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Data Models in DBMS

Data models in Database Management Systems (DBMS) define the logical structure and organization of data, serving as blueprints for database design. Key types include Hierarchical, Network, Relational, Entity-Relationship, Object-Oriented, and Document models, each with unique structures, advantages, and disadvantages. The document also outlines the steps in data modeling, including conceptual, logical, and physical design.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views

Data Models in DBMS

Data models in Database Management Systems (DBMS) define the logical structure and organization of data, serving as blueprints for database design. Key types include Hierarchical, Network, Relational, Entity-Relationship, Object-Oriented, and Document models, each with unique structures, advantages, and disadvantages. The document also outlines the steps in data modeling, including conceptual, logical, and physical design.

Uploaded by

rathika.p
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Models in DBMS

Data models in Database Management Systems (DBMS) define how data is logically
structured, organized, and manipulated. They are essential for database design, serving as a
blueprint for how data is stored, accessed, and related.

Types of Data Models in DBMS

1. Hierarchical Data Model

 Structure: Data is organized into a tree-like hierarchy, with a parent-child relationship.


 Key Concept: Each child node has only one parent, but a parent can have multiple
children.
 Example:
o An organizational chart where a manager (parent) oversees employees (children).
 Advantages:
o Simple and easy to navigate for hierarchical data.
o Efficient for queries that traverse parent-child relationships.
 Disadvantages:
o Difficult to restructure.
o Limited to one-to-many relationships.
 Implementation: Used in early database systems like IBM's Information Management
System (IMS).

2. Network Data Model

 Structure: Data is organized as a graph, allowing many-to-many relationships.


 Key Concept: Data is represented as records connected through pointers.
 Example:
o A transportation network with cities (nodes) connected by routes (edges).
 Advantages:
o Flexible for complex relationships.
o More efficient than hierarchical for many-to-many data.
 Disadvantages:
o Complex to design and maintain.
o Querying requires navigating pointers manually.
 Implementation: CODASYL DBMS.

3. Relational Data Model


 Structure: Data is organized into tables (relations) with rows and columns.
 Key Concept: Tables represent entities, and relationships are established through keys
(e.g., primary and foreign keys).
 Example:
o A table for Customers (CustomerID, Name, Email) and Orders (OrderID,
CustomerID, OrderDate) linked by CustomerID.
 Advantages:
o Simple and intuitive design.
o SQL support for flexible querying.
o Ensures data integrity through constraints.
 Disadvantages:
o Performance can degrade with very large datasets or complex queries.
 Implementation: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server.

4. Entity-Relationship Model (ER Model)

 Structure: A conceptual model showing entities, attributes, and relationships between


entities.
 Key Concept: Entities (real-world objects) and their relationships are represented
visually in ER diagrams.
 Example:
o A diagram showing Customers linked to Orders through a one-to-many
relationship.
 Advantages:
o High-level abstraction.
o Great for initial database design.
 Disadvantages:
o Needs to be converted into a logical model for implementation.
 Implementation: Typically serves as a design phase model.

5. Object-Oriented Data Model

 Structure: Combines database concepts with object-oriented programming (OOP).


 Key Concept: Data is represented as objects, which include both data (attributes) and
methods (behavior).
 Example:
o An object "Car" with attributes like color and speed and methods like start()
or stop().
 Advantages:
o Seamless integration with OOP applications.
o Can handle complex data types like multimedia.
 Disadvantages:
Less mature compared to relational databases.
o
 Implementation: Object-oriented databases like ObjectDB, db4o.

6. Document Data Model

 Structure: Data is stored as documents (e.g., JSON, BSON).


 Key Concept: Flexible, schema-less storage of semi-structured or unstructured data.
 Example:
o A JSON document:

json
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{
"CustomerID": 1,
"Name": "John Doe",
"Orders": [
{"OrderID": 101, "Amount": 250},
{"OrderID": 102, "Amount": 450}
]
}

 Advantages:
o Ideal for NoSQL databases.
o Easily scalable and flexible.
 Disadvantages:
o Lack of relational integrity.
 Implementation: MongoDB, CouchDB.

Comparison of Key Data Models

Model Structure Best For Examples


Hierarchical Tree-like Hierarchical data IBM IMS
Many-to-many
Network Graph (pointers) CODASYL DBMS
relationships
MySQL, PostgreSQL,
Relational Tables (relations) General-purpose databases
Oracle
Entity- Conceptual
Database design ER Diagrams
Relationship diagrams
Object-Oriented Objects Complex/OOP applications ObjectDB, db4o
Document Documents (JSON) Semi-structured data MongoDB, CouchDB

Key Steps in Data Modeling in DBMS


1. Conceptual Design:
o Identify entities and their relationships (using ER modeling).
o Example: Identify Customers, Orders, and their relationships.
2. Logical Design:
o Create normalized schemas with tables, columns, and relationships.
o Example: Define tables for Customers and Orders, and enforce primary/foreign
keys.
3. Physical Design:
o Implement logical models in specific database technologies.
o Example: Generate SQL schema and define indexes.

