AERO VEHICLE DESIGN

OPTIMIZATION REPORT

Supersonic Fighter Jet

Submitted by:

Qurat Ul Ain (190101047)

Muhammad Abdullah Aamer (190101049)

Aero 18-B

Submitted to:

Assistant Professor

Izhar Hussain Kazmi

Department Of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad

2022

i
 Copyright © 2020

This document is jointly copyrighted by the author and the Institute of Space

Technology (IST). Both the author and IST can use, publish, or reproduce this

document in any form. Under the copyright law no part of this document can be

reproduced by anyone, except copyright holders, without the permission of the author.

ii
 ABSTRACT

In Aerospace industry the most important constraints are design requirements,

resources and cost. Optimization at conceptual stage allows us to achieve our design

requirements with the minimum allowable cost while keeping track of the available

resources. Continuing our conceptual design of a supersonic stealth combat aircraft

“Ozzie berry 4749” we will optimize our aircraft to achieve the design requirements

with minimum error. We will follow the approach explained by Raymer to develop

constraints cross plots for thrust to weight ratio vs wing loading. The point where two

or more constraint intersect is the point with optimum wing loading and thrust to weight

ratio. We will draw constraint plots by varying T/W and W/S ±25% resulting in 9

different aircrafts. Once the final T/W and W/S are extracted we will evaluate its

geometry parameter and perform performance analysis for the last time.

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 Table of Contents

Copyright © 2020 .......................................................................................................... ii

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... iv

List of figures ................................................................................................................. v

List of Tables ................................................................................................................ vi

19 Optimization ............................................................................................................. 1

19.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1

19.2 Errors in required parameters ............................................................................. 3

19.3 Sizing Matrix ...................................................................................................... 4

19.4 Summary of matrices of different parameters .................................................. 12

19.5 Sizing Matrix Cross plots ................................................................................. 13

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 List of figures

Figure 19-1 MTOW cross plot..................................................................................... 13

Figure 19-2 Ps vs Mach cross plots ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 19-3 Landing distance cross plot ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 19-4 Max Mach cross plot ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 19-5 Take-off distance cross plots .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 List of Tables

Table 19-1 T/W and W/S variation Matrix .................................................................... 5

Table 19-2 Landing distance Variation Matrix .............................................................. 7

Table 19-3 Take-off Distance Variation Matrix ............................................................ 7

Table 19-4 Max Mach Variation Matrix ........................................................................ 8

Table 19-5 Ps vs Mach Variation Matrix ....................................................................... 9

vi
 19 Optimization

19.1 Introduction

A full circle in design process is now complete. The design began with a rough

conceptual sketch and first-order estimation of the Thrust to weight ratio and wing

loading to meet the performance requirements. A rough sizing method and then refined

sizing method was used to estimate the takeoff weight and fuel weight required to meet

the mission requirements. This flow chart below obtained from Anderson’s book on

performance gives a clear idea about our current position in the design process.

We are currently at point 6. The as-drawn aircraft does not meet all the performance

and mission requirements with negligible error. Thus, it is time to advance to step 7

which is “optimization”. The optimal Aircraft is the one that meets all performance and

mission requirements.

1
19.2 Methodology

This process of refining the design is known as optimization. In order to determine the

size and characteristics of the optimal aircraft we perform the sizing again by changing.

Below shown is a step-by-step procedure that we will adopt for optimization.

1. Constructing the Sizing matrix with variations in Thrust to weight ratio (±25%)

and Wing loading (±25%) giving 9 possible aircrafts.

2. Resize all aircrafts including the base aircraft (as drawn), based upon the greater

knowledge about the initial design.

3. Choose the performance parameters that need to be optimized.

4. Plot these performance parameters against W/S for different T/W on a single

graph. Also plot the required value of the parameter as the reference line

5. For each performance parameter plot the intersection point for the reference line

and the performance parameter line marks the coordinates (W/S, T/W) for the

constraint line.

6. Construct Weight contours and the constraint lines on a W/S and T/W plot to

display the trend being followed as per above variations.

7. Redo the sizing (weight and geometry), aerodynamics and performance (as

required by constraint variables) of the 9 aircrafts.

8. On the W/S vs T/W sizing cross plot, choose a suitable intersecting point of the

constraint lines as the 10th Aircraft. Then redo the entire AVD for this aircraft,

especially performance. Compare the performance to the requirements as well

as the base aircraft performance. Ideal scenario would mean that all

requirements are being met with small error.

2
19.3 Errors in required parameters

Here is the table from the summary of performance analysis done in the previous report.

Parameters Mission profile Results Error (%)

Max Mach No 2 2 0%

Payload (lb) 3500 3500 0%

ROC (ft/min) 51500 ft 55224 ft 6.7 %

Ceiling(ft) 65000 nm 74000 nm 12.16 %

Range (nm) 2200 ft 2619 ft 16 %

MTOW (lbs.) 35,000 ft 37800 ft 7.4 %

Take-off
1500 ft 1757 lb 14.6 %
Distance(ft)

Landing distance 1700 ft 1897.8 10.4%

The errors involved are all less than 20% which can be accepted but there is always

room for improvement. It we can bring all the errors below 10% then our design can be

qualified as optimized.

So, to minimize the errors we select the following parameters for optimization:

• Max take-off weight

• Landing distance

• Takeoff distance

• Max Mach

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 • Rate of climb (Ps vs Mach curves)

We have not included range and ceiling in our list of parameters for optimization

because we know that for these two the equations involved in evaluating these

parameters are based on assumptions that always give overestimate. The detailed

reasons for the overestimates are provided in the performance analysis section for both

parameters.

As far as maximum Mach number is concerned, although it has zero error but we know

altering T/W and W/S will surely change the maximum Mach. So, we will also plot its

constraint to allow us to choose T/W and W/S that does not force us to compromise on

the Mach number.

Proceeding with the selected parameters, we use classical two parameter optimization

method called as Sizing Matrix Plot to determine the optimal parameters for our

aircraft.

19.4 Sizing Matrix

In the sizing matrix method, the thrust-to-weight ratio T/W and wing loading W/S are

arbitrarily varied from the as-drawn values (typically ±25%). Each combination of T/W

and W/S produces a different airplane with different characteristics. These aircrafts are

separately sized to determine the takeoff weight of each to perform the design mission.

They are separately analyzed for performance. If the T/W and W/S variations are wide

enough, at least one aircraft will meet all performance requirements. The drawn values

in design procedure were as follows:

W/S T/W
61.97 lb/ft2 1.02

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The following matrix shows the variation of T/W and W/S shown for the optimization

process.

W/S
46.4775 61.97 77.4625
TW

0.765 AC_1 AC_2 AC_3

1.02 AC_4 AC_5 AC_6

1.275 AC_7 AC_8 AC_9

Table 19-1 T/W and W/S variation Matrix

W/S=46.4775 W/S=61.97 W/S=77.4625

T/W=0.765 T/W=0.765 T/W=0.765

W/S=46.4775 W/S=61.97 W/S=77.4625

T/W=1.02 T/W=1.02 T/W=1.02

W/S=46.4775 W/S=61.97 W/S=77.4625

T/W=1.275 T/W=1.275 T/W=1.275

The above 3 x 3 matrix produces 9 unique combinations of T/W and W/S. These 9

combinations produce 9 different aircrafts each with different gross weight and

performance. These aircrafts are separately sized to determine the take-off weight of

each to perform the design mission. The results of the sizing are shown in the following

matrices where weight is in pounds.

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 Table 19-2 MTOW Variation Matrix

W/S 46.4775 61.97 77.4625

T/W

0.765 AC_1 AC_2 AC_3

Wo=37554 Wo=35906 Wo=35123

Wo_refined=39100 Wo_refined=30810 Wo_refined=27880

1.02 AC_4 AC_5 (baseline) AC_6

Wo=38621 Wo=37071 Wo=36335

Wo_refined=46810 Wo_refined=36300 Wo_refined=32730

1.275 AC_7 AC_8 AC_9

Wo=39669 Wo=38203 Wo=37508

Wo_refined=57350 Wo_refined=43480 Wo_refined=38790

These airplanes are also separately analyzed for performance. There are five main

performance parameters that have been chosen to optimize and with the gross weight.

These parameters are weight, landing distance, take-off distance, Rate of climb (Ps vs

Mach), and Maximum Mach No. The requirements for these parameters are given

below:

Gross Weight = 35000 lb.

Landing Distance ≤1700 ft.

