BOWURBOE AWD BOOROIDAWIO 0G) GUAGIGIALS endocrine system sharmone- a chemical substance produced by an Cotecrine gland and carried by the Wood that famsmily infrrmation fary ene act et an organism to another and beings about a change [SE =e) Med alton the actly A one or more seciic iek ean> thet dats ned requice an inotarh respon + gland - 8 group o ces that produits ana release me [aise > We mere substuncts (sewetion) sendogring gland : glands tha produie hormones and. collectively male. up the endocrine system mee Ny 1 theg have @ good blood supply so hormene gS } enter Wood plaama in bloodsiream ASAP to \ | travel fo create, a resporoe, rome oe + hormone Yill only bind wit specie Conclementtiy | e Asam receptor on the Cia /inside B speitic cals he efteck st ms SALT a) + Peobides email protein hormones: iMdaliny ghcagon, ADH Ans meta lawater Soluble $0 awit Cross phiopholipla Wager a COMA 8 bind fo reception on COM of famyet cells 49 activate, Steond messenpen to harater signal though cotoplaim + Herald hormones: Hatenterore, oetoyen, progestoronts } ligid salUwe so can cms phapnalipid Glayer Shormane bind fo reception in the eafoplaym or MACOS & booger cold h = Ee} enous system + Combral atwous system CONS) - the brain and spinal core + Peripheral nervovs system CPNS) - all of Hat nemven In the body + allows body fp rexpond fo suroundings and coonkinal® and reguiate. body functions«+ menue impulse + haa information bent through the nerve) sytem a) electrical signdls poring along newone) + neurone ntwe cally Hoel nee ienputy par hime 4 they Coordinate che activitiey & Sensory teCeplon , decision making centres in Ihe CNS and effedion (Muscle islands) + nee a bundle # newone ditterence | newews spstem|indocrine sgstem party a system | brain, spinal candy] glanas nies /merone> type & message | eledtical innpuist> | chemical homane| method & Inewes / nearones | bloodstream hamomission ahector., muscles / glands | taver cells in Jspecific sowed speed & Jue fast ‘slower hansen length & ect [short - until longer - until elechvical impulses | hormone is. Stop brome dawn dohes + axon: along Fibre AtUONe haves trey are insulated by a cat soo | fay sas OX [ees + nodes + Ranvier small ininvulated sector along we Tengih tthe oxen ‘ieee bso the techical impubs jump fom ene node to next de lew fime iy eed hnaterriag fam one cell fo (ScncaTES FoR) leownecrons 7 Atrt along the, axon wan orven + mgulla a substance mate ty specialised culls kintwn > Schudann cells hich Hie axon fatty shenth i> made up a mene muse 4 Mgetin is made shen Schwann cells weap droind He axon along is length [eenve Eon} + dunaites - extensions & mewone) That can connect fo many ether neurones and recieve impubes fam Hew Types 4 neurones: (Escarnenoe) | (marron + Malor neurones cong iempulso fen CNS fe eeclon care) casa) [Hise] 1 large cell body at one end Anat iB with CNS, x [ Smubleas always tn ceil body © mang highly branched dendrites that extend bom Hat, call bat, prow a pike memrane, -€BB6R0) a Veoge, surface oven, Por arty Hines “Te00%) + Relay (intermediate) neurones ~ found entirely tsithin tre, ENS and connect sembyy and motor nearones + Sensdng neurones cory impuist) from receptor fo CNS, same as motor excent haut ceil body benching «Bt in middle d cell mear sauce, J Hienuti or ganglionreRex arc, + reflex are a pathisey along wshich impube art tamomitted fom: a rekeptor to on afector withaut involving ‘conscious region YD Yhe brain se auichor than other Iyptd 2 nerious repome) e == tn the, exannge: Ke LA pin the stimutun) is derected by a [sun ee pain receptor in the shin, ej TE REE] 2. Servory merone sendy eledical impube | [EPL eae \ fp spinal cord