AC to DC

CONVERTERS
DIODE AS A RECTIFIER
Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier
Waveforms
Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier
 Performance Parameters

• Average value of the output voltage, Vdc

• Average value of the output current, Idc
• Output dc power, Pdc
– Pdc = VdcIdc
• rms value of the output voltage, Vrms
• Output ac power, Pac
– Pac = VrmsIrms
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Efficiency, η
– η = Pdc/Pac
• Effective (rms) value of the ac component
of the output voltage, Vac
– Vac = Vrms2 – Vdc2
• Form factor, FF
– FF = Vrms/Vdc
• Ripple factor, RF
– RF = Vac/Vdc
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Alternate form for ripple factor

V
R F = ( ) − 1 = FF − 1
rms 2 2

V dc

• Transformer utilization factor, TUF

– TUF = Pdc/VsIs
– Vs, Is are rms voltage and current of the
transformer secondary
Input Voltage and Current
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Displacement angle, Φ
• Displacement Factor, DF
– DF = cos(Φ)
• Harmonic Factor, HF
1

I −I 2
 I 2
 1
2

HF = ( ) = ( ) − 1
s s1 2 s 2

I I 
2

s1 s1
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Power Factor, PF

VI I
PF = cos  = cos 
s s1 s1

VI s s
I s
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Crest Factor, CF

I
CF = s ( peak )

I s
 Example 3.1

• Determine η, FF, RF, TUF, PIV of the

diode, CF of the input current, input PF.
 Determine the Average Voltage, Vdc

1
V =  v (t )dt
T

dc L
T 0

T
1
V = V sin tdt
2

dc m
T 0

V T
V =− (cos
m
− 1)
dc
T 2
 1
f =
T
 = 2 f
V
V = m
= 0.318V
dc
 m

V 0.318V
I =
dc
= dc m

R R
 Determine the rms Voltage, Vrms
1

V =  1 T

 v (t )dt
2  2

rms
T 0
L

1

 
T
1 2

V =   (V sin t ) dt 
2
2

T 
rms m
0

V
V = rms
= 0.5Vm
m
2
V 0.5V
I = rms
= rms m

R R
 Determine Pdc, Pac, and η

(0.318V ) 2

P =
dc
m

R
(0.5V ) 2

P =
ac
m

R
(0.318V ) 2

= = 40.5%
m

(0.5V ) m
2
 Determine FF and RF

V 0.5V
FF = rms
= m

V dc
0.318V m

FF = 1.57 = 157%
R F = FF − 12

R F = 1.57 − 1 = 1.21 = 121%

2
 Determine the TUF
1

V =  1 
 (V sin t ) dt =
T V
= 0.707V
2
2
m
s
T 0  m
2
m

0.5V
I =I =
s load
m

R
(0.318V ) m
2

P R
T UF = = dc

VI 0.5V
(0.707V )(
s s ) m
m

R
T UF = 0.286
 Determine the PIV

• PIV is the maximum (peak) voltage that

appears across the diode when reverse
biased. Here, PIV = Vm.

- - PIV +

+
Determine CF
I s ( peak )
CF =
Is
Vm
I s ( peak ) =
R
0.5Vm
Is =
R
Vm
CF = R = 2
0.5Vm
R
 Determine PF

Pac
PF = cos  =
VA
2
(0.5Vm )
PF = R = 0.707
0.5Vm
(0.707Vm )( )
R
 Summary – Half-Wave Rectifier

• RF=121% High
• Efficiency = 40.5 Low
• TUF = 0.286 Low
– 1/TUF = 3.496
– transformer must be 3.496 times larger than
when using a pure ac voltage source
 Reading assignment
• Find the Fourier series of the output
voltage for half wave rectifier
Half-Wave Rectifier with R-L Load
 Waveforms of Current and Voltage

Conduction period of D1 extends beyond ωt = π

 Average Output Voltage
 +
Vm
Vdc =
2 
0
sin td (t )