Take off distance ≤ 1500 ft

Maximum Mach = 2

Rate of climb ≥ 51500 ft/min or 858 ft/min

6
The performance of these aircrafts was analyzed, and the results are displayed in the

following matrix known as the Sizing Matrix.

→Landing distance

Table 19-2 Landing distance Variation Matrix

Aircraft number Landing distance (ft)

Aircraft 1 1575.466

Aircraft 2 1816.959

Aircraft 3 2055.004

Aircraft 4 1575.554

Aircraft 5 (baseline) 1817.109

Aircraft 6 2055.238

Aircraft 7 1575.650

Aircraft 8 1817.269

Aircraft 9 2055.478

→Take off distance

Table 19-3 Take-off Distance Variation Matrix

Aircraft number Take-off distance (ft)

Aircraft 1 1554.375

Aircraft 2 1939.529

Aircraft 3 2311.802

Aircraft 4 1344.773

Aircraft 5 1658.904

Aircraft 6 1959.609

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 Aircraft 7 1222.603

Aircraft 8 1495.509

Aircraft 9 1754.757

→Maximum Mach number

Table 19-4 Max Mach Variation Matrix

Aircraft number Max Mach

Aircraft 1 1.556

Aircraft 2 1.796

Aircraft 3 2.009

Aircraft 4 1.805

Aircraft 5 2.085

Aircraft 6 2.331

Aircraft 7 2.023

Aircraft 8 2.336

Aircraft 9 2.612

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→Rate of Climb

Table 19-5 Ps vs Mach Variation Matrix

T/W 0.765

W/S=46.4775 Ps=733.8 ft/s

W/S=61.97 Ps=1213 ft/s

W/S=77.4625 Ps=1578 ft/s

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 T/W=1.02

W/S=46.4775 Ps=578.8ft/s

W/S=61.97 Ps=948 ft/s

W/S=77.4625 Ps=1239 ft/s

10
 T/W =1.275

W/S=46.4775 Ps=402 ft/s

W/S=61.97 Ps=721 ft/s

W/S=77.4625 Ps=958.7 ft/s

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19.5 Summary of matrices of different parameters

W/S
46.4775 61.97 77.4625
T/W

AC_1 AC_2 AC_3

Wo=37554 Wo=35906 Wo=35123

Wo_refined=39100 Wo_refined=30810 Wo_refined=27880

0.765 Landing=1575.5 Landing=1817.0 Landing=2055.0

Takeoff=1554.4 Takeoff=1939.5 Takeoff=2311.8

Mmax=1.556 Mmax=1.796 Mmax=2.009

Ps=733.8 ft/s Ps=1213 ft/s Ps=1578 ft/s

AC_4 AC_5 AC_6

Wo=38621 Wo=37071 Wo=36335

Wo_refined=46810 Wo_refined=36300 Wo_refined=32730

1.02 Landing=1575.6 Landing=1817.1 Landing=2055.2

Takeoff=1344.8 Takeoff=1658.9 Takeoff=1959.6

Mmax=1.805 Mmax=2.085 Mmax=2.331

Ps=578.8 ft/s Ps=948 ft/s Ps=1239 ft/s

AC_7 AC_8 AC_9

Wo=39669 Wo=38203 Wo=37508

Wo_refined=57350 Wo_refined=43480 Wo_refined=38790

1.27 Landing=1575.7 Landing=1817.3 Landing=2055.5

Takeoff=1222.6 Takeoff=1495.5 Takeoff=1754.7

Mmax=2.023 Mmax=2.336 Mmax=2.612

Ps=402 ft/s Ps=721 ft/s Ps=958.7 ft/s

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19.6 Sizing Matrix Cross plots

The data from the sizing matrix given in the tables above is used to draw the following

cross plots

19.6.1 Gross weight Constraint

Figure 19-1 MTOW cross plot

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This plot highlights how gross weight varies with wing loading for a certain thrust to

weight ratio. We observe that with increasing wing loading the gross weight of aircraft

reduces. This is opposite to what one would have expected. Also, the gross weight is

greater at higher thrust to weight ratios for a fixed wing loading. The red line marks the

design requirement for weight. Our goal is to achieve the design requirements with

minimum weight possible. Looking at this graph we see that with our current T/W ratio

any value of wing loading greater than 66 lb/ft2 will allow us to have weight less than

35000 lb.

To develop the weight contour plot, horizontal lines at arbitrary values are plotted and

the corresponding value of T/W and W/S is noted as shown in the figure below.

Now, the weight contour plot is drawn with T/W on the y axis and W/S on the x axis.

Each line on the weight contour plot represents a constant value of weight. This graph

is shown below.

For our analysis we have plotted graph for the following range of gross weights.

50000 lb to 35000 lb

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19.6.2 Rate of Climb Constraint

Same procedure is followed to plot the Rate of climb constraint on the Sizing cross plot.

First, ROC is plotted against wing loading for different T/W and then the limit ROC is

cross plotted along with the weight constraint on a W/S vs T/W plot.

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For a supersonic aircraft it is desired to have high ROC as possible. Keeping the design

requirement in our mind, we can say that an ROC greater or equal to 51500 ft/min is

acceptable for us, but it should not be less than 51500 ft/min. Looking at the figure

above we observe that for ROC to be greater than the limit, T/W should be lower at

high W/S and vice versa.

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Any combination of T/W and W/S below the green line will give an ROC that is greater

than our limit ROC.

Allowable area →Below the green line

19.6.3 Maximum Mach number constraint

The maximum Mach number cross plot is as shown below.

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Same procedure is adopted to find the Maximum Mach number cross plot. The

constraint is superimposed on previous constraints as shown below.

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 TW

Wing loading

For maximum we cannot define an allowable area because we must design an aircraft

that has a maximum Mach of 2. Thus, we can only operate on this line to get exactly

Mach 2.

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19.6.4 Landing constraint

The graph below shows the landing distance vs wing loading for different T/W ratios.

One thing we notice here is that the landing distance remains same if the wing loading

is kept constant and T/w is varied. However, an increase in wing loading increases the

landing distance.

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A closer look at the graph highlights the slight difference in landing distance with wing

loading.

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For the landing constraint any combination to the left of the pink line gives landing

distance that is within range.

Allowable region→left of pink line

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19.6.5 Takeoff distance constraint

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For takeoff distance, any combination of T/W and W/S above the blue line gives the

distance within the limit.

Allowable region→above blue line

This is the cross plot with all the constraints. Detailed analysis is done in the next

section.

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19.7 Final Constraint plot

Looking at the sizing cross plots we have two options at our disposal.

Choice 1

Choice 2

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 Option T/W W/S

Choice 1 1.02 57.01

Choice 2 1.068 53.68

Analyzing the two options, the first option lies on the intersection of Mach number

constraint and the Rate of climb constraint and is also near the desired gross weight of

the aircraft. The landing distance and the takeoff distance at this point will be greater

than the design requirement limit.

The second option lies on the intersection point of landing distance and maximum Mach

number while being within the range of takeoff distance. The only constraint it violates

is the rate of climb constraint also the gross weight is above 40000 lb.

The first option satisfies 2 constraints while the later satisfies 3 constraints.

Constraint Option 1 Option 2

Maximum Mach ✓ ✓

Landing distance × ✓

Takeoff distance × ✓

Rate of Climb ✓ ×

Despite option 2 satisfying three constraints we will choose option 1 as our final

optimized aircraft. The decision is based on the fact that for a supersonic fighter aircraft,

the Rate of climb is one of the most decisive factors in combat. Thus, we cannot

compromise on ROC. However, landing and takeoff distance can be made very short

(STOL) by using 2D thrust vectoring which in 10 years will be common for 5th

generation aircrafts.

26
The two figures below show a colour coded view of the sizing matrix plot.

For the figure below, the darker the colour the more constraint it satisfies. Whit means

it satisfies no requirement, while the darkest grey means it satisfies 3 constraints.

27
19.8 Optimized Aircraft

So, the selected wing loading and thrust to weight ratios are as follows.

Optimized Aircraft T/W=1.02 W/S=57.01

19.8.1 Weight

Initial guess weight

Refined weight

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 Initial Gross weight 36380 lb

Refined Gross weight 36410 lb

19.8.2 Airfoil

𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 871.29 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

2𝑊
𝐶𝐿 =
𝜌𝑉 2 𝑆

2 ∗ 57.01
𝐶𝐿 =
0.0005851 ∗ 871.292

𝐶𝐿 = 0.25

We can use any airfoil with design CL approximately equal to 0.2. The previously

selected airfoil can also be used. (NACA 64A306).