Ceoordinator) | Sade! ene | Elecivical impulses ore payed fo relay nemront in Motor nenvone cares Me impuer tp the muscle in He ley (fhe effector) 6. the impulses cause the murda fo Contact and pull he ky vp andaway Frove Mae. shavp ekjeut (the aponse) aa mama Spinal cord . "| : 4. Relay neurone conned fy motor memwone and pase) the Impaises on Comer] s. Sensory receplor ceil: * Yeceptor cell ~ Hamdacer that fespond to a shnulus s hensducer - convert enerpy) in one, form (e-8- light heat, sound) into energy in om elechienl impube nithin 4 sensory neurone + sense. orga - where receotor calls are found, 9 spatial ed Fexeptor cello specialised cells that dekest a specitic hype stimu ond influence. the elecrical schulty Ja sensory neurone tip: light reeploo in eye, chemorecenion in dese, badd fouer mceploe pnd then = Just the, ends & senery neurone themselves + mihen racer for Cath 1S sfiomulated they depoledice 9 38a fimulas- cell) ave, nok sufficiently Atpalaised amd semen neurone isn't activated Io send impulses Si ahong simalus - sensory veuront. is activated and paramils impulses to CNS stqnence ot evenly in action potential + papillae, - small bumps that cover’ the lounge guriace and conten many Ihe buds + chepreceoior - receptor ceil in fre Hoke buds thet art tensitive, fo chemicals in food and dias + reetntor proteins: different ones on chemortaplon deltch difttrent chemicals Example: salt + chemorecepton detect salt (Natt) by responding direct to Net |. Wat difioe through highly selective channed proftins in COMA & mricreilli d chemo receptor calls 2, Chemo receptor call membrane depolariz4) 3 Retemtor potential: pmtive charge inside cell increases 4, suffident stimulation oy tat and julticlent depolarization dt membrane, reiaphor potential becomes lame. Enougn to sfimulate votlnge -gatea calcium lon channel proteins ip openand. aboot wokg iin [ceils dente —_ TASTE TASTE BUD| BUD €CHEMORECEPTOR: |_[ NEUROTRANSMITTER- CONTAINING VESICLES (BASAL MEMBRANE OF (CHEMORECEPTOR ~€SENSORY_NEURONE| in rexepton den increase, with continued stimulation, so that * ratner than simging doratont, Hehe lees x0nt along sensory neaonesHow ¥ maintains Potential, Pumps mee Nat out + the axon and Kt into the axon Againot Meir concentration grain’ ving entegy from hguolgsis J ATP many large, negatively chageh | anions atta Ut vo kt dear afte eutd axon Na? cant aiffise Harm axon membrane when tne fewone is at rer closure, & voltnge- pated channel | stom Nat ona kt from diftusing thevgh axon proteins (required for action mrerabvene, Potential) in axon membre (CELL SURFACE NEMGRANE (OF AXON, ‘CYTOPLASM _OF AXON] THE INSIDE OF THE AXON IS NEGATIVELY CHARGED IN ‘COMPARISON WITH THE OUTSIDE. ‘THE DIFFERENCE IS ABOUT -70mV, ‘SODIUM IONS PUMPED POTASSIUM IONS, OUT OF AXON PUMPED INTO AXON| Nar ‘PUMP _ PROTEIN) AXON |Low K* ‘OUTSIDE (asi Nat‘aGhion potentials sxalinge. gated channel proteins channel prottins in fhe exon membvant thet allen Net er Ikt to Pa Howse W open or clove depending on eredtrienl poreniol Cistinge) ocr099 ARE axon membrine 1 only cloe wane azo membrOne is at ih esting potential + walter action potential is sHimalehed iA NEURONE neuemeed [Nat chanel rteice iq onan membre, SOG S oven 2, Nat pass inte akon dovan eechochersio’, deudiend (aside 2 axon ik C2 ena Ihave les Nat $e Wet glhmuked, in) RESPONSE TO A SGRAL 3. Aepoimioation= petenial aifterone || ie sx0N vewarane oecones Seerernee Remm> gron membre: %| eT HWS TO THE 1S inskae 2 onan becaine len C-) PRESTIG SECTION OF THE AXON GENERATING FURTHER ACTION POTENTIALS IN THIS ORECTION sepoloribaihon lends We yftater Atpaonsarion THE PREVIOUS SECTION OF a> yoltege “lneteh 4 channwla epen|ier | | Oeesponsive To DEPOLARSATION { rele, Het de eater for f adgaimieaion | [AS TS MA ISCO A, positive Feedbauk - small initial iz ‘S. pokenihal sifterence reaches Mnreshold THIS “WAVE OF DEPOLARISATION Maine term -SOmv Se meng mote [Covrnve hove ORECTON ott rouanos THe AxON Temas (AKON MEMBRANE: channed ofen se more Nat enter caning axon Ib teaun poem Hal qromd 430 mV 6. an action potential is generated 7, Aepalansaiion & the membrone at|site F Lat mein pokential caunts curremt ty Mowe fo next sean & axgn mumbrne ) dtpelavising it and causing Nat voltage ~ gated channed protein to open 4% Flow ot Current caused 9 diffusion 4 Nat ateng oxen from high —2 low concentahon $. triggue production 4 anaiher action potential in this sackon vt Hie axon membrane and Ynt proves confinues Repolarsation and reflackens pemod Lsnorly Clee) after an action potential in @ section ot axon membrane is generated, all Nat volhaye - gated, channel, oie 30 Nat cannot difine inte tne aton anymore ‘action [POTENTIAL 2. KY voltage -gated chamel proteins in tis ection # axon atl [her jons|w mnembune open for ht 40 diffe out of acon down 4 37 eel pent. gtedinn 3F lg 5 3. repeladgation= potential difteence fehwre 4y altund-Tad 8 i a 5 HS OT Uohort period & hyperpoladsalion - potential aifterene, 3¢ 4 2 across tis section tt axon membrane betomes more, hestlnc Srate negative than the normal resting potential ” ‘Stimulus 1h. Sechion & oon muntain’s recoweriog unlil Kt @ Yottane -pated channel proteins clove, and Not channel HYPERPOLARISATION | probing im thin Section # mbmiane. com (e9pond oT PT Aehel [* 1? devslavization apsin TIME (ne[eRcUTS OF |CURRENT See cuannespoTems ome MYELIN, SHEATH] “AXON MEMBRANE] ‘AXON ny sk ines PROTENS GLOseD (eee este Pore evan POTENS CLOSEDCiph by ; d ! ian ul i ; a ; tH ig i A | 2 HH a iE 3 ¢ cel plo et $44 22-9) i dil 4 teh dob 4 i tf Paid Pb pg pie bs PPE | ait) { i a4 ft ‘ 1 teil 5 Hy Phat ae belitig dipih | ba? uf fr Piet fe,g0 4 ; Pisdeg cies iid (TH Witla! re iu | RPE Pe [el 5 PEEPS ses ePr 4g is Hil pid] I HipileaveiaalShiatea muscle. contrnction Stachuce: st shiatea ood mugclesatfache fe bonts by fender and ort made up it many long tglindrical Aloyas sc mmvocle Moves (celly) - mullimudleated, eadh Aber made & myptioris have, plasma frembrane Coercalomune) , vstoyiarnn (Sarto gunn) ond specianed ER Garopasmic reticatuwn) *Sarcolemena, «Plame membrane , ean conduct action polenta 1 fmrowne yom Moule (T- hebuled) - Savtolemens Infolaings + Sanoplasm Cesleplasm - mang mitochondria ana parallel wioohbrily © Fores ate qrutthnudented + Sameplamic reticulum + specialised endo plarmic fetictlumn with prottin pomp anh aor & cat K MgoFieas: + locates in sartepiaom smnade up a hse types oF protein Klann: ® thick Blament made & myosin 9 thin Blament made & actin + laments are granged in m parkicular onder, (eating different bands and line a Pack & myohibeil | deawiption H band only thick Myosin Flamm V band only thin actin lament A bana contain areas where only erooir arta abtin| Bienes | eee au neon Mm tine Attachment for myosin Flament ee . seen ee Taw pao} | iano 2 tine, Altachment for actin Filaments et Sarcomere, The section & myofibnl behave a ho 2 Fineo Thick Blamenly Cinyosin) strachere: + Fibrous protein moleciste> with glabwiar head + Fibro pac myosin molecule anchors the meleusle Wie Hele lament + mmyonin molecuies lie fut b> cash tmer with heir globular hbads all pointing ausey Rom Mae line Thin Rlaments Cactin) sucha: + Blobular protein moleewiea, link togetner to Form chain, he actin chains naist fo Fem 1 thin lament + tropomyosin = fim _proiein Misked avound ther achnn chains, + heponin aifached fo selin chen a regular intemal