XI – Computer Science (Federal Board) Version: 1.

Statistics
Statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and
presenting data. It helps in making informed decisions based on data.

Example: Analyzing Customer Feedback for a Restaurant

This example illustrates how statistics help in gathering meaningful insights from data to make
informed decisions.
Collecting Data:
✓ The restaurant collects feedback from 100 customers about their dining experience, including
ratings (1-5) and comments.
Organizing Data:
✓ Feedback is organized into categories like food quality, service, and ambiance, with numerical
ratings entered into a spreadsheet.
Analyzing Data:
✓ Calculate the average rating for each category (e.g., food quality average rating is 4.2).
✓ Identify the most common feedback theme (e.g., "fast service").
Interpreting Data:
✓ If the ambiance rating is low (e.g., 3.0), the restaurant may infer that ambiance needs improvement.
Presenting Data:
✓ A report is created showing graphs of ratings, trends, and suggestions to improve customer
satisfaction.
How It Helps in Decision-Making:
✓ The restaurant can decide to enhance its ambiance based on customer insights, ensuring better
reviews in the future.

Types of Statistics

Mean

Measure of Central
Median
Tendency
Types of Statistics

Mode
Descriptive
Statistics
Range
Inferential Statistics
Measure of
Variance
Variability

Standard Deviation

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1. Descriptive Statistics:

Descriptive statistics is the process of summarizing, organizing, and presenting data so that the important
features can be easily understood. It provides a way to give an overview of the data, highlighting key points
such as averages or trends.
Example:
A teacher collected the test scores of 10 students in your class. The scores are:
Test Scores:
80,75, 88, 85,90, 91, 92, 95,83, 87
1. Summarizing the Data:
✓ Mean (Average):
The mean gives you a general sense of how the class performed overall. It is calculated
by adding up all the scores and dividing by the number of students.
80 + 75 + 88 + 85 + 90 + 91 + 92 + 95 + 83 + 87
Mean = = 86.6
10
The average score of the class is 86.6.
✓ Range:
The range shows how spread out the scores are. It is calculated as the difference between
the highest and lowest values in the dataset:
Range = 95 − 75 = 20
The range of scores is 20.
2. Organizing the Data:
✓ Order the Scores:
To better understand the distribution of the data, you can arrange the scores in ascending order:
75, 80, 83, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 95
This organization helps identify trends more easily.
3. Presenting the Data:

✓ Visual Representation:
A line plot is used to display student
test scores, with the x-axis
representing student numbers and
the y-axis showing their scores. The
red dashed line highlights the mean
(86.5), the green dashed line
indicates the minimum score (75),
and the yellow dashed line
represents the maximum score (95).
This visual makes it simple to
understand how the scores are
distributed and their proximity to
the mean.

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Types of Descriptive Statistics:

1.1. Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of central tendency are statistical tools that represent the center or typical value in a dataset. The
three main types are Mean, Median, and Mode.
1.1.1 Mean

Definition: The mean is the sum of all the values in a dataset divided by the total number of values.
Formula:
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
Example:
Dataset: 5, 7, 10, 15
5 + 7 + 10 + 15 37
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = = 9.25
4 4
Usage: Used when data values are evenly distributed without extreme outliers.

Analogy: Think of the mean as dividing a pizza (total sum) equally among everyone (number of values).

1.1.2 Median (Middle Value)

Definition: The median is the middle value of a dataset when the values are arranged in ascending or
descending order.
✓ If the number of values is odd, it’s the middle value.
✓ If even, it’s the average of the two middle values.
Example:
Odd dataset: 3, 7, 8, 9, 10 → Median = 8
7+8
Even dataset: 3, 7, 8, 9 → Median = 2
= 7.5
Usage: Best used when data contains outliers, as it isn’t affected by extreme values.
Analogy: Think of the median as the "middle seat" of a row; it's right in the center.

1.1.3 Mode (Most Frequent Value)

Definition: The mode is the value(s) that occur most frequently in a dataset.
✓ A dataset can have one mode (unimodal), multiple modes (multimodal), or no mode at all.
Example:
Dataset: 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 8 → Mode = 3
Dataset: 1, 1, 2, 2, 3 → Modes = 1 and 2 (bimodal)
Usage: Useful for categorical data or datasets where repetition is significant.
Analogy: Think of the mode as the "most popular choice" in a survey.

Summary Table:

Type Definition Best Used When Affected by Outliers?