Let me know if you want detailed examples, diagrams, or SQL implementations for these data
models!

1. Hierarchical Data Model

Example: Organization Hierarchy

 Entities: Departments and Employees.


 Structure:
Each department is the parent of its employees.

Diagram:

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Company
├── Department A
│ ├── Employee 1
│ ├── Employee 2
├── Department B
├── Employee 3
├── Employee 4

Implementation:

Hierarchical databases use parent-child pointers, but we can simulate this using relational tables.

Table: Departments

sql
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CREATE TABLE Departments (
DeptID INT PRIMARY KEY,
DeptName VARCHAR(100)
);
Table: Employees

sql
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CREATE TABLE Employees (
EmpID INT PRIMARY KEY,
EmpName VARCHAR(100),
DeptID INT,
FOREIGN KEY (DeptID) REFERENCES Departments(DeptID)
);

2. Network Data Model

Example: Transportation Network

 Entities: Cities and Routes.


 Structure:
Cities are connected via many-to-many routes.

Diagram:

rust
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City A <--> City B <--> City C
\ |
\----> City D

Implementation:

Table: Cities

sql
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CREATE TABLE Cities (
CityID INT PRIMARY KEY,
CityName VARCHAR(100)
);

Table: Routes

sql
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CREATE TABLE Routes (
RouteID INT PRIMARY KEY,
FromCityID INT,
ToCityID INT,
Distance INT,
FOREIGN KEY (FromCityID) REFERENCES Cities(CityID),
FOREIGN KEY (ToCityID) REFERENCES Cities(CityID)
);
3. Relational Data Model

Example: E-Commerce System

 Entities: Customers, Orders, Products.


 Structure:
A customer places many orders, and each order contains many products.

Diagram:

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Customers
|
Orders ----> OrderDetails ----> Products

Implementation:

Table: Customers

sql
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CREATE TABLE Customers (
CustomerID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(100),
Email VARCHAR(100)
);

Table: Orders

sql
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CREATE TABLE Orders (
OrderID INT PRIMARY KEY,
OrderDate DATE,
CustomerID INT,
FOREIGN KEY (CustomerID) REFERENCES Customers(CustomerID)
);

Table: Products

sql
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CREATE TABLE Products (
ProductID INT PRIMARY KEY,
ProductName VARCHAR(100),
Price DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
Table: OrderDetails

sql
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CREATE TABLE OrderDetails (
OrderDetailID INT PRIMARY KEY,
OrderID INT,
ProductID INT,
Quantity INT,
FOREIGN KEY (OrderID) REFERENCES Orders(OrderID),
FOREIGN KEY (ProductID) REFERENCES Products(ProductID)
);

4. Entity-Relationship (ER) Model

Example: Library System

 Entities: Books, Members, Loans.


 Relationships:
o Members borrow Books.
o A Loan entity represents this relationship.

Diagram:

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Members -- Borrows -- Loans -- Contains -- Books

Implementation:

Table: Members

sql
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CREATE TABLE Members (
MemberID INT PRIMARY KEY,
MemberName VARCHAR(100)
);

Table: Books

sql
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CREATE TABLE Books (
BookID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Title VARCHAR(100),
Author VARCHAR(100)
);

Table: Loans
sql
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CREATE TABLE Loans (
LoanID INT PRIMARY KEY,
MemberID INT,
BookID INT,
LoanDate DATE,
ReturnDate DATE,
FOREIGN KEY (MemberID) REFERENCES Members(MemberID),
FOREIGN KEY (BookID) REFERENCES Books(BookID)
);

5. Object-Oriented Data Model

Example: A Shopping Cart

 Objects: Cart, Items.


 Structure:
The Cart object contains multiple Item objects.

Diagram:

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Cart {
CartID
Items: [Item1, Item2, ...]
}
Item {
ItemID
ProductName
Quantity
}

Implementation:

Object-oriented models are used in systems like MongoDB. Here’s how it looks in JSON:

json
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{
"CartID": 1,
"Items": [
{
"ItemID": 101,
"ProductName": "Laptop",
"Quantity": 1
},
{
"ItemID": 102,
"ProductName": "Mouse",
"Quantity": 2
}
]
}

6. Document Data Model

Example: Blog Platform

 Documents: Blogs with embedded comments.


 Structure:
A blog contains title, content, and an array of comments.

Diagram:

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Blog {
BlogID
Title
Content
Comments: [Comment1, Comment2, ...]
}
Comment {
CommentID
Author
Message
}

Implementation:

Document databases like MongoDB handle this natively.

json
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{
"BlogID": 1,
"Title": "Introduction to Data Models",
"Content": "This is an article about data models.",
"Comments": [
{
"CommentID": 1,
"Author": "Alice",
"Message": "Great article!"
},
{
"CommentID": 2,
"Author": "Bob",
"Message": "Very helpful."
}
]
}

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