19.8.3 Geometry Parameters

Geometry Parameters are calculated using MATLAB. The fuselage geometry is kept

same. Also, the Aspect ratio and the leading-edge sweep are kept same for the wing and

tail surfaces. All other parameters are evaluated.

-------------------- FUSELAGE ----------------------

Fuselage Length 56.71

Fuselage Diameter 5.18

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 --------------------- WING -----------------------

Aspect Ratio Wing 3.520

Taper Ratio 0.200

Wingspan 46.703

Wing Area 619.655

Root Chord Wing 22.113

Tip Chord Wing 4.423

MAC Wing 15.234

Location MAC 18.162

------------------ VERTICAL TAIL ------------------

Aspect Ratio Tail 1.200

Taper Ratio Tail 0.300

Tail Span 9.760

Tail Area 79.382

Root Chord Tail 12.513

Tip Chord Tail 3.754

MAC Tail 8.919

Location MAC Tail 4.004

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--------------- HORIZONTAL TAIL ------------------

Aspect Ratio Tail 2.350

Taper Ratio Tail 0.300

Tail Span 15.320

Tail Area 99.872

Root Chord Tail 10.029

Tip Chord Tail 3.009

MAC Tail 7.149

Location MAC Tail 6.285

---------------------- RUDDER --------------------

Rudder Span 4.880

Rudder Chord 3.568

-------------------- ELEVATOR ------------------

Elevator Span 14.011

Elevator Chord 3.808

--------------------- AILERON --------------------

Aileron Span 18.681

Aileron Chord 3.808

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19.8.4 Model

Top

Bottom

32
Side

Front

Rear

33
19.8.5 Aerodynamics

We will calculate CD0 for our aircraft using MATLAB

→Subsonic

→Supersonic

CD 0 Subsonic 0.020493

CD 0 Supersonic 0.029114

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19.8.6 Performance

19.8.6.1 Thrust Required Vs Thrust Available

35
The figure above highlights the maximum Mach achieved by our aircraft i.e., Mach=2.

It is assumed that the thrust is constant with Mach number and an approximated

variation function is used to depict the variation in thrust with altitude. Also till 0.9

Mach the aircraft flies with dry thrust while it is uses maximum thrust with afterburner

to cross the transonic region and ultimately fly at Mach 2.

19.8.6.2 Power available and Power Required

This figure also verifies the maximum Mach achieved by the aircraft.

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19.8.6.3 Climbing Performance

The figure below shows the climbing performance of our aircraft.

The hodograph clearly shows that ROC at sea level is around 867 ft/s. Converting it to

ft/min gives,

867 ∗ 60 = 52020 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛

19.8.6.4 Range and Endurance

→For Range

1/2
2 2 𝐶 1 1
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ ( 𝐿 ) (𝑊0 2 − 𝑊1 2 )
𝑐𝑡 𝜌𝑆 𝐶𝐷
𝑚𝑎𝑥

1/2
𝐶
For ( 𝐶𝐿 ) we can plot the graph for aerodynamic relations
𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥

37
 Wo=36410 lb

W1=20742.7 lb

1/2
2 2 𝐶 1 1
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ ( 𝐿 ) (𝑊0 2 − 𝑊1 2 )
𝑐𝑡 𝜌𝑆 𝐶𝐷
𝑚𝑎𝑥

2 2 1 1
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ × 19.21 × (36410 2 − 20742.72 )
2.972 × 10−4 5.851 ∗ 10−4 × 619.66

𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 14199267.96 𝑓𝑡

𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2336.94 𝑛𝑚

→For Endurance

1 𝐿 𝑊0
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( ) 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑐𝑡 𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑊1

38
where,

𝐿
( ) = 11.64
𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Now

1 𝐿 𝑊0 1 36410
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( ) 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = −4
× 11.64 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑐𝑡 𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑊1 2.972 × 10 20742.7

22036.4 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
3600

𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟐 𝒉𝒓𝒔

19.8.6.5 Ps Contours

The figure below shows the Ps vs Mach plot for our aircraft.

39
Here we can observe that the maximum ROC at sea level is around 860 ft/s. Also, the

Maximum Mach is around 2.05.

The PS contours verify the maximum Mach and max rate of climb at sea level.

However, we still see a drastic high value for absolute ceiling.

19.8.6.6 Takeoff and Landing distances

Both these are calculated MATLAB codes.

Landing distance 1739.878 ft

Takeoff distance 1560.404 ft

40
19.8.7 Summary

The table below shows the summary of performance parameters of the designed aircraft

and the results after optimization. Previously, we stated that if we are able to reduce

errors to less than 10% then we will be in a position to say that, we have optimized our

aircraft.

Parameter Requirement Designed Optimized Error

aircraft aircraft.
Weight 35000 37800 36410 4.03%

Maximum Mach 2 2 2 0.00%

Rate of Climb 51500 55224 52020 1.00%

Ceiling 65000 74000 71000 9.23%

Range 2200 2619 2336.94 6.2%

Takeoff 1500 1757 1560.404 4.03%

Landing 1700 1897.8 1739.878 2.34%

All the errors in the table are below 10% and some our even below 5%. This proves

that we have met the design requirements fairly.

Lastly, commenting on the landing and takeoff distance, modern supersonic aircrafts

usually use 2D thrust vectoring to reduce the distances. Although the calculated

distance have negligible error but for STOL we can employ engines with 2D thrust

vectoring. This will be a plus point in our design. Also it would help to maximize ROC

and other performance parameters such as ceiling.

All in all, we have successfully presented a conceptual design for a 5th generation

combat aircraft which meets the given requirements while keeping track of cost and

resources.
41
Appendix

Geometric Data of other aircrafts.

Aircraft 1 Aircraft 2

------------------ FUSELAGE ---------------------- ------------------ FUSELAGE ----------------------

Fuselage Length 56.71 Fuselage Length 56.71
Fuselage Diameter 5.18 Fuselage Diameter 5.18

-------------------- WING ----------------------- -------------------- WING -----------------------

Aspect Ratio Wing 3.520 Aspect Ratio Wing 3.520
Taper Ratio 0.200 Taper Ratio 0.200
Wing Span 54.417 Wing Span 41.834
Wing Area 841.267 Wing Area 497.176
Root Chord Wing 25.766 Root Chord Wing 19.808
Tip Chord Wing 5.153 Tip Chord Wing 3.962
MAC Wing 17.750 MAC Wing 13.645
Location MAC 21.162 Location MAC 16.269

--------------- VERTICAL TAIL ------------------ --------------- VERTICAL TAIL ------------------

Aspect Ratio Tail 1.200 Aspect Ratio Tail 1.200
Taper Ratio Tail 0.300 Taper Ratio Tail 0.300
Tail Span 12.276 Tail Span 8.274
Tail Area 125.574 Tail Area 57.051
Root Chord Tail 15.738 Root Chord Tail 10.608
Tip Chord Tail 4.721 Tip Chord Tail 3.182
MAC Tail 11.218 MAC Tail 7.561
Location MAC Tail 5.036 Location MAC Tail 3.395

--------------- HORIZONTAL TAIL -------------- --------------- HORIZONTAL TAIL ---------------

Aspect Ratio Tail 2.350 Aspect Ratio Tail 2.350
Taper Ratio Tail 0.300 Taper Ratio Tail 0.300
Tail Span 19.268 Tail Span 12.988
Tail Area 157.986 Tail Area 71.777
Root Chord Tail 12.614 Root Chord Tail 8.502
Tip Chord Tail 3.784 Tip Chord Tail 2.551
MAC Tail 8.992 MAC Tail 6.061
Location MAC Tail 7.905 Location MAC Tail 5.328

-------------------- RUDDER ------------------------- -------------------- RUDDER --------------------

Rudder Span 6.138 Rudder Span 4.137
Rudder Chord 4.487 Rudder Chord 3.025
-------------------- ELEVATOR --------------------- -------------------- ELEVATOR ------------------
Elevator Span 16.325 Elevator Span 12.550
Elevator Chord 4.437 Elevator Chord 3.411
-------------------- AILERON ------------------ -------------------- AILERON ------------------
Aileron Span 21.767 Aileron Span 16.733
Aileron Chord 4.437 Aileron Chord 3.411

42
 Aircraft 3 Aircraft 4

------------------ FUSELAGE ---------------------- ------------------ FUSELAGE ----------------------

Fuselage Length 56.71 Fuselage Length 56.71
Fuselage Diameter 5.18 Fuselage Diameter 5.18

