Experiment No.
Create a simple document that consists of 2 sections [Section1,
Section2], and a paragraph with dummy text in each section. Also
include header [title of document] and footer [institute name, page
number] in the document.
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[left=1.25in,right=1in,top=0.75in,bottom=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhf{}
\fancyhead[R]{\textit{My First \LaTeX\ Document}}
\fancyfoot[L]{AITM, Bhatkal}
\fancyfoot[R]{\thepage}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.4pt}
\begin{document}
\section*{Section1}
\lipsum[1]
\section*{Section2}
\lipsum[2]
\end{document}
Experiment No. 2
Create a document that displays the sample Abstract/Summary.
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report}
\usepackage[left=1.25in,right=1in,top=0.75in,bottom=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\section*{Abstract}
\end{center}
%\noindent
Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of biofeedback that uses real-time (RT)
modulation of brain activity to enhance brain function and behavioral
performance. Recent advances in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) and
cognitive training (CT) have provided new tools and brain network analysis
provides new tools for combating cognitive decline and brain aging in older
adults. We optimistically conclude that NF, combined with new neuro-
markers (event-related potentials and connectivity) and traditional features,
promises to provide new hope for brain and CT in the growing older
population.\\
\noindent
\textbf{Keywords:} EEG, ERP, biofeedback, brain modulation, SVM,
cognitive aging, BCI
\end{document}
Experiment No. 3
Create a simple title page of the VTU project Report [Use suitable
Logos and text formatting].
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report}
\usepackage[left=1in,right=1in,top=1in,bottom=1in]{geometry} %page
margins
\usepackage{graphicx} %to include images
\usepackage{xcolor}
\thispagestyle{empty} %to suppress the page number
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\textcolor{blue}
{\textbf{\large VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY\\}
\vspace{0.1in}Jnana Sangama, Belagavi - 590018\\}
\vspace{0.1in}
\includegraphics[scale=0.2]{vtu.png}\\
\vspace{0.1in}
A PROJECT REPORT\\\vspace{0.1in}ON\\
\textcolor{red}{\textbf{\large Creating a Report Format using \
LaTeX \\}}
\vspace{0.1in}
\textit{Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of degree}\\
\vspace{0.1in}
\textbf{BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING\\\vspace{0.1in} \textit{in}\\
\vspace{0.1in}ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING}\\
\vspace{0.2in}
Submitted by\\\vspace{0.1in}
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{1.5cm}}c}
\textbf{SAHANA A NAIK} & \textbf{TANUSHRI R KAGAL}\\ \
vspace{0.2in}
(2AB23EC024) &(2AB23EC030)\\
\textbf{DEEKSHA M NAIK} & \textbf{ANJALI J NAIK}\\
(2AB23EC007) & (2AB23EC005)\\
\end{tabular}\\
\vspace{0.2in}
Under the Guidance of\\\vspace{0.1in}
\textbf{\large Prof. Shrishail Bhat}\\ Assistant Professor\\
\vspace{0.2in}
\includegraphics[scale=0.0075]{aitm.png}\\
\vspace{0.01in}
\textcolor{blue}
{DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING\\
\vspace{0.1in}
\textbf{ANJUMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT}\\
\vspace{0.1in}Anjumanabad, Bhatkal - 581320\\}
\vspace{0.1in} 2024 - 2025\\
\end{center}
\end{document}
Experiment No. 4
Create the Certificate Page of the Report [Use suitable commands to
leave the blank spaces for user entry].
