‫ﺑﺳم ﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم‬

“Logic Design”
“Introduction to Electronics”
Feb. 2024

Prof. Khalid M. Amin

Chapter 21

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Chapter 21

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 ‫ﺑﺳم ﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم‬

Introductory Background Lecture

Electronics fundamentals
ewwwwq

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Chapter 21

Electrical circuits

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Chapter 21

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Chapter 21

A breadboard

Please read the uploaded file on our group titled

“Breadboards – tutorial.pdf”

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Chapter 21

Arduino
A UNO board
breadboard
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Chapter 21

A breadboard
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Chapter 21 source : Batteries
DC Voltage 10

An automobile battery is an example of a multiple cell

battery. Like all batteries, the automotive battery does not
store charge – it stores chemical energy that can be
converted to current when an external path is provided to
allow the chemical reaction to proceed.

Rather than saying “charging” a

battery, it is more accurate to say
Battery “reversing the chemical reaction” in a
battery.

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Chapter
Batteries 2
1 11

An automobile battery is an example of a multiple cell

battery. Like all batteries, the automotive battery does not
store charge – it stores chemical energy that can be
converted to current when an external path is provided to
allow the chemical reaction to proceed.

Rather than saying “charging” a

battery, it is more accurate to say
Battery “reversing the chemical reaction” in a
battery.

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Chapter
Batteries 2
1 12

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Chapter
Resistance2
1 13

Resistance is the opposition to current.

One ohm (1 Ω) is the resistance if one ampere (1 A) is in a
material when one volt (1 V) is applied.
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.
1
G=
R
Components designed to have a specific amount of resistance are
called resistors. Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating

Leads

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Chapter 21 14

Resistance
Resistance is the opposition to current. Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating

Leads

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Chapter 21 15

Resistance Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance

color-code Black 0 10 0

Brown 1 10 1 1% (five band)

Resistance value, first three bands: Red 2 10 2 2% (five band)

Orange 3 10 3
First band – 1st digit Yellow 4 10 4

Second band – 2nd digit Green 5 10 5

Blue 6 10 6

Violet 7 10 7
*Third band – Multiplier (number of Gray 8 10 8

zeros following second digit) White 9 10 9

Gold ±5% 10 -1 5% (four band)

Fourth band - tolerance Silver ± 10% 10 -2 10% (four band)

No band ± 20%

* For resistance values less than 10 Ω, the third band is either gold or silver.
Gold is for a multiplier of 0.1 and silver is for a multiplier of 0.01.

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Chapter 21 16

What is the resistance and tolerance of

each of the four-band resistors?

5.1 kΩ ± 5%
820 kΩ ± 10%
47 Ω ± 10%
1.0 Ω ± 5%

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 Chapter
Variable 21
resistors 17

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 Chapter
Variable 21
resistors 18

Variable resistors include the potentiometer and

rheostat. The center terminal of a variable resistor is
connected to the wiper. R
3
1 2
Shaft

Wiper Variable resistor

Resistive (potentiometer)
element

To connect a potentiometer as a rheostat, one of Variable resistor

the outside terminals is connected to the wiper. (rheostat)

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 Chapter
Variable 21
resistors 19

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 Chapterresistors:
Variable 21 Potentiometer 20

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 Chapterresistors:
Variable 21 Potentiometer 21

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 Chapterresistors:
Variable 21 Potentiometer 22

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1Chapter
st circuit :2
1 23

Let’s connect a battery with a constant resistor and study

what happens?

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Chapter 21 24

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 Chapter
The 21
electric circuit 25

A basic electric circuit consists of

1) a voltage source
2) a path
3) a load.
An example of a basic circuit is a flashlight, which has
each of these plus a control element – the switch.
Switch Metal strip

Metal reflector Spring

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 Chapter
The 21
electric circuit 26

Circuits are described pictorially with schematics.

For example, the flashlight can be represented by
Switch

Battery Lamp
(2 cells)

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 Chapter
LED ….? 21 27

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 Chapter
LED …. 21 28

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 Chapter
LED …. 21 29

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 Chapter
LED …. 21 30

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Chapter
What’s 21
the difference between resistor and LED? 31

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 Chapter
LED …. 21 32

Limiting resistor: importance !!

& value???
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 Chapter
What’s 21
importance of using limiting resistor in 33
the above LED circuit?