-------------------- WING ----------------------- -------------------- WING -----------------------

Aspect Ratio Wing 3.520 Aspect Ratio Wing 3.520
Taper Ratio 0.200 Taper Ratio 0.200
Wing Span 35.594 Wing Span 59.541
Wing Area 359.916 Wing Area 1007.154
Root Chord Wing 16.853 Root Chord Wing 28.192
Tip Chord Wing 3.371 Tip Chord Wing 5.638
MAC Wing 11.610 MAC Wing 19.421
Location MAC 13.842 Location MAC 23.155

--------------- VERTICAL TAIL ------------------ --------------- VERTICAL TAIL ------------------

Aspect Ratio Tail 1.200 Aspect Ratio Tail 1.200
Taper Ratio Tail 0.300 Taper Ratio Tail 0.300
Tail Span 6.494 Tail Span 14.050
Tail Area 35.140 Tail Area 164.491
Root Chord Tail 8.325 Root Chord Tail 18.012
Tip Chord Tail 2.498 Tip Chord Tail 5.404
MAC Tail 5.934 MAC Tail 12.839
Location MAC Tail 2.664 Location MAC Tail 5.764

-------------- HORIZONTAL TAIL ---------------- -------------- HORIZONTAL TAIL ----------------

Aspect Ratio Tail 2.350 Aspect Ratio Tail 2.350
Taper Ratio Tail 0.300 Taper Ratio Tail 0.300
Tail Span 10.193 Tail Span 22.053
Tail Area 44.210 Tail Area 206.948
Root Chord Tail 6.673 Root Chord Tail 14.437
Tip Chord Tail 2.002 Tip Chord Tail 4.331
MAC Tail 4.757 MAC Tail 10.291
Location MAC Tail 4.182 Location MAC Tail 9.047

-------------------- RUDDER -------------------- -------------------- RUDDER --------------------

Rudder Span 3.247 Rudder Span 7.025
Rudder Chord 2.374 Rudder Chord 5.136
-------------------- ELEVATOR ------------------ -------------------- ELEVATOR ------------------
Elevator Span 10.678 Elevator Span 17.862
Elevator Chord 2.902 Elevator Chord 4.855
-------------------- AILERON ------------------ -------------------- AILERON ------------------
Aileron Span 14.237 Aileron Span 23.817
Aileron Chord 2.902 Aileron Chord 4.855

43
 Aircraft 6 Aircraft 7

------------------ FUSELAGE ---------------------- ------------------ FUSELAGE ----------------------

Fuselage Length 56.71 Fuselage Length 56.71
Fuselage Diameter 5.18 Fuselage Diameter 5.18

-------------------- WING ----------------------- -------------------- WING -----------------------

Aspect Ratio Wing 3.520 Aspect Ratio Wing 3.520
Taper Ratio 0.200 Taper Ratio 0.200
Wing Span 38.565 Wing Span 65.905
Wing Area 422.527 Wing Area 1233.930
Root Chord Wing 18.260 Root Chord Wing 31.205
Tip Chord Wing 3.652 Tip Chord Wing 6.241
MAC Wing 12.579 MAC Wing 21.497
Location MAC 14.998 Location MAC 25.630

--------------- VERTICAL TAIL ------------------ --------------- VERTICAL TAIL ------------------

Aspect Ratio Tail 1.200 Aspect Ratio Tail 1.200
Taper Ratio Tail 0.300 Taper Ratio Tail 0.300
Tail Span 7.324 Tail Span 16.361
Tail Area 44.697 Tail Area 223.066
Root Chord Tail 9.389 Root Chord Tail 20.976
Tip Chord Tail 2.817 Tip Chord Tail 6.293
MAC Tail 6.693 MAC Tail 14.952
Location MAC Tail 3.005 Location MAC Tail 6.712

-------------- HORIZONTAL TAIL ---------------- -------------- HORIZONTAL TAIL ----------------

Aspect Ratio Tail 2.350 Aspect Ratio Tail 2.350
Taper Ratio Tail 0.300 Taper Ratio Tail 0.300
Tail Span 11.496 Tail Span 25.681
Tail Area 56.234 Tail Area 280.643
Root Chord Tail 7.526 Root Chord Tail 16.812
Tip Chord Tail 2.258 Tip Chord Tail 5.044
MAC Tail 5.365 MAC Tail 11.984
Location MAC Tail 4.716 Location MAC Tail 10.536

-------------------- RUDDER -------------------- -------------------- RUDDER --------------------

Rudder Span 3.662 Rudder Span 8.180
Rudder Chord 2.677 Rudder Chord 5.981
-------------------- ELEVATOR ------------------ -------------------- ELEVATOR ------------------
Elevator Span 11.570 Elevator Span 19.771
Elevator Chord 3.145 Elevator Chord 5.374
-------------------- AILERON ------------------ -------------------- AILERON ------------------
Aileron Span 15.426 Aileron Span 26.362
Aileron Chord 3.145 Aileron Chord 5.374

44
 Aircraft 8 Aircraft 9

------------------ FUSELAGE ---------------------- ------------------ FUSELAGE ----------------------

Fuselage Length 56.71 Fuselage Length 56.71
Fuselage Diameter 5.18 Fuselage Diameter 5.18

-------------------- WING ----------------------- -------------------- WING -----------------------

Aspect Ratio Wing 3.520 Aspect Ratio Wing 3.520
Taper Ratio 0.200 Taper Ratio 0.200
Wing Span 49.696 Wing Span 41.984
Wing Area 701.630 Wing Area 500.758
Root Chord Wing 23.531 Root Chord Wing 19.879
Tip Chord Wing 4.706 Tip Chord Wing 3.976
MAC Wing 16.210 MAC Wing 13.694
Location MAC 19.326 Location MAC 16.327

--------------- VERTICAL TAIL ------------------ --------------- VERTICAL TAIL ------------------

Aspect Ratio Tail 1.200 Aspect Ratio Tail 1.200
Taper Ratio Tail 0.300 Taper Ratio Tail 0.300
Tail Span 10.713 Tail Span 8.319
Tail Area 95.644 Tail Area 57.669
Root Chord Tail 13.735 Root Chord Tail 10.665
Tip Chord Tail 4.120 Tip Chord Tail 3.200
MAC Tail 9.791 MAC Tail 7.602
Location MAC Tail 4.395 Location MAC Tail 3.413

-------------- HORIZONTAL TAIL ---------------- -------------- HORIZONTAL TAIL ----------------

Aspect Ratio Tail 2.350 Aspect Ratio Tail 2.350
Taper Ratio Tail 0.300 Taper Ratio Tail 0.300
Tail Span 16.816 Tail Span 13.058
Tail Area 120.332 Tail Area 72.554
Root Chord Tail 11.009 Root Chord Tail 8.548
Tip Chord Tail 3.303 Tip Chord Tail 2.565
MAC Tail 7.847 MAC Tail 6.093
Location MAC Tail 6.899 Location MAC Tail 5.357

-------------------- RUDDER -------------------- -------------------- RUDDER --------------------

Rudder Span 5.357 Rudder Span 4.159
Rudder Chord 3.916 Rudder Chord 3.041
-------------------- ELEVATOR ------------------ -------------------- ELEVATOR ------------------
Elevator Span 14.909 Elevator Span 12.595
Elevator Chord 4.052 Elevator Chord 3.424
-------------------- AILERON ------------------ -------------------- AILERON ------------------
Aileron Span 19.879 Aileron Span 16.794
Aileron Chord 4.052 Aileron Chord 3.424

45
MATLAB CODES

Refined Weight estimation

%%% OPTIMIZATION SIZING %%

clear;clc;
TW = 1.02;
WS =57.01;
rho_cruise = 0.0005851; %40000ft
rho_sea = 0.00237;
rho_average = (rho_sea+rho_cruise)/2;
Cd0 = 0.01964;
K = 0.09;
Range = 1.3367e+7; %in feet
g = 32.2;

% REQUIRED DATA%

% TSFC
c_dry = 0.8/3600;
c_average = 1.0/3600;
c_cruise = 0.8/3600;
c_combat=1.08/3600; %from chapter 13
c_dash=1.9/3600; %from chapter 13

% Time of segment
d_combat=200; %from chapter 6
d_dash=272.7; %from chapter 6

% VELOCITIES
V_cruise = 0.9*968.1;
V_stall = 192;
V_takeoff = 1.1 * V_stall;
V_average = (V_takeoff + V_cruise)/2;