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report}
\usepackage[left=1in,right=1in,top=1in,bottom=1in]{geometry} %page
margins
\usepackage{graphicx} %to include images
\usepackage{xcolor}
\thispagestyle{empty} %to suppress the page number
\usepackage{setspace}
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\textcolor{blue}{\textbf{\large ANJUMAN INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT\\}}
\vspace{0.1in}Anjumanabad, Bhatkal - 581354, Karnataka,
India\\
\vspace{0.1in}
\textcolor{purple}{\textbf{\large Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering\\}}
\vspace{0.1in}
\includegraphics[scale=0.0075]{aitm.png}\\
\vspace{0.1in}
\textcolor{red}{\textbf{\Large Certificate \\}}
\vspace{0.1in}
\end{center}
\noindent
This is to certify that the project work titled \textbf{Creating a Report
Format using \LaTeX}, carried out by Mrs. \textbf{SAHANA ANAND NAIK},
USN \textbf{2AB23EC024}, a bonafide student of \textbf{Anjuman Institute
of Technology and Management}, in partial fulfillment for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering in \textbf{Electronics and Communication
Engineering} of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during
the year 2024-2025. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated
for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in
the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies
the academic requirements in respect of Project work prescribed for the said
Degree.\\
\vspace{1.5cm}
\noindent
\begin{tabular}{c@{\hspace{1.25cm}}c@{\hspace{1.25cm}}c}
\textbf{Prof. Shrishail Bhat} & \textbf{Dr. Kiran Shanbhag} & \
textbf{Dr. Fazlur Rahman K}\\
\textbf{Guide} & \textbf{HOD} & \textbf{Principal}\\
\end{tabular}
\vspace{1cm}
\begin{center}
\textcolor{red}{ \textbf{External Viva}}\\
\end{center}
\begin{tabular}{l l}
\textbf{Name of the Examiners} \indent{\hspace{5cm}} & \
textbf{Signature with Date}\\
1. \underline{\hspace{7cm}} & \underline{\hspace{4cm}}\\
2. \underline{\hspace{7cm}} & \underline{\hspace{4cm}}\\
\end{tabular}
\end{document}
Experiment No. 5
Create a document that contains the following table with proper
labels.
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report}
\usepackage[left=1.25in,right=1in,top=0.75in,bottom=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{multirow}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\section*{Marks Obtained}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|l|c|c|c|}
\hline
S.No & USN & Student Name & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Marks}\\
\cline{4-6}
&&&Subject1 & Subject2 & Subject3\\
\hline
1 & 2AB23EC002 & SAHANA A NAIK & 64 & 89 & 79\\
\hline
2 & 2AB23EC014 & TANUSHRI R KAGAL & 85 & 99 & 90\\
\hline
3 & 2AB23EC017 & DEEKSHA M NAIK & 87 & 83 & 54\\
\hline
4 & 2AB23EC023 & RUWAIBA S K & 92 & 85 & 74\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{document}
Experiment No. 6
Include the side-by-side graphics/pictures/figures in the document
by using the subfigure concept.
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report}
\usepackage{graphicx} % Required for including images
\usepackage{subcaption} % Required for subfigures
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{0.46\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig1.jpg}
\caption{Part of JFET}
\label{fig:subfig1a}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}{0.35\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig2.jpg}
\caption{Single-Gate JFET}
\label{fig:subfig1b}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Junction Field Effect Transistor}
\label{fig:figure1}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
Experiment No. 7
Create a document that consists of the following two mathematical
equations
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report}
\usepackage[left=1.25in,right=1in,top=0.75in,bottom=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation*}
\begin{aligned}
x&=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^{2}-4ac}}{2a} \\
& =\frac{-2\pm\sqrt{2^{2}-4*(1)*(-8)}}{2*1} \\
& =\frac{-2\pm\sqrt{4+32}}{2}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation*}
\vspace{2cm}
\begin{equation*}
\begin{aligned}
\varphi_{\sigma}^{\lambda}A_{t}&=\sum_{\pi\in C_{t}} sgn(\
pi) \varphi_{\sigma}^{\lambda} \varphi_{\pi}^{\lambda}\\
& =\sum_{\tau \in C_{\sigma t}} sgn(\sigma^{-1}\
tau\sigma) \varphi_{\sigma}^{\lambda} \varphi_{\sigma^{-1} \tau \
sigma}^{\lambda}\\
& =A_{\sigma t} \varphi _{\sigma}^{\lambda}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation*}
\end{document}
Experiment No. 8
Demonstrate the presentation of Numbered theorems, definitions,
corollaries, and lemmas in the document.