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 Chapter
How 21 the value of limiting resistor
to calculate 34
in the above LED circuit?

Solving for the current limiting resistor

1. To determine a current-limiting resistor, you first
need to consult your LED’s datasheet. The Adafruit
product page for the diffused 5mm LEDs has links to
five datasheets—one for each color in the pack. For
this example, let’s go with the red LED datasheet,
which we’ve also copied locally just in case.

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 Chapter
How 21 the value of limiting resistor
to calculate 35
in the above LED circuit?

Solving for the current limiting resistor

2. The datasheet states that the forward voltage Vf for
the red LED is between 1.9V and 2.1V with a typical
value of 2.0V. The datasheet also states that in this
range, the forward current If is 20mA. All
specifications are for 25℃.

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 Chapter
How 21 the value of limiting resistor
to calculate 36
in the above LED circuit?

Solving for the current limiting resistor

3

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 Chapter
How 21 the value of limiting resistor
to calculate 37
in the above LED circuit?

Solving for the current limiting resistor

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 Chapter
How 21 the value of limiting resistor
to calculate 38
in the above LED circuit?

Solving for the current limiting resistor

5

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 Chapter
How 21 the value of limiting resistor
to calculate 39
in the above LED circuit?

Solving for the current limiting resistor

6

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 Chapter
How 21 the value of limiting resistor
to calculate 40
in the above LED circuit?

Solving for the current limiting resistor

7

Problem??? 350 Ohm resistor is not found in the market, there are
only 330 or 470 Ohms.
Electronics Fundamentals 8 edition
th
© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
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 Chapter
How 21 the value of limiting resistor
to calculate 41
in the above LED circuit?

Solving for the current limiting resistor

8
7

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Chapter
How 21 the value of limiting resistor in the above
to calculate 42
LED circuit?

Solving for the current limiting resistor

Final step
7

So, in this case, either the 330Ω or the 470Ω is probably OK

(the 470Ω is, of course, a safer choice for protecting the
wear on the LED).

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 Chapter
The 21
electric circuit 43

Switches

Switches are commonly used to control circuits by

either mechanical or electronic means.
The pole refers to the movable arm of a switch.
The throw refers to the number of contacts that are
affected by a single switch action.

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 Chapter
The 21
electric circuit 44

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 Chapter
The 21
electric circuit 45

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The electric
Chapter 21 circuit - 46
SSymbols

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 Chapter
The 21
electric circuit 47

Let’s start our first project using Arduino UNO

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 Chapter
The 21
electric circuit 48

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Project
Chapter
The #121
electric circuit 49

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Project
Chapter
The #121
electric circuit 50

What’s the difference?

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Project
Chapter
The #221 – switch off
electric circuit 51

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Project
Chapter
The #221 – switch ON
electric circuit 52

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Chapter 21 multimeter
The DMM: Digital 53

The DMM (Digital

Multimeter) is an OFF

important multipurpose
VH
Hz

VH

instrument which can mV H

measure voltage, current, A

V

and resistance. Many 10 A VΩ

include other 40 mA COM

measurement options.

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Chapter
The DMM 2
1 54

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Chapter
The DMM 2
1 55

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Chapter 21 56

Analog meters

An analog multimeter is
also called a VOM (volt-
ohm-milliammeter).
Analog meters measure
voltage, current, and
resistance. The user must
choose the range and
read the proper scale.
Photo courtesy of Triplett Corporation

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Chapter
Ohm’s law 2
1 57

The most important fundamental law in electronics is

Ohm’s law, which relates voltage, current, and resistance.
Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854) formulated the equation
that bears his name:
V
I=
R

What is the current in a circuit with a 12 V source if

the resistance is 10 Ω? 1.2 A

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Chapter
Solved 21
Example 58

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Chapter
Solved 21
Example 59

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Chapter
Solved 21
Example 60

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Chapter 21

• 100 W lamp

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Chapter
updated 21

• New Lighting, LED

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Chapter 21 63

Troubleshooting

Some questions to ask before starting any

troubleshooting are:
1. Has the circuit ever worked?
2. If the circuit once worked, under what
conditions did it fail?
3. What are the symptoms of the failure?
4. What are the possible causes of the failure?

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Chapter 21 64

‫ﺷﻛرا ﺟزﯾﻼ ﻟﺣﺳن اﺳﺗﻣﺎﻋﻛم‬

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