1. What is JVM, JRE, and JDK?

o JVM (Java Virtual Machine): It is a runtime environment that converts Java bytecode
into machine code.

o JRE (Java Runtime Environment): It contains the JVM and libraries to run Java
programs.

o JDK (Java Development Kit): It includes the JRE, compiler, and development tools
required for writing Java programs.

2. Define a class in Java with syntax and example.

o Definition: A class in Java is a blueprint for creating objects. It contains variables

o Syntax:

o class ClassName {

o // Variables

o // Methods

o }

o Example:

o class Car {

o String brand;

o void display() {

o System.out.println("Brand: " + brand);

o }

o }

3. What is the use of constructors in Java?

o Definition: A constructor is a special method used to initialize objects. It is called

o Syntax:

o class ClassName {
 o ClassName() {

o // Constructor body

o }

o }

o Example:

o class Car {

o String brand;

o Car() { // Constructor

o brand = "Toyota";

o }

o }

4. List the different access specifiers in Java.

o Definition: Access specifiers control the visibility of classes, methods, and variables.

o Types:

 private: Accessible only within the class.

 default: Accessible within the same package.

 protected: Accessible within the same package and subclasses.

 public: Accessible from anywhere.

5. What is a static method? How is it different from an instance method?

o Definition: A static method belongs to the class and can be called without creating
an object.

o Syntax:

o class ClassName {

o static void methodName() {

o // Static method body

o }

o }

o Example:
 o class MathUtils {

o static int square(int x) {

o return x * x;

o }

o }

o Difference: Instance methods require an object to be called, while static methods do

Here are the remaining answers in the same format:

6. What is the purpose of JavaDoc comments?

o Definition: JavaDoc comments are special comments used to generate

o Syntax:

o /**

o * This is a JavaDoc comment.

o * @param parameter_name Description

o * @return Description

o */

o Example:

o /**

o * This class represents a Car.

o */

o class Car {

o /**

o * Displays the car brand.

o */

o void display() {

o System.out.println("Car Brand");

o }

o }
7. What is a JavaBean? Mention its properties.

o Definition: A JavaBean is a reusable software component that follows certain

o Properties of JavaBeans:

 Must have a public no-argument constructor.

 Must provide getter and setter methods for accessing private variables.

 Must implement Serializable interface (optional).

o Syntax & Example:

o import java.io.Serializable;

o public class Car implements Serializable {

o private String brand;

o public Car() {} // No-arg constructor

o public String getBrand() {

o return brand;

o }

o public void setBrand(String brand) {

o this.brand = brand;

o }

o }

8. Define wrapper classes and give an example.

o Definition: Wrapper classes provide object representation for primitive data types.

o Syntax:

o WrapperClass obj = new WrapperClass(value);

o Example:

o Integer num = Integer.valueOf(10); // Wrapper class for int

o StringBuffer: Thread-safe and synchronized (used in multi-threading).

o StringBuilder: Faster but not synchronized (used in single-threaded applications).

o Example:

o StringBuffer sbf = new StringBuffer("Hello");

o sbf.append(" World"); // Safe for multi-threading

o StringBuilder sbd = new StringBuilder("Hello");

o sbd.append(" World"); // Faster but not thread-safe

10. How does the switch statement work in Java?

 Definition: The switch statement allows selecting a block of code from multiple options.

 Syntax:

 switch(expression) {

 case value1:

 // Code block

 break;

 case value2:

 // Code block

 break;

 default:

 // Default block

 }

 Example:

 int day = 2;

 switch(day) {

 case 1: System.out.println("Monday"); break;

 case 2: System.out.println("Tuesday"); break;

 default: System.out.println("Invalid day");

 }
11. What is the difference between break and continue statements?

 break: Exits the loop completely.

 continue: Skips the current iteration and moves to the next.

 Example:

 for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

 if(i == 3) continue; // Skips 3

 System.out.println(i);

 }

12. Explain the difference between primitive and reference data types.

 Primitive data types: Directly store values (e.g., int, char, double).

 Reference data types: Store memory addresses (e.g., objects, arrays).

 Example:

 int a = 10; // Primitive

 String str = "Hello"; // Reference

13. What are the different types of loops in Java?

 for loop: Used for a fixed number of iterations.

 while loop: Runs while a condition is true.

 do-while loop: Runs at least once, then checks the condition.

 Example:

 for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

 System.out.println(i);

 }

14. Define instance control flow in Java.

 Definition: Instance control flow determines the execution order of instance variables and
blocks before the constructor.

 Example:

 class Test {

 int x = 10;


 { // Instance block

 System.out.println("Instance Block");

 }

 Test() {

 System.out.println("Constructor");

 }

 public static void main(String[] args) {

 Test obj = new Test();

 }

 }

 Output:

 Instance Block

 Constructor

15. What is meant by regular expressions (RegEx) in Java?

 Definition: Regular expressions are patterns used for text matching and searching.

 Example:

 import java.util.regex.*;

 public class RegexExample {

 public static void main(String[] args) {

 Pattern p = Pattern.compile("\\d+"); // Matches digits

 Matcher m = p.matcher("123ABC");

 System.out.println(m.find()); // true

 }

 }

16. How is final different from static in Java?

 static: Used for class-level methods and variables.

 Example:

 class Example {

 final int MAX = 100; // Constant value

 static int count = 0; // Shared variable

 }