\documentclass[a4paper, 12pt]{article}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[theorem]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}[section]
\begin{document}
\section{Numbered theorems, definitions, corollaries and lemmas}
Theorems can easily be defined:
\begin{theorem}
Let f be a function whose derivative exists in every point, then f
is a continuous function.
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
The same theorem is written here
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem} [Pythagorean theorem]
\label{pythagorean}
This is a theorem about right triangles and can be summarised in the next
equation
\[x^2 + y^2 = z^2\]
And a consequence of theorem \ref{pythagorean} is the statement in the
next corollary.
\end{theorem}
\begin{corollary}
There's no right rectangle whose sides measure 3cm, 4cm, and
6cm.
\end{corollary}
You can reference theorems such as \ref{pythagorean} when a label is
assigned.
\begin{lemma}
Given two line segments whose lengths are \(a\) and \(b\)
respectively there is a
real number \(r\) such that \(b=ra\).
\end{lemma}
\begin{definition}[Mass]
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object or
substance, and it determines the object's resistance to acceleration when a
force is applied, as well as the strength of its gravitational interaction with
other bodies.
\end{definition}
\end{document}
Experiment No. 9
Create a document that consists of two paragraphs with a minimum
of 10 citations in it and display the reference in the section.
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Edge Computing}}
\end{center}
\section{Introduction}
The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized data generation, producing
vast amounts of data that are typically transmitted to cloud-based systems
for storage and processing \cite{Gubbi2013}. Cloud computing, with its
centralized infrastructure, has been effective for large-scale data storage and
analytics. However, the massive influx of data from IoT devices has created
significant challenges, including increased latency, network congestion, and
high operational costs, making cloud systems less suitable for real-time
applications \cite{Shi2016}. These limitations have led to the emergence of
edge computing as a decentralized alternative to enhance IoT performance \
cite{Satyanarayanan2009}. Edge computing shifts data processing closer to
the data source, reducing dependence on distant cloud servers. By
processing data locally, edge computing minimizes latency, decreases
bandwidth consumption, and alleviates network bottlenecks \
cite{Tang2017}. Edge devices act as intermediaries, analyzing critical data
from IoT devices before forwarding only essential information to the cloud for
further processing \cite{Puliafito2019}. This approach improves scalability,
accelerates response times, and optimizes the cost of managing IoT
ecosystems \cite{Buyya2022}.
The potential applications of edge computing are diverse. It is particularly
impactful in industries such as healthcare, where low-latency data processing
is vital for patient monitoring systems, and in autonomous systems like self-
driving cars, which demand real-time decision-making \
cite{Satyanarayanan2017}. Additionally, edge computing enhances security
by enabling localized data processing, reducing the risks associated with
transferring sensitive information over public networks \cite{Alrawais2017}.
Edge computing is not a replacement for cloud computing but a
complementary technology. While cloud systems remain indispensable for
large-scale data analysis and storage, edge computing addresses latency-
sensitive and real-time application requirements \cite{Bonomi2012}.
Together, they form a hybrid architecture that balances scalability, efficiency,
and performance for IoT systems \cite{Donno2019}.
