and strategic objectives.
 Oversight and Governance: Ensuring compliance with laws, regulations, and ethical
standards, and establishing corporate governance policies and procedures.
 Risk Management: Identifying, assessing, and managing risks that may impact the
company's operations, finances, and reputation.
 Financial Oversight: Monitoring the company's financial performance, approving financial
plans, budgets, and major expenditures, and ensuring accurate financial reporting.
 Appointment and Oversight of Management: Selecting, evaluating, and, if necessary,
removing senior management, providing guidance and oversight, and ensuring succession
planning.
 Shareholder Communication: Representing shareholder interests, ensuring transparency,
accountability, and responsiveness to shareholder concerns.

The board's responsibilities are typically outlined in the company's articles of association, corporate
governance documents, and relevant laws and regulations.

While the board delegates day-to-day management responsibilities to executive officers and
management teams, they retain ultimate accountability for the company's actions and decisions.

Q: 06
The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Code of Ethics is a set of principles
and guidelines that govern the professional conduct of IEEE members, particularly those working in
the fields of electrical engineering, electronics, computer science, and related disciplines. The code is
intended to promote ethical behavior, integrity, and responsibility in the practice of engineering and
technology. Here are the key principles outlined in the IEEE Code of Ethics:

1) Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public: Engineers and
technologists should prioritize the safety, health, and well-being of the public in all their
professional endeavors. They should strive to ensure that their work does not pose risks to
public safety or harm to individuals or communities.
2) Perform services only in areas of their competence: Professionals should only undertake
tasks and provide services that are within their areas of expertise and competence. They
should maintain and enhance their knowledge and skills through continuing education and
professional development to ensure the quality and integrity of their work.
3) Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner: Engineers and
technologists should be honest, accurate, and objective in their communication with the
public and stakeholders. They should avoid making misleading or false statements and
disclose any conflicts of interest that may influence their judgment or actions.
4) Act in a manner that upholds the integrity and dignity of the profession: Professionals
should conduct themselves with honesty, integrity, and professionalism in all their
interactions and relationships. They should avoid behaviors that undermine public trust in
the profession or bring discredit to themselves or their colleagues.
 5) Treat all persons with respect and without discrimination: Engineers and technologists
should respect the rights, dignity, and diversity of all individuals, regardless of their race,
ethnicity, gender, religion, nationality, age, disability, or other characteristics. They should
promote a culture of inclusivity, fairness, and respect in their workplaces and communities.
6) Avoid deceptive acts: Professionals should not engage in deceptive practices, fraud, or
dishonesty in their professional activities. They should act with transparency, integrity, and
honesty, and disclose any conflicts of interest or potential biases that may affect their
decisions or actions.
7) Conduct themselves in a professional manner: Engineers and technologists should
uphold the highest standards of professionalism, ethics, and integrity in their conduct and
interactions. They should strive to build and maintain trust, credibility, and respect in their
relationships with colleagues, clients, employers, and the public.

The IEEE Code of Ethics provides a framework for ethical decision-making and behavior in the
practice of engineering and technology, guiding professionals in upholding ethical standards and
values in their work and professional relationships.

Q: 07
The British legislature, also known as the Parliament of the United Kingdom, is bicameral,
meaning it consists of two chambers: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. This structure
has historical roots and serves several purposes:

1) Representation: The House of Commons is composed of Members of Parliament (MPs) who

are elected by the public in general elections. It represents the interests and concerns of the
people and holds significant legislative power. The House of Lords, on the other hand, is
composed of appointed members, including life peers, hereditary peers, and bishops. While
it lacks democratic legitimacy, it provides representation for expertise, experience, and
diversity.
2) Checks and Balances: The bicameral system provides a system of checks and balances, with
each chamber serving as a check on the powers of the other. The House of Commons, being
directly elected by the people, holds primary authority over legislation and government
decisions. The House of Lords acts as a revising chamber, scrutinizing and amending
legislation proposed by the House of Commons, offering expertise, and providing a forum for
debate.
3) Revision and Scrutiny: The House of Lords plays a crucial role in revising legislation, offering
detailed scrutiny, and proposing amendments to bills passed by the House of Commons. This
ensures that legislation is thoroughly examined and improves the quality of laws before they
receive Royal Assent and become law.
4) Expertise and Independence: The House of Lords includes members with expertise and
experience in various fields, such as law, academia, business, and public service. This
diversity of perspectives enhances the quality of debates and contributes to well-informed
decision-making. Furthermore, the appointment of life peers ensures that members are not
subject to electoral pressures, allowing them to act independently and impartially.

In practice, the legislative process involves the introduction of bills in either the House of Commons
or the House of Lords, followed by debates, committee scrutiny, and amendments. If both chambers
agree on a bill, it receives Royal Assent from the monarch and becomes law. However, if there are
disagreements between the two chambers, the bill may go through a process of negotiation and
compromise known as "ping-pong" until a consensus is reached.

Overall, the bicameral structure of the British legislature serves to balance democratic representation
with expertise, scrutiny, and accountability, ensuring effective governance and the protection of
democratic principles.

THE END