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Lecture 1(Sampling)

The document explains the concepts of population, sample, and sampling in statistics, highlighting the importance of sampling for estimating population characteristics. It details various sampling methods, including random, stratified, and systematic sampling, along with their definitions and examples. Additionally, it discusses the principles of statistical regularity and the inertia of large numbers that underpin effective sampling practices.

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3 views

Lecture 1(Sampling)

The document explains the concepts of population, sample, and sampling in statistics, highlighting the importance of sampling for estimating population characteristics. It details various sampling methods, including random, stratified, and systematic sampling, along with their definitions and examples. Additionally, it discusses the principles of statistical regularity and the inertia of large numbers that underpin effective sampling practices.

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u2204054
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sampling and Sampling Distribution

Population: population is the aggregate or totality of statistical data forming a subject


of investigation.
Example: (i) The population of books in the national Library
(ii) The population of the heights of Bangladeshi.
(iii) The population of nationalized Banks in Bangladesh.
*Sample: A Sample is a portion of the population which is examined with a view to
estimating the characteristics of the population.
Example: (i) To access the quality of a bag of rice, we examine only a portion of it.
(ii) To estimate the proportion of defective articles in a large consignment,
only a portion is Selected and examined.
*Sampling: The results and findings are generalized and made applicable to the whole
field of inquiry. This is known as sampling. The process of sampling is based on two
important principles of statistics.
(i) Law of statistical regularity (LSR): LSR states that, a moderately large
number of items selected at random from a given population exhibits nearly the same
composition and characteristics of the population.
(ii) Law of Inertia of Large Numbers (LILNS); LILNS states that, other things
remaining the same, the larger the size of sample, the more accurate is the result
obtained. It is the corollary to the law of statistically regularity.

At first one can classify the sampling under to separate heads, such as
(i) Probability sampling methods
(ii) Non-probability sampling methods.
*The probability sampling methods are classified as
(i) Random sampling.
(ii) Stratified sampling.
(iii) Systematic sampling.
(iv) Multi-stage Sampling.
Random Sampling: Random Sampling is the process of drawing a sample from a
population in such a way that each number of population has an equal chance of being
included in the sample. The sample obtained by the process of random sampling is
called a random Sample.
According to W.H. Harper, “A random sample is a sample selected in such a way that
every item in the population has an equal chance of being included.”
Example: Winning tickets, in a lottery are drawn at random by taking numbers out of a
revolving dram.
The dram tickets form a random sample.
Selection of items in a random sample depends entirely on chance.
Random sampling is a scientific process in which sampling error can be measured. It is
economical in that it saves time, money, and labour.

* Illustrate how to draw random sample of 5 bags of rice from the 10,000 shipload.
Ans:
Method: All the rice bags are first serially numbered from 1 to 10,000. Each of these
numbers are then written on 10,000 small identical cards. The cards are placed inside a
box, and 5 amongst them are chosen as in the lottery. The bags bearing the numbers
corresponding to those on the drawn cards then comprising our random from the whole
lot.
Construction of a sample of 5 bags:
Note: Given an extract from one of these two-digit series
43 10 53 74 35 08 90 61 18 37 44 10
50 32 40 43 62 23 50 05 10 03 22 11
51 94 05 17 58 53 78 80 59 01 94 32
13 99 75 53 08 70 91 25 12 58 41 54

The 10,000 bags of rice of the ship are numbered


1, 2, ........., 99, 100, 101,........., 999, 1000,........, 9998, 9999, 10000.
From a page of random numbers we now select any row and column and take 5 four-
digit figures successively as they occur. Thus, if we start from the digit in the first and
first column of the above series in random numbers and move horizontally, our selected
numbers will be 4310, 5374, 3508, 9061, 1837.
Hence the sample of 5 bags rice contruct by the bags numbered by 4310, 5374, 3508,
9061,1837.
Stratified Sampling: Stratified Sampling is generally used when the population is
heterogeneous. In this case, the population is first sub-divided into several pants called
strata according to some relevant characteristics so that each stratum is more or less
homogeneous. Each stratum is called a sub-population. Then a small sample is selected
from each stratum at random. All the sub-samples combined together from the stratified
Sample. This represents the population property. The process of obtaining and
examining a stratified Sample with a view to estimating the characteristic of population
is known as stratified sampling.
Illustration: Let us select a stratified sample of 100 families from a city with a view to
studying their economic condition. For this purpose, the city area is divided into a
number of strata, according to economic condition of their inhabitants as measured by
annual income (say). Thus localities mostly inhabited by people with more or less
similar annual income may be included under one stratum. A few families are then
chosen at random from each so that the sum total of all the families from all the strata
is 100.
It will give better estimates of the population characteristics than a random sample of
the same size.
*Systematic Sampling: In this case, all the units of the population are arranged in some
order. If the population size is finite, all the units are first serially listed and arrange in
order. Then from the first K items, one unit is selected at random. This unit and every
Kh2 unit of the serially listed population combined together constitude a systematic
sample. This type of Sampling is known as systematic sampling.
Illustration: Suppose it is desired to select a systematic sample of 500 village from a
state having 40,000 village. A list of all the villages which is our population, is first
prepared and these are serially numbered. In this case the population size is 80 times
the sample size. A number between 1 and 80, say 60, is selected at random with the help
of random numbers. Then the village with Serial number 60 is the first numbers of our
sample. After the first number is drawn, every subsequent 80th village in the list, i.e.
those with serial numbers 140, 220, 300, 380, ..... , etc. are included in the sample.
* In case of a random sample all the numbers have to be chosen randomly, where as in
systematic sample only the first numbers has to be chosen at random. Thus a systematic
sample is much easier to choose than a random sample of the same size.

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