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
\bibliography{ref}
\end{document}
Bibliography File (ref.bib)
@article{Gubbi2013,
title={Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and
future directions},
author={Gubbi, Jayavardhana and Buyya, Rajkumar and Marusic,
Slaven and Palaniswami, Marimuthu},
journal={Future Generation Computer Systems},
volume={29},
number={7},
pages={1645--1660},
year={2013},
publisher={Elsevier}
}
@inproceedings{Shi2016,
title={Edge computing: Vision and challenges},
author={Shi, Weisong and Cao, Jie and Zhang, Quan and Li, Youhuizi
and Xu, Lanyu},
booktitle={IEEE Internet of Things Journal},
volume={3},
number={5},
pages={637--646},
year={2016},
organization={IEEE}
}
@book{Buyya2022,
title={Fog and Edge Computing: Principles and Paradigms},
author={Buyya, Rajkumar and Srirama, Satish Narayana},
year={2022},
publisher={Wiley}
}
@incollection{Satyanarayanan2009,
title={The case for VM-based cloudlets in mobile computing},
author={Satyanarayanan, Mahadev and Bahl, Paramvir and Caceres,
Ramon and Davies, Nigel},
booktitle={Advances in Mobile Cloud Computing},
year={2009},
pages={14--23},
publisher={Springer}
}
@article{Alrawais2017,
title={Fog computing for enhanced privacy and security},
author={Alrawais, Arwa and Alhothaily, Anas and Hu, Cheng and
Cheng, Xiuzhen},
journal={IEEE Internet of Things Journal},
volume={4},
number={5},
pages={1291--1303},
year={2017}
}
@online{Tang2017,
title={What is Edge Computing?},
author={Tang, Calvin},
year={2017},
url={https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/what-is-edge-
computing.html},
note={Accessed: 2024-12-15}
}
@article{Puliafito2019,
title={Fog computing for the Internet of Things: A survey},
author={Puliafito, Antonio and Gonizzi, Gianluca and Ortiz, Andres},
journal={International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics},
volume={10},
pages={1389--1411},
year={2019}
}
@inproceedings{Donno2019,
title={Empowering Internet of Things with edge and fog computing},
author={Donno, Matteo Lo and Tange, Kristof and Marquez-Barja,
Johann M},
booktitle={International Conference on IoT Systems},
pages={100--114},
year={2019}
}
@article{Satyanarayanan2017,
title={The emergence of edge computing},
author={Satyanarayanan, Mahadev},
journal={Computer},
volume={50},
number={1},
pages={30--39},
year={2017},
publisher={IEEE}
}
@inproceedings{Bonomi2012,
title={Fog computing and its role in the Internet of Things},
author={Bonomi, Flavio and Milito, Rodolfo and Zhu, Jiang and
Addepalli, Sateesh},
booktitle={Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on
Mobile Cloud Computing},
pages={13--16},
year={2012},
organization={ACM}
}
Experiment No. 10
Develop a simple tree diagram or hierarchical structure in the
document with appropriate labels using the Tikz library.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Types of Cars}}
\end{center}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture} [every node/.style = {shape=rectangle,
rounded corners, draw, align=center}]
\path [draw,thick,-]
node (root)[red] {Cars}
[sibling distance=45mm, level distance=25mm]
child {node [blue] {SUV}
[sibling distance=25mm, level distance=25mm]
child { node [blue] {Landcruiser} }
child { node [blue] {Fortuner} }
% child { node {Elementary} }
}
child {node [magenta] {Sedan}
[sibling distance=25mm, level distance=25mm]
child { node [magenta] {Honda Civic} }
child { node [magenta] {Dzire} }
}
child {node [red] {Hatchback}
[sibling distance=25mm, level distance=25mm]
child { node [red]{Alto} }
child { node [red]{i20} }
};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Types of cars}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
Experiment No. 11
Develop a document to present an algorithm using
algorithm/algorithmic/ algorithm2e library.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[ ruled, vlined]{algorithm2e}
\begin{document}
\section*{Sum of $n$ natural numbers}
Algorithm to find the sum of first n natural numbers
\begin{algorithm}
\SetAlgoLined
\KwIn{A positive integer $n$}
\KwOut{The sum of the first $n$ natural numbers}
\SetKw{KwInit}{Initialize}
\KwInit $sum \gets 0$ \tcp*[r]{Start with a sum of zero}
\For{$i \gets 1$ \KwTo $n$}{
$sum \gets sum + i$ \tcp*[r]{Add the current number to
the sum}
}
\Return $sum$
\caption{Find the sum of the first $n$ natural numbers}
\end{algorithm}
\end{document}
Experiment No. 12
Develop a short technical report by using suitable commands and
formats of user choice.