% L by D
LD_max = sqrt(1/(4*Cd0*K));
LD_climb=(((rho_average*(V_average^2)*Cd0)/(2*WS))+((2*K*WS)/(rho_average*
V_average^2)))^-1 ;
LD_cruise
=(((rho_cruise*(V_cruise^2)*Cd0)/(2*WS))+((2*K*WS)/(rho_cruise*V_cruise^2)
))^-1 ;

H_cruise = 40000;

% FUEL WEIGHT FRACTIONS

% START UP / WARM UP / TAXI /TAKE OFF SEGEMENT
segment01 = 0.99*0.99*0.99; %from ROSKAM
% CLIMB AND ACCELERATION
delta_he = (H_cruise + (1/(2*g))*V_cruise^2)-(0+(1/(2*g))*V_takeoff^2);
segment12 = exp((-c_average*delta_he)/(V_average*(1-(1/(TW*LD_climb)))));
% CRUISE
segment23 = exp((-(Range/2)*c_cruise)/(V_cruise*LD_cruise));
% DESCENT
descent_1=0.99; %from ROSKAM
% COMBAT
TW_combat=TW/(segment01*segment12*segment23*descent_1);
combat=1-(c_combat*TW_combat*d_combat);
% PAYLOAD
weight_frac=segment01*segment12*segment23*descent_1*combat;
payload_frac=((35000*weight_frac)-3300)/(35000*weight_frac);
% ACC TO MACH 2
acc_mach2=0.9588;
% DASH
TW_dash=TW*(weight_frac*payload_frac);
dash=1-(c_dash*TW_dash*d_dash);

46
% CRUISE BACK
cruise2 = exp((-(Range/2)*c_cruise)/(V_cruise*LD_cruise));
% LOITER
E = 10*60;
segment34 =exp((-E*c_dry)/(LD_max)) ;
% DESCENT
descent_rate = V_cruise*TW - ((rho_average*(V_cruise^3)*Cd0)/(2*WS))-
((2*K*WS)/(rho_average*V_cruise));
time_descent = H_cruise/descent_rate;
segment45 = 1-(c_dry * abs(time_descent) * TW);
% LANDING
segment56 = 0.995; %assumed

% OVERALL FUEL FRACTION

overall_segments = segment01 * segment12 * segment23
*descent_1*combat*payload_frac*acc_mach2*dash*cruise2* segment34 *
segment45 * segment56;
Fuel_Fraction = 1.06*(1 - overall_segments);
fprintf("\n\n\n\n\n");
fprintf("Start up / taxi / takeoff %8.3f \n",segment01)
fprintf("Climb and Accelerate %8.3f \n",segment12)
fprintf("Cruise %8.3f \n",segment23)
fprintf("Descent to combat %8.3f \n",descent_1)
fprintf("combat %8.3f \n",combat)
fprintf("Payload drop %8.3f \n",payload_frac)
fprintf("Acceleration %8.3f \n",acc_mach2)
fprintf("Cruise back %8.3f \n",cruise2)
fprintf("Loiter %8.3f \n",segment34)
fprintf("Descent %8.3f \n",segment45)
fprintf("Landing %8.3f \n\n",segment56)
fprintf("Overall Segments %8.3f \n",overall_segments)
fprintf("Fuel weight fraction %8.3f \n",Fuel_Fraction)

% ---------------------- INITIAL SIZING ------------------------------ %

w0=10000:1:70000;
iter=length(w0);
tol=0.5;
display(' iter W0 guess We/W0 We W0 calculated')
f=35000*Fuel_Fraction
w_pay_crew=3500;
for i=1:iter
webywo(i)=(0.52*(-0.02+(1.94522*(w0(i)^(-0.10)))));
We(i)=webywo(i)*w0(i);
W0(i)=((w_pay_crew+f)/(1-webywo(i)));
fprintf('%3i\t\t',i)
fprintf('%6i\t',w0(i))
fprintf('%3i \t',webywo(i))
fprintf('%3i\t',We(i))
fprintf('%5f\n',W0(i))
if abs(w0(i)-W0(i))<tol
fprintf('Calculate weight: %3i\n',W0(i))
fprintf('Guessed weight : %5f\n',w0(i))
break
end
end
count1=1:1:iter;
count2=1:1:i;
plot(count1,w0,'linewidth',1)
hold on
plot(count2,W0,'linewidth',1) ,xlabel 'count', ylabel 'Weight (lb)' ;
title 'Guess Weight and calculated weight';
legend('Guess weight','calculated weight')
grid on
grid minor

% ---------------------- REFINED SIZING ------------------------------ %

% Enter the gross weight obtained from the plot
W_gross_Asdrawn = input('Enter As-Drawn Gross Weight ');

47
C_exponent = -0.1;
K_vs = 1;
Empty_weight_Asdrawn = (1.02 * K_vs *((W_gross_Asdrawn) ^
C_exponent))*W_gross_Asdrawn;
% ---- Iterative process to get adjusted Gross weight Eq 19.13 ----
counter_2 = 0;
for j = 10000:10:70000
counter_2 = counter_2 + 1;
% Assuming Gross Weight
W_gross_assumed(counter_2) = j;
% Empty Weight Estimation/ Adjustment
Empty_weight_calculated(counter_2) = Empty_weight_Asdrawn *
(W_gross_assumed(counter_2)/W_gross_Asdrawn)^(1 + C_exponent);
% Gross Weight calculations
W_gross_calculated(counter_2) = (0.90*Empty_weight_calculated(counter_2))
+ (Fuel_Fraction*W_gross_assumed(counter_2)) + w_pay_crew;
end
figure(2);
plot(W_gross_assumed,W_gross_assumed,'r','linewidth',1)
hold on ;grid on;grid minor;
plot(W_gross_assumed,W_gross_calculated,'b','linewidth',1)
xlabel('W_{o}, assumed')
ylabel('W_{o}, calculated')
title('Refined Sizing')
legend ('Guessed weight','Refined Weight')

Maximum Mach

% MAximum Mach number

clc;clear;
Weight = [39100 30810 27880 46810 36300 32730 57350 43480 38790];
WS = [46.4775 61.97 77.4625 46.4775 61.97 77.4625 46.4775 61.97
77.4625];
TW = [0.765 0.765 0.765 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.275 1.275 1.275];
Cd0 = [0.01964 0.01964 0.01964 0.01964 0.01964 0.01964 0.01964
0.01964 0.01964];
K=0.09;
a=968.1;
rho_0 = 0.002377;
rho=0.0005851;

for i = 1:9
TW_corrected(i)=TW(i)*((rho/rho_0)^0.7);
V(i)=sqrt(
((TW_corrected(i)*WS(i))+(WS(i)*sqrt((TW_corrected(i)^2)-
(4*Cd0(i)*K))))/(rho*Cd0(i)) );
M(i)=V(i)/a;

end
fprintf("\n\n\n\n\n");
disp('------------------------------------------------')
disp('------------------------------------------------')
disp('Aircraft No. Max Mach')
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 1 %8.3f \n",M(1))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 2 %8.3f \n",M(2))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 3 %8.3f \n",M(3))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 4 %8.3f \n",M(4))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 5 %8.3f \n",M(5))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 6 %8.3f \n",M(6))

48
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 7 %8.3f \n",M(7))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 8 %8.3f \n",M(8))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 9 %8.3f \n",M(9))

Ps plots

%P SUB S PLOT
clear;clc;

% Change the parameters for each aircraft

rho_0 = 0.002377;
K = 0.09;
Cdo = 0.01964;
W = 38790; % Gross Weight
WS=77.4625;
Thrust_sea =2* 23978;
h = 0:5000:65000;
rho = [0.002377 0.00205 0.00175 0.00150 0.00127 0.00107 0.000889
0.000737 0.000614 0.000483 0.000380 0.000301];
ThrustVariation = ((rho./rho_0).^0.75).*Thrust_sea;
T_Rankine = [518.69 500.86 483.04 465.23 447.43 429.64 411.86
394.08 389.99 389.99 389.99 389.99];
T_Kelvin = (5/9)*T_Rankine;
for j = 1:12
rho1 = rho(j);
Thrust = ThrustVariation(j);
R = 1716;
gamma = 1.4;
SpeedOfSound = sqrt(gamma*R.*T_Rankine);
i = 0;
for V=0:10:2588.25
i = i +1;
% Power Available
PowerAvailable = Thrust * V;
% Power Required
CL = ((2*WS)/(rho1*(V^2)));
CD = Cdo + K*CL^2;
D = (1/2)*rho1 * (V^2)*(W*(1/WS))*CD;
PowerReq = D * V;
% Excess power
excessPower = PowerAvailable - PowerReq ;
P_sub_s(i) = excessPower/W;
M(i) = V/SpeedOfSound(j);
end
plot(M,P_sub_s,'linewidth',1);
grid on;
hold on;
title('Ps Vs Mach No.');
xlabel('Mach No.');ylabel('P sub S');
xlim([0 3]);ylim([-10 1000])
legend('sea
level','5000','10000','15000','20000','25000','30000','35000','4000
0','45000','50000','55000')
end

