PHYS 2325 Formula Sheet

Linear velocity and acceleration: Newton’s Laws:

𝑑𝑟⃗(𝑡)
𝑣⃗(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 Σ𝐹⃗ = 0 (object in equilibrium)
∆𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑝⃗
𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣𝑔 = Σ𝐹⃗ = 𝑚𝑎⃗ =
∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗(𝑡)
𝑑𝑣
𝑎⃗(𝑡) = 𝐹⃗𝐴|𝐵 = −𝐹⃗𝐵|𝐴
𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗
∆𝑣
𝑎⃗𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∆𝑡 Rotational analogs:
Σ𝜏⃗ = 0 (object in equilibrium)
If 𝑎⃗ is constant: ⃗⃗
𝑑𝐿
𝑣⃗(𝑡) = 𝑣⃗0 + 𝑎⃗𝑡 Σ𝜏⃗ = 𝐼𝛼⃗ = , 𝜏⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑟⃗(𝑡) = 𝑟⃗0 + 𝑣⃗0 𝑡 + 2 𝑎⃗𝑡 2 𝜏⃗𝐴|𝐵 = −𝜏⃗𝐵|𝐴
𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎(𝑟 − 𝑟0 )
1 Forces:
𝑟⃗ = 𝑟⃗0 + 2 (𝑣⃗ + 𝑣⃗0 )𝑡
𝐹⃗𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑤⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑚𝑔⃗
Rotational velocity and acceleration: 𝐹⃗𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝑛 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ (𝑡)
𝑑𝜃
𝜔
⃗⃗ = 𝐹⃗𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑓⃗; 𝑓𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝑛 ; 𝑓𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑛
𝑑𝑡
𝛼⃗ =
⃗⃗⃗⃗(𝑡)
𝑑𝜔 𝐹⃗𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = −𝑘𝑥⃗
𝑑𝑡

If 𝛼⃗ is constant: Work and Energy:

𝑥2
𝜔⃗⃗(𝑡) = 𝜔 ⃗⃗0 + 𝛼⃗𝑡 𝑊 = ∫𝑥1 𝐹⃗ (𝑥) ∙ 𝑑𝑥⃗
1
𝜃⃗ (𝑡) = 𝜃⃗0 + 𝜔 ⃗⃗0 𝑡 + 2 𝛼⃗𝑡 2 𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑥⃗ = 𝐹𝑥 cos 𝜃 (const. force)
𝜔2 = 𝜔02 + 2𝛼⃗(𝜃⃗ − 𝜃⃗0 ) 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝐾
1
𝜃⃗ = 𝜃⃗0 + (𝜔 ⃗⃗ + 𝜔 ⃗⃗0 )𝑡 𝑊 = −∆𝑈 (work done by a conservative force)
2 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
𝐹⃗ = −( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Relating linear and rotational motion: 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑣2 𝐾= (linear motion)
𝑠 = 𝑅𝜃 𝑎⃗𝑟𝑎𝑑 = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅̂ = −𝜔2 𝑅𝑅̂ 2
𝑅 𝐼𝜔2
𝑣𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑅𝜔 𝑎⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑎⃗𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑎⃗𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐾= (rotational motion)
2
2 2 𝑈𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑅𝛼 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑡 = √𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑘𝑥 2
𝑈𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
Relative velocity: 2

𝑣⃗𝐴|𝐶 = 𝑣⃗𝐴|𝐵 + 𝑣⃗𝐵|𝐶 𝑊𝑁𝐶 = ∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈 (Conservation of M.E.)