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report}
\usepackage[left=1.25in,right=1in,top=0.75in,bottom=0.75in]{geometry}
\begin{document}
\chapter{Introduction}
\section{Importance of LaTeX}
LaTeX is a highly regarded typesetting system that has become
essential in academic and professional settings. One of the key benefits of
LaTeX is its ability to produce well-structured, error-free documents with
professional layouts. Unlike other word processors, LaTeX focuses on content
over presentation, ensuring that users can concentrate on the research or
writing itself rather than formatting issues. The consistency and uniformity
that LaTeX enforces across different documents reduce the chances of
typographical errors. Furthermore, LaTeX is widely adopted in publishing
academic papers, theses, and technical reports, making it the preferred
choice for researchers, engineers, and scholars who need to maintain high
standards in their documentation.
\section{Objectives of the Report}
The primary objective of this report is to guide users on how to create
a VTU-compliant project report using LaTeX. This involves understanding the
structure of LaTeX documents, setting up the environment correctly, and
applying formatting techniques that conform to VTU guidelines. Additionally,
the report aims to provide step-by-step instructions on configuring page
layouts, incorporating chapters and sections, managing references, and
ensuring all content is consistent in style. By following the outlined
procedures, students and researchers will be able to generate project reports
that meet academic standards, thereby enhancing the quality and
professionalism of their submissions.
\newpage
\chapter{Formatting in LaTeX}
\section{Document Structure}
The structure of a LaTeX document is defined by a set of commands
and environments that organize content logically. A typical LaTeX document
begins with the \texttt{documentclass} declaration, specifying the
formatting options such as font size and page layout. The \texttt{report}
document class, for instance, is commonly used for academic reports and
theses. The next key component is the preamble, where packages are loaded
to extend LaTeX’s functionality. For instance, packages like \texttt{geometry}
ensure control over page layout, while \texttt{hyperref} allows the inclusion
of hyperlinks. Following the preamble, content is divided into chapters,
sections, and subsections, creating a hierarchical structure that helps
maintain clarity and organization.
\subsection{Chapters and Sections}
In LaTeX, chapters are created using the \texttt{\textbackslash
chapter} command, which generates a new chapter heading. Sections within
chapters are structured using \texttt{\textbackslash section} for major
sections and \texttt{\textbackslash subsection} for sub-sections, allowing for
a detailed and systematic breakdown of the document. This organizational
hierarchy ensures that readers can easily navigate through the content. The
use of sectioning commands promotes structured writing, enhancing
readability and comprehension.
\subsection{Page Layout}
LaTeX provides extensive control over page layout, including margins,
headers, and footers. The \texttt{geometry} package is commonly used to
set margins, such as 1-inch margins on all sides. Headers and footers can be
customized using commands like \texttt{\textbackslash chapter} and \
texttt{\textbackslash section}, helping maintain a consistent format
throughout the document. Proper page layout ensures that the report has a
professional appearance, meeting the guidelines set by VTU.
\section{Text Customization}
LaTeX offers a wide range of features for text customization, allowing
users to achieve precise formatting according to their needs.
\subsection{Font Styling}
Text can be customized using different font styles such as bold, italic,
and underlined. Commands like \texttt{\textbackslash textbf} apply bold
styling, \texttt{\textbackslash textit} applies italic formatting, and \texttt{\
textbackslash underline} adds underlining. These commands help emphasize
important text, making the document visually appealing and more readable.
\subsection{Alignment}
Text alignment in LaTeX can be adjusted using commands such as \
texttt{\textbackslash centering}, \texttt{\textbackslash raggedright}, and \
texttt{\textbackslash raggedleft}. \texttt{\textbackslash centering} centers
the text horizontally, \texttt{\textbackslash raggedright} aligns the text to
the left margin, and \texttt{\textbackslash raggedleft} aligns the text to the
right. Proper alignment ensures consistency and improves the overall
readability of the document.
\end{document}