49
Landing Distance

% LANDING DISTANCE
clc;clear;
Weight = [36410 30810 27880 46810 36300 32730 57350 43480 38790];
WS = [57.01 61.97 77.4625 46.4775 61.97 77.4625 46.4775 61.97
77.4625];
TW = [1.02 0.765 0.765 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.275 1.275 1.275];
Cd0 = [0.020493 0.01964 0.01964 0.01964 0.01964 0.01964 0.01964
0.01964 0.01964];
g = 32.2;
theeta = 3;
rho_sealevel = 0.002377;
CL_max_land = 1.416; % Maximum Lift coefficient of Low AR delta
wings at low speeds due to the generation of vortex lift.

for i = 1:9
V_stall_landing(i) =
sqrt((2/rho_sealevel)*(WS(i))*(1/CL_max_land));
V_touchdown(i) = 1.15 * V_stall_landing(i);
V_flare(i) = 1.23 * V_stall_landing(i);
R(i) = (V_flare(i)^2)/(0.2*g);
Height_flare(i) = R(i)*(1-cosd(theeta));
% APPROACH DISTANCE
Distance_approach(i) = 0.8*(50-Height_flare(i))/(tand(theeta));
% FLARE DISTANCE
Distance_flare(i) =0.8* R(i) * sind(theeta);
% GROUND ROLL
mass_kg(i) = Weight(i) * 0.4536;
mui = 0.4 ; % dry concrete brakes on
Kuc = 3.16 *10^-5;
WS_mkt(i) = 47.88*WS(i);
delta_Cd0(i) = WS_mkt(i) * Kuc * mass_kg(i)^-0.215;
e= 0.8423; AR = 3.52;
K1 = 1/(3.14*e*AR);
K3 = (1/3)*K1;
% h = 10; b = 75.57;
G = 0.7486; % Ground Effect
CL = 0.1;
N = 1; % Free roll time
% TW_rev(i) = 0.30*(TW(i))
JA(i) = (rho_sealevel/(2*WS(i)))*(Cd0(i) + delta_Cd0(i) +
(K3+(G*(1/(3.14*e*AR))))*(CL^2) - (mui * CL));
JT(i) = 0.9;
Distance_groundroll(i) = 0.82*((N*V_touchdown(i)) +
((1/(2*g*JA(i))))*log((1 + ((JA(i)/JT(i))*V_touchdown(i)^2))));
% TOTAL LANDING DISTANCE
Landing_Distance(i) = Distance_groundroll(i) + Distance_approach(i)
+ Distance_flare(i);
end
fprintf("\n\n\n\n\n");
disp('------------------------------------------------')
disp('------------------------------------------------')
disp('Aircraft Number Landing Distance')
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 1 %8.3f \n",Landing_Distance(1))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 2 %8.3f \n",Landing_Distance(2))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 3 %8.3f \n",Landing_Distance(3))

50
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 4 %8.3f \n",Landing_Distance(4))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 5 %8.3f \n",Landing_Distance(5))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 6 %8.3f \n",Landing_Distance(6))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 7 %8.3f \n",Landing_Distance(7))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 8 %8.3f \n",Landing_Distance(8))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 9 %8.3f \n",Landing_Distance(9))

Takeoff distance

% TAKE OFF CALCULATIONS

clc;clear;
Weight = [36410 30810 27880 46810 36300 32730 57350 43480 38790];
WS = [57.01 61.97 77.4625 46.4775 61.97 77.4625 46.4775 61.97
77.4625];
TW = [1.02 0.765 0.765 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.275 1.275 1.275];
Cd0 = [0.020493 0.01964 0.01964 0.01964 0.01964 0.01964 0.01964
0.01964 0.01964];
mass_kg = Weight * 0.4536;
g = 32.2;
rho_sealevel = 0.002377;
CL_max_TO = 1.416; % Maximum Lift coefficient of Low AR delta wings
% at low speeds due to the generation of vortex lift.

for i = 1:9
V_stall_TO(i) = sqrt((2/rho_sealevel)*(WS(i))*(1/CL_max_TO));
V_liftoff(i) = 1.15 * V_stall_TO(i);

% GROUND ROLL
mass_kg(i) = Weight(i) * 0.4536;
mui = 0.04 ; % dry concrete
Kuc = 3.16 *10^-5;
WS_mkt(i) = 47.88*WS(i);
delta_Cd0(i) = WS_mkt(i) * Kuc * mass_kg(i)^-0.215;
e= 0.8423; AR = 3.52;
K1 = 1/(3.14*e*AR);
K3 = (1/3)*K1;
% h = 10; b = 75.57;
G = 0.7486; % Ground Effect
CL = 0.1;
N = 1; % Free roll time
KA(i) = (-rho_sealevel/(2*WS(i)))*(Cd0(i) + delta_Cd0(i) +
(K3+G*(1/(3.14*e*AR)))*(CL^2) - (mui * CL));
KT(i) = TW(i) - mui;
Distance_groundroll(i) = ((N*V_liftoff(i)) +
((1/(2*g*KA(i))))*log((1 +((KA(i)/KT(i))*V_liftoff(i)^2))));

% AIRBORNE DISTANCE
H_obstacle = 30;
R(i) = ((6.96*(V_stall_TO(i)^2))/g);
theeta_TO(i) = 0.95*(acosd(1 - (H_obstacle/R(i))));
Distance_airborne(i) = (R(i) * sind(theeta_TO(i)));
% TOTAL TAKE OFF DISTANCE
TakeOff_Distance(i) = Distance_groundroll(i) + Distance_airborne(i)

end

51
fprintf("\n\n\n\n\n");
disp('------------------------------------------------')
disp('------------------------------------------------')
disp('Aircraft No. Take off Distance')
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 1 | %8.3f \n",TakeOff_Distance(1))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 2 | %8.3f \n",TakeOff_Distance(2))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 3 | %8.3f \n",TakeOff_Distance(3))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 4 | %8.3f \n",TakeOff_Distance(4))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 5 | %8.3f \n",TakeOff_Distance(5))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 6 | %8.3f \n",TakeOff_Distance(6))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 7 | %8.3f \n",TakeOff_Distance(7))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 8 | %8.3f \n",TakeOff_Distance(8))
fprintf(" AIRCRAFT 9 | %8.3f \n",TakeOff_Distance(9))

Separate cross plots

%*******************Parameters Crossplots*******************
clear;
clc;

% GROSS TAKEOFF WEIGHT

figure
xq = (40:0.5:80);
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
W0_75 = [39100 30810 27880]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,W0_75,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(WS,W0_75,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [35000 35000],'color','r');
legend ('75% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S'; ylabel 'W0'
title('Takeoff Weight vs W/S')
grid on;
% ylim([200000 350000]);
% xlim([60 95]);

subplot(3,1,2)
W0_100 = [46810 36300 32730]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,W0_100,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,W0_100,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [35000 35000],'color','r');
legend ('100% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'W0'
title 'Takeoff Weight vs W/S'
grid on;
% ylim([200000 350000]);
% xlim([60 95]);

subplot(3,1,3)
W0_125 = [57350 43480 38790]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,W0_125,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,W0_125,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [35000 35000],'color','r');
legend ('125% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'W0'
title 'Takeoff Weight vs W/S'

52
grid on;
ylim([34000 60000]);
% xlim([60 95]);

% SPECIFIC POWER
figure()
xq = (40:0.5:80);
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
Ps_75 = [733.8 1213 1578]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,Ps_75,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(WS,Ps_75,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [858 858],'color','r');
legend ('75% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'Ps'
title 'Ps vs W/S'
grid on

Ps_100 = [578.8 948 1239]; % y value

vq = interpn(WS,Ps_100,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(WS,Ps_100,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [858 858],'color','r');
legend ('100% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'Ps'
title 'Ps vs W/S'
grid on