Mean Arithmetic average of Data is evenly Yes
values distributed
Median Middle value in sorted
Data contains outliers No
data
Mode Most frequently Analyzing the most
No
occurring value(s) common category/value
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Real-World Applications:

✓ Mean: Calculating average grades of students.

✓ Median: Finding the median income of a population to avoid skewness by very high incomes.
✓ Mode: Identifying the most popular product in a sales dataset.

1.2. Measure of Variability

Measures of variability describe how much the data values in a dataset differ from each other or from the
central tendency (mean, median, mode). They show the spread or dispersion of the data. The three main
types are Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation.

1.2.1. Range

Definition: The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a dataset.
Formula:
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Example:
Dataset: 5, 10, 15, 20
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 20 − 5 = 15
Usage: Simple way to understand the total spread but sensitive to outliers.
Analogy: Think of it as the difference between the tallest and shortest person in a group.

1.2.2. Variance

Definition: The average of the squared differences between each data point and the mean. It measures how
far data points spread around the mean.
Key Features:
✓ It gives a measure of how spread out the data points are.
✓ Since differences are squared, the result is in squared units of the original data.
Formula:
∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑛
Where 𝑥𝑖 = data points, 𝑥̅ = mean, 𝑛 = number of data points.
Example:
𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑡: 2, 4, 6 (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 4)
(2 − 4) + (4 − 4)2 + (6 − 4)2 4 + 0 + 4
2
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 2.67
3 3
Usage: Often used in statistical analysis but not directly interpretable due to squaring.
Limitation: Hard to interpret because it is not in the same unit as the data.

1.2.3. Standard Deviation

Definition: The square root of the variance. It represents the average distance of data points from the mean.
Key Features:
✓ Represents the average distance of each data point from the mean.
✓ Has the same units as the original data, making it easier to interpret.
Formula:
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

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Example:
From the above variance example:
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √2.67 ≈ 1.63
Interpretation:
If the standard deviation is small, data points are closer to the mean; if large, they are spread out.
Usage: Commonly used for comparing the spread of datasets.

2. Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that uses a sample of data to make predictions,
inferences, or generalizations about a larger population. Instead of examining an entire population, it
relies on analyzing a subset (sample) to draw conclusions.
Key Features of Inferential Statistics
1. Sampling:
✓ Uses a small, representative sample to infer characteristics of the entire population.
✓ Example: Surveying 1,000 people to predict election results for millions.
2. Generalization:
✓ Generalizes findings from the sample to the population, acknowledging uncertainty.
3. Uncertainty and Probability:
✓ Inferences are never 100% certain and are accompanied by confidence levels or margins
of error.
4. Testing Hypotheses:
✓ Often used to test specific hypotheses about populations, like determining whether a new
drug is effective.
Example
• Scenario: A company wants to know if their new product improves customer satisfaction.
• Approach:
✓ Collect a sample of customer feedback scores (e.g., 100 customers).
✓ Use inferential techniques to determine if the average satisfaction score significantly differs
from the old product.
✓ Infer results for the entire customer base based on the sample.
Analogy
Think of inferential statistics as reading a recipe by sampling a spoonful of soup:
✓ Instead of tasting the whole pot, you sample a small spoonful to infer if the soup is well-seasoned
or needs adjustments.

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Python Code for the Graph Used:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Test scores of 10 students

scores = [75, 80, 83, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 95]

# Calculate mean (corrected)

mean_score = sum(scores) / len(scores)

# Student numbers (representing each student)

student_numbers = range(1, len(scores) + 1)

# Plotting the test scores against student numbers

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))

# Create a plot with student numbers on the x-axis and test scores on the y-axis
plt.plot(student_numbers, scores, 'bo-', label='Test Scores', markersize=6)

# Adding the mean line

plt.axhline(y=mean_score, color='r', linestyle='--', label=f'Mean = {mean_score:.2f}')

# Adding the min and max lines

plt.axhline(y=min(scores), color='g', linestyle='--', label=f'Min = {min(scores)}')
plt.axhline(y=max(scores), color='y', linestyle='--', label=f'Max = {max(scores)}')

# Adding labels and title

plt.title('Test Scores with Mean and Range')
plt.xlabel('Student Number')
plt.ylabel('Test Scores')
plt.xticks(student_numbers) # Show the student numbers clearly on the x-axis
plt.legend(loc=8)
plt.grid(True)

# Show the plot

plt.show()

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