𝑊 = ∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑈𝑖𝑛𝑡 (Conserv. of Energy)

1
Power: Stress-Strain:
𝑊 𝑑𝑊 𝐹 ∆𝑙
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∆𝑡 ; 𝑃 = ; 𝜎𝑡 = 𝐴⊥ = 𝑌 𝑙 (tensile/compressive)
𝑑𝑡
𝐹⊥ ∆𝑉
𝑃 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑣⃗ (constant force) 𝜎𝐵 = 𝐴
=𝐵 𝑉
(bulk)
𝐹∥ ∆𝑥
𝜎𝑠 = =𝑆 (sheer)
Impulse and Momentum: 𝐴 ℎ
𝑡2
𝐽⃗ = ∫ 𝐹⃗ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∆𝑝⃗ (conservation of mom.)
𝑡1 Fluids:
𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑣⃗ 𝐹
𝑃 = 𝐴 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑀 = ∑ 𝑖 𝑚𝑖
1 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔
𝑟⃗𝑐𝑚 = ∑𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑟⃗𝑖
𝑀 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑔 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑔
1
𝑣⃗𝑐𝑚 = 𝑀 ∑𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑣⃗𝑖 𝑑𝑉
𝑄= = 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 (incompressible)
𝑑𝑡
𝑝⃗𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑝⃗𝑐𝑚 = 𝑀𝑣⃗𝑐𝑚 1
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ + 2 𝜌𝑣 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 (Bernoulli’s eq)
Elastic collisions of a moving object A
with a stationary object B: Simple Harmonic Motion:
𝑚 −𝑚
𝑣⃗𝐴𝑓 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝑣⃗𝐴𝑖 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
𝑚𝐴 +𝑚𝐵
2𝑚𝐴 𝑣(𝑡) = −𝜔𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
𝑣⃗𝐵𝑓 = 𝑚 𝑣⃗𝐴𝑖 𝑎(𝑡) = −𝜔2 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) = −𝜔2 𝑥(𝑡)
𝐴 +𝑚𝐵
𝑘 2𝜋
Moment of inertia: 𝜔 = √𝑚 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 𝑇
𝐼 = ∑𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 (point masses) 𝑘𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
1
𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 2 𝑀𝑅2 (cylinder/disk, axis ⊥ to the face) 𝑘𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑠. 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑. = 𝑚2 𝑔ℎ/𝐼
1
𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 12 𝑀𝐿2 (rod, axis ⊥ to the length)
2
𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 5 𝑀𝑅2 (sphere, axis through the center) Waves:
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑐𝑚 + 𝑀𝑑2 (parallel axis theorem) 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 2𝜋 1
𝑘= ; 𝜔= ; 𝑇=𝑓
𝜆 𝑇
Angular Momentum: 𝜆 𝜔
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 = 𝑇 =
𝐿⃗⃗ = 𝑟 × 𝑝⃗ = 𝑟 × 𝑚𝑣⃗ = 𝑟𝑚𝑣⃗𝑡𝑎𝑛 (point mass) 𝑘

𝐿⃗⃗ = 𝐼𝜔
⃗⃗ (distributed masses) 𝑣 = √𝑇/𝜇 (wave on a string, T= tension)
𝑣±𝑣
𝑓𝑜 = 𝑓𝑠 𝑣∓𝑣0 (Doppler effect)
Gravitation 𝑠

𝑀𝑚 𝑀 2𝐺𝑀
𝐹⃗ = 𝐺 𝑟 2 𝑟̂ , 𝑔⃗ = 𝐺 𝑟 2 𝑟̂ , 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑐 = √ Standing waves:
𝑟
𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 2𝐴 sin(𝑘𝑥) cos(𝜔𝑡)
𝑈 = −𝐺 , 𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡 = √ (circular orbits) 𝑓𝑛 = 𝑛𝑣/2𝐿 (on a string, n=integers)
𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡
𝑓𝑛 = 𝑛𝑣/2𝐿 (open pipe, n=integers)
𝑓𝑛 = 𝑛𝑣/4𝐿 (closed pipe, n=odd integers)

2
Mathematical relations:
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = |𝐴⃗| |𝐵 ⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
|𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗ | = |𝐴⃗| |𝐵 ⃗⃗| sin 𝜃

for: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑎

Constants of Nature:
𝑔𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 9.8 m/s2
𝑅𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 6.37 × 106 m
𝑀𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 5.98 × 1024 kg
𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡
𝑅𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 1.50 × 1011 m = 1.0 AU
𝑀𝑆𝑢𝑛 = 2.00 × 1030 kg
𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 Nm2/kg2

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.3 × 103 Pa

𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.0 × 103 kg/m3