Ps_125 = [402 721 958.7]; % y value

vq = interpn(WS,Ps_125,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(WS,Ps_125,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [858 858],'color','r');
legend ('125% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'Ps'
title 'Ps vs W/S'
grid on

% LANDING DISTANCE
figure()
xq = (40:0.5:80);
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
TD_75 = [1575.5 1817 2055]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,TD_75,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(WS,TD_75,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [1700 1700],'color','r','linewidth',1.5);
legend ('75% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'LD'
title 'Landing Distance vs W/S'
grid on

WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value

TD_100 = [1575.6 1817.1 2055.2]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,TD_100,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(WS,TD_100,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [1700 1700],'color','r','linewidth',1.5);
legend ('100% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')

53
xlabel 'W/S'; ylabel 'LD'
title 'Landing Distance vs W/S'
grid on

WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value

TD_125 = [1575.7 1817.3 2055.5]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,TD_125,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(WS,TD_125,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [1700 1700],'color','r','linewidth',1.5);
legend ('125% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'LD'
title 'Landing Distance vs W/S'
grid on

% Maximum Mach
figure
xq = (40:0.5:80);
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
M_max_75 = [1.556 1.796 2.009]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,M_max_75,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(WS,M_max_75,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [2 2],'color','r');
legend ('75% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'Maximum Mach'
title 'M_{max} vs W/S'
grid on

M_max_100 = [1.805 2.085 2.331]; % y value

vq = interpn(WS,M_max_100,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(WS,M_max_100,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [2 2],'color','r');
legend ('100% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'Maximum Mach'
title 'M_{max} vs W/S'
grid on

M_max_125 = [2.023 2.336 2.612]; % y value

vq = interpn(WS,M_max_125,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(WS,M_max_125,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [2 2],'color','r');
legend ('125% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'Maximum Mach'
title 'M_{max} vs W/S'
grid on

% TAKEOFF DISTANCE
figure()
xq = (40:0.5:80);
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
TD_75 = [1554.4 1939.5 2311.8]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,TD_75,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(WS,TD_75,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [1500 1500],'color','r','linewidth',1.5);
legend ('75% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')

54
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'TD'
title 'Takeoff Distance vs W/S'
grid on

WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value

TD_100 = [1344.8 1658.9 1959.6]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,TD_100,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(WS,TD_100,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [1500 1500],'color','r','linewidth',1.5);
legend ('100% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S';
ylabel 'TD'
title 'Takeoff Distance vs W/S'
grid on

WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value

TD_125 = [1222.6 1495.5 1754.7]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,TD_125,xq,'spline');
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(WS,TD_125,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
line([40 80], [1500 1500],'color','r','linewidth',1.5);
legend ('125% T/W','Spline','Ref Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'TD'
title 'Takeoff Distance vs W/S'
grid on

Cross plots

clear;
clc;

% GROSS TAKEOFF WEIGHT

figure
xq = (40:0.5:80);
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
W0_75 = [39100 30810 27880]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,W0_75,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,W0_75,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b','linewidth',1);
hold on
W0_100 = [46810 36300 32730]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,W0_100,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,W0_100,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','g','linewidth',1);
hold on
W0_125 = [57350 43480 38790]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,W0_125,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,W0_125,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','m','linewidth',1);
hold on
line([40 80], [35000 35000],'color','r','linewidth',1);
line([40 80], [40000 40000],'color','r','linestyle','--','linewidth',1);
line([40 80], [45000 45000],'color','r','linestyle','--','linewidth',1);
line([40 80], [50000 50000],'color','r','linestyle','--','linewidth',1);
legend ('75% T/W','Spline','100% T/W','Spline','125% T/W','Spline','Ref
Value')
xlabel 'W/S'; ylabel 'W0'
title('Takeoff Weight vs W/S')
grid on;

55
% Maximum Mach
figure
xq = (40:0.5:80);
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
M_max_75 = [1.556 1.796 2.009]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,M_max_75,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,M_max_75,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
M_max_100 = [1.805 2.085 2.331]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,M_max_100,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,M_max_100,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','g');
hold on
M_max_125 = [2.023 2.336 2.612]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,M_max_125,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,M_max_125,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','m');
hold on
line([40 80], [2 2],'color','r');
legend ('75% T/W','Spline','100% T/W','Spline','125% T/W','Spline','Ref
Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'Maximum Mach'
title 'M_{max} vs W/S'
grid on

% SPECIFIC POWER
figure()
xq = (40:0.5:80);
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
Ps_75 = [733.8 1213 1578]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,Ps_75,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,Ps_75,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
Ps_100 = [578.8 948 1239]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,Ps_100,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,Ps_100,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','g');
hold on
Ps_125 = [402 721 958.7]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,Ps_125,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,Ps_125,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','m');
hold on
line([40 80], [858 858],'color','r');
legend ('75% T/W','Spline','100% T/W','Spline','125% T/W','Spline','Ref
Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'Ps'
title 'Ps vs W/S'
grid on
grid minor

% LANDING DISTANCE
figure()
xq = (40:0.5:80);
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
TD_75 = [1575.5 1817 2055]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,TD_75,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,TD_75,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
TD_100 = [1575.6 1817.1 2055.2]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,TD_100,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,TD_100,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','g');
hold on
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
TD_125 = [1575.7 1817.3 2055.5]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,TD_125,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,TD_125,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','m');
line([40 80], [1700 1700],'color','r','linewidth',1.5);

56
legend ('75% T/W','Spline','100% T/W','Spline','125% T/W','Spline','Ref
Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'LD'
title 'Landing Distance vs W/S'
grid on

% TAKEOFF DISTANCE
figure()
xq = (40:0.5:80);
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
TD_75 = [1554.4 1939.5 2311.8]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,TD_75,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,TD_75,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','b');
hold on
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
TD_100 = [1344.8 1658.9 1959.6]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,TD_100,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,TD_100,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','g');
hold on
WS=[44.4775 61.97 77.4625]; % x value
TD_125 = [1222.6 1495.5 1754.7]; % y value
vq = interpn(WS,TD_125,xq,'spline');
plot(WS,TD_125,'o',xq,vq,'-','color','m');
hold on
line([40 80], [1500 1500],'color','r','linewidth',1.5);
legend ('75% T/W','Spline','100% T/W','Spline','125% T/W','Spline','Ref
Value')
xlabel 'W/S'
ylabel 'TD'
title 'Takeoff Distance vs W/S'
grid on

Matrix sizing plot (constraint plot)

clear all;
clc;
%weight contours
W=[50000 45000 40000 35000]
W_S = [ 40.5 52]; % x value
T_W = [1.02 1.275]; % y value
P = polyfit(W_S,T_W,2);
xfit = 40:0.01:80;
yfit = polyval(P,xfit);
plot(xfit,yfit,'linewidth',1,'color','k')
hold on
W_S = [ 46.5 59]; % x value
T_W = [1.02 1.275]; % y value
P = polyfit(W_S,T_W,2);
xfit = 40:0.01:80;
yfit = polyval(P,xfit);
plot(xfit,yfit,'linewidth',1,'color','k')
hold on
W_S = [43 54.5 70.5]; % x value
T_W = [0.765 1.02 1.275]; % y value
P = polyfit(W_S,T_W,2);
xfit = 40:0.01:80;
yfit = polyval(P,xfit);
plot(xfit,yfit,'linewidth',1,'color','k')
hold on
W_S = [51.5 65.5]; % x value

57
T_W = [0.765 1.02]; % y value
P = polyfit(W_S,T_W,2);
xfit = 40:0.01:80;
yfit = polyval(P,xfit);
plot(xfit,yfit,'linewidth',1,'color','k')
title ('Sizing cross plots');
xlabel ('Thrust to weight ratio')
ylabel ('wing loading')
ylim([0.4 1.5]);

hold on
% Maximum Mach No
W_S=[43 56.5 76.5]; % x value
T_W=[1.275 1.02 0.765];
P = polyfit(W_S,T_W,2);
xfit = 40:0.01:80;
yfit = polyval(P,xfit);
plot(xfit,yfit,'r-','linewidth',1.5)

hold on
% PS (ROC)
W_S=[70.5 57 48.5]; % x value
T_W=[1.275 1.02 0.765];
P = polyfit(W_S,T_W,2);
xfit = 40:0.01:80;
yfit = polyval(P,xfit);
plot(xfit,yfit,'g-','linewidth',1.5)

hold on
% landing
W_S=[53.74 53.74 53.74 53.75 53.755 53.74]; % x value
T_W=[2.2 2 1.275 1.02 0.765 0.4];
% P = polyfit(W_S,T_W,0.1);
% xfit = 40:0.01:80;
% yfit = polyval(P,xfit);
plot(W_S,T_W,'m-','linewidth',1.5)
% legend('Weight constrant 50000lb','Weight constrant
45000lb','Weight constrant 40000lb','Weight constrant 35000lb','Max
Mach constraint','ROC constraint','landing constraint')
% grid minor

hold on
% takeoff
W_S=[62 53.5 42]; % x value
T_W=[1.275 1.02 0.765];
P = polyfit(W_S,T_W,2);
xfit = 40:0.01:80;
yfit = polyval(P,xfit);
plot(xfit,yfit,'b-','linewidth',1.5)

