CH: 5.

0 – FLEXURAL MEMBERS
6.1 Simple Beams
6.1.1 Laterally restrained and unrestrained beams
6.1.2 Design criteria
6.1.3 Design of Simple Beams
6.1.4 Design of stiffeners
6.2 Built-up Beams
6.3 Plate Girders
6.3.1 Elements of plate girder and economical depth
6.3.2 Curtailment of Flange Plates
6.3.3 Design of web plate, flange plate and stiffeners
6.3.4 Design of web and flange splices

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS (BEAM)
• IS: 800 - 2007, section 8
• Beam are members that are supported and loaded transversely to
the longitudinal axis of member.
• member subjected to bending moments and shearing forces, but
carrying no axial thrust or tension.
• Beam, girder, joist, spandrels, purlins, girts, stringers etc. are
flexural members.
• Two aspects of considerations in design of beam:
– 1. Strength requirement – bending moment and shear force
– 2. Serviceability considerations: deformation
• Design consideration:
– Maximum bending moment
– Maximum shear force
– Maximum deflection
– Web buckling (compressive strength of web)
– Web crippling (Bearing strength of web)

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 BEAM
Classification of section according to stress-strain behaviour
• Section are classified according to their moment carrying
capacity or stress carrying capacity
• IS:800, Cl. 3.7 & table -2
1. Plastic section ( class-1)
2. Compact section (class-2)
3. Semi-compact section (class-3)
4. Slender section ( class-4)

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 Design considerations
1) Bending strength (cl 8.2)
M = factored design moment and Md = design bending moment
M ≤ Md
i) Laterally restrained ( or supported) beams
• If V ≤ 0.6Vd (cl.8.2.1.2)

Where,

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 Design considerations
i) Laterally restrained ( or supported) beams

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 Design considerations
i) Laterally restrained ( or supported) beams
• If V > 0.6Vd (cl.9.2.2)
design bending strength under high shear, Mdv
Md = plastic design moment of while
section = Zp fy/γmo
V = factored applied shear force
Vd = design shear strength
Mfd = plastic design strength of the area
of the cross-section excluding the shear
area, considering safety factor γmo
= Zfp fy/γmo
Zfd = Zp – Awh/4
Aw = h.tw
Ze = elastic partial section modulus of
the whole section
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 Design considerations
ii) Laterally unrestrained ( or unsupported) beams (cl.8.2.2)
M ≤ Md

Where,

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 Design considerations
ii) Laterally unrestrained ( or unsupported) beams (cl.8.2.2)

fcr,b can be obtained from table-14

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 Design considerations
2) Shear stress (cl. 8.4)
V ≤ Vd
V = factored design shear force
Vd = design shear strength = Vn/γmo
𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑤
Vn = nominal plastic shear resistance =
3
𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑤
Vd =
3.γ𝑚𝑜
Av = shear area (cl.8.4.1.1)
= h.tw for hot rolled section
= d.tw for welded section
fyw = yield strength of web

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 Design considerations
3) Deflection
• The maximum deflection of beam should not greater than
permissible deflection.
• Permissible deflection, δperm – Table 6, pg.31
• δmax = k.W.l3/EIx
• K = constant
• W = total load on the beam, in case of udl
= each concentrated load in case of concentrated load
• l = effective length or span
• E = young’s modulus of elasticity, = 200000 N/mm2
• Ix = moment of inertia of cross-section of beam

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 Design considerations

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 Design considerations
4) Web buckling (cl. 8.7.1.5)
• At points of application heavy concentrated load or at
supports, localized comp stress of high magnitude act in web,
which causes web to buckle or cripple.
• In web buckling, the portion of web is considered as strut with
flanges providing restraint. The load disperse at angle 450 in
the web
• If d/tw ≤ 67ε, section is not susceptible to web buckling

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 Design considerations
4) Web buckling (cl. 8.7.1.5)
• The loads spread out over a finite length of web known as
dispersion length.
• At support, dispersion length = b1 + n1
• Under concentrated load, dispersion length = b1 + 2n1
• The web buckling strength at support, Fxb = (b1 + n1)twfcd
• The web buckling strength under concentrated load,
Fxb = (b1 + 2n1)twfcd
Where fcd = design compressive stress corresponding to
slenderness ratio = 2.45d/tw for buckling curve-C

Web buckling strength ≥ factored support reaction or factored

concentrated load
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 Design considerations
5) Web crippling (cl. 8.7.4)
• Webs of beams sections are subjected to large stresses just
below the concentrated loads and above the reaction at
support
• Stress concentration occurs at junction of web and flanges
resulting large bearing stresses
• The near the junction tends to fold over the flange. This local
buckling is known as web crippling or crimpling of web
• The root of fillet of rolled section is the most critical location
for failure because the resulting area has the smallest value
there.
• Load dispersion at slope1:2.5 (V:H)

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 Design considerations
5) Web crippling (cl. 8.7.4)
• The bearing strength or web crippling strength at support
Fw = (b1 + n2)twfyw /γmo
• The bearing strength or web crippling strength under
concentrated load, Fw = (b1 + 2n2)twfyw /γmo
where, b1 = stiff bearing length, n2 = dispersion length through
the flange to the web junction at a slope 1:2.5 to the plane of
flange and fyw = yield strength of web

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 examples
1) A simply supported beam [email protected]/m has an effective span
of 5m. Find (i) the design bending strength of the beam, (ii) the design
shear strength of the beam, (iii) the intensity of udl that the beam can
carry under service condition and (iv) the maximum deflection.
Assume that the beam is laterally supported. The grade of steel is
E250.

3) A simply supported steel joist of 4m effective span is laterally

supported throughout. It carries a total load of 10kN/m including the
self weight of beam. Design an appropriate section using steel grade
E250.

4) Design a laterally supported beam of effective span 6m for the

following data:
Grade of steel: E250, maximum (factored) bending moment = 150kNm
and maximum (factored) shear force = 210kN

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 examples
5) Design a simply supported i-section to support the slab of a hall 9m
x 24m with beams spaced at 3m c/c. the thickness of slab is 100mm.
Consider a floor finish load of 0.5 kN/m2 and a live load of 3 kN/m2.
The grade of steel is E250. assume that an adequate lateral support is
provided to the compression flange.

6) Design a laterally unsupported i-beam with simply supported ends

of effective span 6m subjected to a working load of 35kN/m. Assume
that full tortional and warping restraints are provided at the supports
and the load acts on the upper flange which will have destabilizing
effect.

8) Design a laterally unsupported beam for the following data:

Effective span = 4m, Grade of steel: E250, maximum (factored) bending
moment = 550kNm and maximum (factored) shear force = 200kN
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 Built-up Beams
• For long spans and heavy loads, large bending moments are
generated. When available rolled beam section is insufficient to
carry such moments, rolled section are reinforced by flange cover
plates to increase BM carrying capacity. Such beams are called built-
up beam
• When depth of beam is restricted due to the head room
requirement, built-up beams are used
• Also known as compound beam
• Reinforcement by flange cover plates helps to increase the
resistance against lateral bending
• Cover plates are provided to both flanges with welded or bolted
connection
• Area of flange plate, Ap = (Zs – Zb)/ h
Zs = section modulus required for built-up section
Zb = section modulus of rolled section
h = height of rolled section
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 example
Q.9) Steel beams have to be provided in a hall at a spacing of
2.75m. The beams have a clear span of 6m with end bearing of
150mm at each end. The loading consists of a dead load of 3
kN/m2 including the self weight of beams and a live load of 12
kN/m2. The compression flange of the beam are laterally
supported. Design the beam. Beam depth shall not exceed
375mm.

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