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Models of Communication

The document outlines various communication models, including linear, interactive, and transactional models, each representing different aspects of communication processes. It discusses the significance of elements like ethos, pathos, and logos in effective communication, as well as the impact of feedback and environmental factors on the communication process. Additionally, it highlights models such as Shannon and Weaver's, Barnlund's, and Osgood-Schramm's, illustrating the complexity and dynamics of communication in different contexts.

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Sir Rilven
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15 views38 pages

Models of Communication

The document outlines various communication models, including linear, interactive, and transactional models, each representing different aspects of communication processes. It discusses the significance of elements like ethos, pathos, and logos in effective communication, as well as the impact of feedback and environmental factors on the communication process. Additionally, it highlights models such as Shannon and Weaver's, Barnlund's, and Osgood-Schramm's, illustrating the complexity and dynamics of communication in different contexts.

Uploaded by

Sir Rilven
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMMUNICATION

MODEL

Communication models are the


metaphorical, simplified and
systematic representation of the
communication processes which
forms general perspectives on
communication.
COMMUNICATION MODEL
1. Linear models ✓ They see communication as a one-way process.
✓ These are mainly used in marketing, sales, and PR,
in communication with customers.

2. Interactive models ✓ used in internet-based and mediated communication.


✓ They refer to two-way communication with indirect
feedback.

✓ as most dynamic communication models


3. Transactional models
✓ These are the most complex models of
communication, which best reflect the
communication process.
✓ Ethos — defines the credibility of the speaker. Speaker
gains credibility, authority, and power by being an
expert in a field of their choice

✓ Pathos — connects the speaker with the audience


through different emotions (anger, sadness, happiness,
etc.)

✓ Logos — an important element that signifies logic. It is


not enough for the speech to be interesting — it needs
to follow the rules of logic.
1. Professor Hustvedt is giving a lecture on neurological disorders to her students.
She is delivering her speech persuasively, in a manner that leaves her students
mesmerized. Professor is in the center of attention, whereas her audience — her
students, are merely passive listeners. Nevertheless, her message influences
them and makes them act accordingly.

2. So, professor Hustvedt is the speaker, and her lecture on disorders is the act
of speech.

3. The occasion in question is a university lecture, the students being


her target audience.

The effect of her speech is the students gaining knowledge on this


subject matter.

One of the major drawbacks of this model is


that it does not pay attention to the
feedback in communication because the
audience is passive.
✓ The second model is that of Shannon and Weaver (1948) which gave us the
concept of “noise.” This is often called the Telephone Model because it is based
on the experience of having the message interfered with by “noise” from the
telephone switch board back in the 1940s.

✓ In this model, Shannon and Weaver assert that the Message sent by the Source
(Speaker) is not necessarily the Message received by the Destination
(Listener).This is due to the intervention of “noise” or anything that hampers the
communication. Even today, with our advanced cell phone technology, there are
still barriers to clear transmission and reception of calls. Dropped calls, calls that
echo, faint signals- all interfere with the communication of the message.
Paula, a VP of Marketing in a multinational company, is
briefing Julian on new marketing strategies they are about
to introduce next month. She wants a detailed study on the
competitor’s activity by the end of the week. Unfortunately,
while she was speaking, her assistant Peter interrupted
her, and she forgot to tell Julian about the most important
issue.
At the end of the week, Julian did finish the report, but
there were some mistakes, which had to be corrected later
on.
The news presenter is the source of
the news and she conveys the
message to the audience. The news is
the message, the television — the
channel, and the audience are the
receivers of the message.
Who created the message?
What did they say?
What channel did they use (TV, radio, blog)?
To whom did they say it?
What effect did it have on the receiver?
✓ Let’s say you are watching an infomercial channel on TV
and on comes a suitcase salesman, Mr. Sanders. He is
promoting his brand of a suitcase as the best. Aware that
millions of viewers are watching his presentation, Mr.
Sanders is determined to leave a remarkable impression.
By doing so, he is achieving brand awareness, promoting
his product as the best on the market, and consequently
increasing sales revenue.
✓ So, Mr. Sanders is the communicator.
✓ The message he is conveying is the promotion of his brand
of a suitcase as the best.
✓ The medium he uses is television.
✓ His audience consists of evening TV viewers in the US.
✓ The effect he is achieving by doing this is raising brand
awareness and increasing sales revenue.
✓ Barnlund’s Transactional Model explores
interpersonal, immediate-feedback
communication, and is a multi-layered feedback
system.

✓ That means that the sender and the receiver


change their places and are equally important.
Feedback for the sender is the reply for the
receiver, and both communicators provide
feedback.

✓ At the same time, both sender and receiver are


responsible for the communication’s effect and
effectiveness.
Examples of Barnlund’s Model of
communication include:

Face-to-face interactions,
Chat sessions,
Telephone conversations,
Meetings, etc.
✓ According to Dance’s Helical Model, communication is seen as a circular
process that gets more and more complex as communication progresses.

✓ That is why it is represented by a helical spiral.

✓ With every cycle of communication, we expand our circle, and each


communication encounter is different from the previous one because
communication never repeats itself.

✓ Additionally, in the process of communication, the feedback we get from the


other party involved influences our next statement and we become more
knowledgeable with every new cycle.

✓ In their book Communication: Principles for a Lifetime, Steven A. Beebe, Susan


J. Beebe, and Diana K. Ivy state:
✓ “Interpersonal communication is irreversible. Like the spiral shown here,
communication never loops back on itself. Once it begins, it expands infinitely
as the communication partners contribute their thoughts and experiences to
the exchange.”
EXAMPLE

When a child is born the only means of communication


for him is crying, he cries for everything like hunger,
pain, cold etc.. As the child grows the means of
communication become wider and broader. He learns to
make noises then he learns a language to obtain
attention and to fulfil his needs. As a Helix, the process of
communication, in this case, started as crying and later it
developed into a complex and compound means.
OSGOOD-SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Osgood-Schramm's model of communication is known as
a circular model because it indicates that messages can
go in two directions. Hence, once a person decodes a
message, then they can encode it and send a message
back to the sender. They could continue encoding and
decoding into a continuous cycle.

The Osgood-Schramm model of communication is a


circular, rather than linear, experience that
involves a sender, who encodes a message, and a
recipient, who decodes it. The sender and the
receiver hold both roles in the model.
Schramm model of communication is a two-way
communication that suggests when information reaches the
recipient, it is up to him to figure out what the speaker is
trying to say. The transmission is useless unless and until the
second party can comprehend or decode the information
that the sender wishes to transmit.

In a Schramm model of communication, encoding and


decoding are two of the most crucial aspects of good
communication, without which data cannot move between
two people. Encoding and decoding are the two basic steps
of efficient communication, according to Schramm’s
concept.
✓ This model introduces environmental and cultural factors
to the process of communication. Namely, according to
this model, the communication process does not start
with the source/sender, but rather with environmental
factors.

✓ The Westley and Maclean model also takes into account


the object of the orientation (background, culture, and
beliefs) of the sender and the receiver of messages.

✓ The very process of communication starts with


environmental factors which influence the speaker —
the culture or society the speaker lives in, whether the
speaker is in a public or private space, etc.
The Westley and Maclean Model example

Imagine that on your way to the office, you witness a road


accident. This is the stimulus that would nudge you to call your
friends and tell them about what you had seen, or call your
boss to say you are going to be a bit late.

So, the communication process in this example does not start


with you, but with the road accident you have witnessed.

Acknowledgment of the environmental factors in


communication allows us to pay attention to the social and
cultural contexts that influence our acts of communication.
THANK YOU

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