% ylim=([0.6 1.4]);
grid on
grid minor
xlabel('W/S (lb/ft^2)')
ylabel('T/W')
title('Sizing matrix plot')
legend('Weight constrant 50000lb','Weight constrant
45000lb','Weight constrant 40000lb','Weight constrant 35000lb','Max
Mach constraint','ROC constraint','landing distance
constraint','takeoff constraint')

58
Geometry sizing

% AIRCRAFT GEOMETRY SIZING

clear;clc;
WS = 61.97;
TW = 1.02;
AspectRatio = 3.52;
Taper = 0.2;
% ---------------------------------------------------------------
% GrossWeight = AdjustedGrossWeight;
GrossWeight = input('Input the Weight ');
% ---------------------------------------------------------------
% FUSELAGE
% The fuselage is kept the same to ensure that ample space is
available for
% the passengers
Fuselage_length = 56.71;
Fuselage_diameter =5.18;

% -----------------------------WING CHARACTERISTICS----------------
-----------------------------------------------
% WING AREA
Wing_Area = GrossWeight/(WS);
% WING SPAN
Span = sqrt(AspectRatio * Wing_Area);
% ROOT CHORD
Root_chord = 2*(Wing_Area/(Span*(1 + Taper)));
% TIP CHORD
Tip_chord = Root_chord * Taper;
% MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD
MAC = (2/3)*(Root_chord)*((1 + Taper + Taper^2)/(1 + Taper));
% LOCATION MAC
MAC_location = (Span/3)*((1 + 2*Taper)/(1 + Taper));

% -----------------------------TAIL CHARACTERISTICS----------------
-----------------------------------------------
% VERTICAL TAIL PRORTIES
Volume_coefficient_tail = 0.07; % Raymer Table 6.4
Tail_moment_arm = 0.450 * Fuselage_length; % Raymer 45-60% of
fuselage
Taper_tail = 0.3;
% TAIL AREA
Tail_Area = (Volume_coefficient_tail * Span *
Wing_Area)/Tail_moment_arm;
% TAIL SPAN
AspectRatio_tail = 1.2; %Chapter 4
Span_tail = sqrt(AspectRatio_tail * Tail_Area);
% TAIL ROOT CHORD
Root_chord_tail = 2*(Tail_Area/(Span_tail*(1 + Taper_tail)));
% TIP CHORD
Tip_chord_tail = Root_chord_tail * Taper_tail;
% MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD
MAC_tail = (2/3)*(Root_chord_tail)*((1 + Taper_tail +
Taper_tail^2)/(1 + Taper_tail));
% LOCATION MAC
MAC_location_tail = (Span_tail/3)*((1 + 2*Taper_tail)/(1 +
Taper_tail));

59
% HORIZONTAL TAIL PRORTIES
Volume_coefficient_Htail = 0.3; % Raymer Table 6.4
Tail_moment_armH = 0.50 * Fuselage_length; % Raymer 45-60% of
fuselage
Taper_Htail = 0.3;
% TAIL AREA
Tail_AreaH = (Volume_coefficient_Htail * MAC *
Wing_Area)/Tail_moment_armH;
% TAIL SPAN
AspectRatio_Htail = 2.35; %Chapter 4
Span_Htail = sqrt(AspectRatio_Htail * Tail_AreaH);
% TAIL ROOT CHORD
Root_chord_Htail = 2*(Tail_AreaH/(Span_Htail*(1 + Taper_Htail)));
% TIP CHORD
Tip_chord_Htail = Root_chord_Htail * Taper_Htail;
% MEAN AERODYNAMIC CHORD
MAC_Htail = (2/3)*(Root_chord_Htail)*((1 + Taper_Htail +
Taper_Htail^2)/(1 + Taper_Htail));
% LOCATION MAC
MAC_location_Htail = (Span_Htail/3)*((1 + 2*Taper_Htail)/(1 +
Taper_Htail));

% --------------CONTROL SURFACES ------------

% RUDDER
Sr_by_St = 0.50; % ususally rudder span is about 30-50% of the wing
span
Span_rudder = (Sr_by_St) * Span_tail;
Cr_by_Ct = 0.40; % usually aileron chord is 25-50% of the wing
chord
MAC_rudder = Cr_by_Ct * MAC_tail;
% AILERONS
Sa_by_Sw = 0.40; % ususally aileron span is about 30-50% of the
wing span
Span_aileron = (Sa_by_Sw) * Span;
Ca_by_Cw = 0.25; % usually aileron chord is 15-25% of the wing
chord
MAC_aileron = Ca_by_Cw * MAC;
% ELEVATOR
Se_by_Sw = 0.30; % ususally elevator span is about 30-50% of the
wing span
Span_elevator = (Se_by_Sw) * Span;
Ce_by_Cw = 0.25; % usually elevator chord is 15-25% of the wing
chord
MAC_elevator = Ce_by_Cw * MAC;

% ------------------ DISPLAY CODE -------------

fprintf("\n\n\n\n\n");
disp('------------------ FUSELAGE ----------------------')
fprintf("Fuselage Length %8.2f \n",Fuselage_length)
fprintf("Fuselage Diameter %8.2f \n",Fuselage_diameter)
fprintf("\n\n");
disp('-------------------- WING -----------------------')
fprintf("Aspect Ratio Wing %8.3f \n",AspectRatio)
fprintf("Taper Ratio %8.3f \n",Taper)
fprintf("Wing Span %8.3f \n",Span)
fprintf("Wing Area %8.3f \n",Wing_Area)
fprintf("Root Chord Wing %8.3f \n",Root_chord)
fprintf("Tip Chord Wing %8.3f \n",Tip_chord)
fprintf("MAC Wing %8.3f \n",MAC)

60
fprintf("Location MAC %8.3f \n",MAC_location)
fprintf("\n\n");
disp('--------------- VERTICAL TAIL ------------------')
fprintf("Aspect Ratio Tail %8.3f \n",AspectRatio_tail)
fprintf("Taper Ratio Tail %8.3f \n",Taper_tail)
fprintf("Tail Span %8.3f \n",Span_tail)
fprintf("Tail Area %8.3f \n",Tail_Area)
fprintf("Root Chord Tail %8.3f \n",Root_chord_tail)
fprintf("Tip Chord Tail %8.3f \n",Tip_chord_tail)
fprintf("MAC Tail %8.3f \n",MAC_tail)
fprintf("Location MAC Tail %8.3f \n",MAC_location_tail)
fprintf("\n\n");
disp('--------------- HORIZONTAL TAIL ------------------')
fprintf("Aspect Ratio Tail %8.3f \n",AspectRatio_Htail)
fprintf("Taper Ratio Tail %8.3f \n",Taper_Htail)
fprintf("Tail Span %8.3f \n",Span_Htail)
fprintf("Tail Area %8.3f \n",Tail_AreaH)
fprintf("Root Chord Tail %8.3f \n",Root_chord_Htail)
fprintf("Tip Chord Tail %8.3f \n",Tip_chord_Htail)
fprintf("MAC Tail %8.3f \n",MAC_Htail)
fprintf("Location MAC Tail %8.3f \n",MAC_location_Htail)
fprintf("\n\n");
disp('-------------------- RUDDER --------------------')
fprintf("Rudder Span %8.3f \n",Span_rudder)
fprintf("Rudder Chord %8.3f \n",MAC_rudder)
fprintf("\n\n");
disp('-------------------- ELEVAtOR ------------------')
fprintf("Elevator Span %8.3f \n",Span_elevator)
fprintf("Elevator Chord %8.3f \n",MAC_elevator)
disp('-------------------- AILERON ------------------')
fprintf("Aileron Span %8.3f \n",Span_aileron)
fprintf("Aileron Chord %8.3f \n",MAC_aileron)

61