Vm
 − cos t 0
 +
Vdc =
2
Vm
Vdc = 1 − cos( +  )
2
Vdc
I dc =
R
Increase average voltage and current by making σ = 0
Waveforms with Dm installed
Application as a Battery Charger

Diode conducts for vs > E,

starting when Vmsinα = E
Waveforms for the Battery Charger

Diode turns off when

vs < E (at β = π – α)
Charging current
io = (vs – E)/R
io = (Vmsinωt – E)/R
for α < ωt < β
Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier

Center-Tapped Transformer
Waveforms for the Full-Wave Rectifier

T
2
2
Vdc =  Vm sin t
T 0
2Vm
Vdc =

Vdc = 0.636Vm
Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier

PIV = 2Vm
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Waveforms for the Full-Wave Bridge
 Full-Wave Bridge with Waveforms

Conduction pattern
D1 – D2 D3 – D4
PIV = Vm
Reading assignment
A single-phase bridge rectifier that supplies a very high inductive load such
as a dc motor is shown in figure a, the turn ratio of the transformer is unity.
The load is such that the motor draws a ripple-free armature current of Ia
as shown in the figure . Determine; (a) the harmonic factor HF of input
current and (b) the input power factor PF of the rectifier
Multi-phase Rectifier
Three-Phase Half Wave Rectifier
 5 / 6
3 3 3 Vm

= Vm sin t dt = = 0.827Vm 3 3 Vm 0.827 * Vm
Vdc
2 2 I dc = =
 /6 2 * * R R

5 / 6

 (Vm sin t )
3 1 3* 3
Vrms = 2
dt = + Vm = 0.8407 Vm
2 2 8
 /6
0.8407 Vm 08407 Vm Vm
I rms = Ir = IS = = 0.4854
R R 3 R
ThePIV of the diodes is 2 VLL = 3 Vm
Example A 3-phase star rectifier is operated from 460
V 50 Hz supply at secondary side and the load 
resistance is R=20. If the source inductance is
negligible, determine (a) Rectification efficiency, (b)
Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse voltage
(PIV) of each diode.
 460
VS = = 265.58 V , Vm = 265.58 * 2 = 375.59 V
3
3 3 Vm 3 3 Vm 0827 Vm
Vdc = = 0.827 Vm I dc = =
2 2 R R
Vrms = 0.8407 Vm 0.8407 Vm
I rms =
R
Pdc Vdc I dc
= = = 96.767 %
Pac Vrms I rms
Vrms
FF = = 101.657 %
Vdc
Vac
2
Vrms − Vdc
2 2
Vrms
RF = = = 2
− 1 = FF 2
− 1 = 18.28 %
Vdc Vdc Vdc
The PIV= 3 Vm=650.54V
Three-Phase Full Wave Rectifier With Resistive Load
IL
Ip Is 1 3 5
VL
a
b

c
4 6 2
 Example 10 The 3-phase bridge rectifier is operated from 460
V 50 Hz supply and the load resistance is R=20ohms. If the
source inductance is negligible, determine (a) The efficiency,
(b) Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse voltage
(PIV) of each diode .
3 3 Vm
Vdc = = 1.654Vm = 621.226 V

3 3 Vm 1.654Vm
I dc = = = 31.0613 A
 R R
3 9* 3
Vrms = + Vm = 1.6554 Vm = 621.752 V
2 4
1.6554 Vm
I rms = = 31.0876 A
R
Pdc Vdc I dc
= = = 99.83 %
Pac Vrms I rms
 Vrms
FF = = 100.08 %
Vdc

Vac
2
Vrms − Vdc
2 2
Vrms
RF = = = 2
− 1 = FF 2
−1 = 4 %
Vdc Vdc Vdc

The PIV= 3 Vm=650.54V

 Performance:
Single phase rectifier 3 phase rectifier