DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF A BOOST CONVERTER

AIM: To design dc-dc boost converter by step-by-step mathematical modelling using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: MATLAB/Simulink, LTspice, PLECS.

Description VALUE
NOMINAL POWER RATING AT CCM 500W
INPUT VOLTAGE 100V
OUTPUT VOLTAGE 250V
SWITCHING FREQUENCY 5 kHz
PEAK TO PEAK RIPPLE OF INDUCTOR 20%
CURRENT
PEAK TO PEAKRIPPLE OF CAPACITOR 2%
VOLTAGE

DESIGN OF THE CONVERTER

1. Input and Output Voltage Requirements:

Start by determining the desired input voltage (Vin) and output voltage (Vout) for the boost converter.
These values will depend on the application and system requirements.
2. Voltage Conversion Ratio:
Calculate the voltage conversion ratio (D) using the following equation:

𝑉out = {1/(1-D)} * 𝑉in

D=1-(Vin/Vout)

3. Switching Frequency:
Select the desired switching frequency (fs) for the boost converter. This frequency affects the
component values and overall performance.

4. Inductor Selection:
Determine the inductance value (L) based on the desired ripple current (ΔI) and switching
frequency (fs). The ripple current depends on the load and allowable current ripple.

𝛥𝐼 =(Vin) D

L∗fs
For boundary condition:
IL|min = IL-( ΔIL/2 ) = 0

For R=125Ω
𝐼O = 2𝑎𝑚𝑝
𝑠𝑜 𝛥𝐼L = 1A
and L = 12mH

5. Capacitor Selection:
Calculate the capacitor value (C) based on the desired output voltage ripple (ΔV) and switching
frequency (fs). The output voltage ripple depends on the load and allowable voltage ripple.

𝛥Vo=(Io*DT)/C

C = 48uF

6. Switching Device Selection:

Choose suitable switching devices, such as MOSFETs or IGBTs, based on the required voltage and
current ratings. Consider the voltage and current stress on the switches during operation.
7. Control Strategy:
Determine the control strategy for the boost converter, such as pulse width modulation (PWM) or
voltage mode control. This strategy affects the feedback loop and stability of the converter.
Mathematical Expressions:

1. Duty Cycle (D):

1/(1-D)= 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡/𝑉𝑖𝑛
2. Inductor Current (IL):

IL(t)=IC(t)-IO

IL|min=IL-( ΔIL/2 )

IL|min=IL+( ΔIL/2 )

3. Output current (𝐼O):

4. Switching Losses:

𝑃sw_loss = 𝐷 ∗ 𝑉sw_on ∗ 𝐼out

 Critical inductance:

From boundary condition:

IL|min = IL-( ΔIL/2 ) = 0

D ∗ R ∗ (1 − 𝐷)2
𝐿𝑐 =
2 ∗ fs

critical inductance is 1.2mH. Since, L is chosen as 12mH which is greater than the critical inductance, the converter always
operates in continuous conduction.

Critical Capacitance:

From boundary condition:

(ΔVo/2) = Vo
𝐷
𝐶𝑐 =
2 ∗ 𝑓𝑠 ∗ 𝑅

Based on values in Table 1, critical capacitance is 0.48uF. Since, C is chosen as 48uF which is greater than the critical
capacitance, the converter always operates in continuous conduction.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

Mathematical modelling of a boost converter involves deriving the differential equations that describe the
behaviour of the inductor and capacitor in both the ON and OFF states of the switches. Here is a detailed
explanation of the mathematical modelling process:
 1. ON State Modelling:

Inductor (L) Equation:

During the ON state, the inductor current (IL) increases at a rate determined by the input voltage
(Vin), output voltage (Vout), and the inductance value (L). The differential equation for the inductor
current in the ON state can be expressed as:

a. Capacitor (C) Equation:

In the ON state, the capacitor voltage (VC) decreases due to the discharge of energy. The
differential equation for the capacitor voltage in the ON state is given by:

2. OFF State Modelling:

 a. Inductor (L) Equation:
During the OFF state, the inductor current decreases at a rate determined by the output voltage
(Vout) and the inductance value (L). The differential equation for the inductor current in the OFF
state is:

b. Capacitor (C) Equation:

In the OFF state, the capacitor voltage increases due to the charging of energy. The differential
equation for the capacitor voltage in the OFF state can be expressed as:

Output Voltage equation:

𝑉𝑠
Output voltage is equal to the capacitor voltage, i.e., 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑎𝑣𝑔) = 𝑉𝑐 =
1−𝐷

∆𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑎𝑣𝑔 2 +
2 ∗ √3

Output current equation:

Output current can be determined using the equation

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑎𝑣𝑔) =
R
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐼𝐿(𝑎𝑣𝑔) =
R ∗ (1 − D)
3. Simulated Mathematical Model of Boost converter:

4. Output waveforms.

(𝑉in = 100, 𝑉out = 250, L=12mH, C=48uF, R=125Ω, Io = 2amp)

 TRANSIENT CONDITION:

ANALYSIS:

By observing the above waveforms we are get nearly the value that we got in our paper calculation of
mathematical model of boost converter. In this we are considering every elements of the circuit is ideal
and so we are getting calculations near to the values we calculated.

For given design parameters we calculated the respective R,L,C and that values are giving the correct
waveshape that we are expecting and so this indicates our design is correct.

During Transients, ouptput voltage and output current are getting initial spike and settling to stead state
with some ripple which is very small that we can neglect usually as we do small ripple approximation in
our pen and paper.

NON IDEALITIES:

CASE 1: Inductor alone is practical element where other elements are Ideal
On state:

VL + iL.rL = Vin

Ic= -IO

Off state:

VL + iL.rL = Vin - Vout

Ic=IL-IO

By above equations we are forming our mathematical model as follows

Output Voltage equation:

𝑉𝑑𝑐
Output voltage is equal to the capacitor voltage, i.e., 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑟
1−𝐷+
𝑅(1−𝐷)

where r is parasitic resistance of inductor and R is the load resistance.

Output current equation:

Output current can be determined using the equation
 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
R
Minimum and Maximum Inductor current equation:
Minimum and maximum Inductor current are expressed as:

∆𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿,𝑎𝑣𝑔 +
2
∆𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿,𝑎𝑣𝑔 −
2

Simulated Mathematical Model of Boost converter with non ideal

inductor:
Output waveform:
(𝑉in = 100, L=12mH, C=48uF, R=125Ω, rL=1ohm)

TRANSIENT CONDITION:
 ANALYSIS:
Due to this non ideality we can observe that drop in inductor due to resistance give visible drop in the output voltage
and this affect the output current also which we can see in the waveforms.

Ideal rL=0.5ohm rL=1ohm rL=2ohm

Voltage Gain G G1 G2 G3
Output Voltage Vo Vo1 Vo2 Vo3
Inductor Current IL IL1 IL2 IL3

D G G1 G3 G2 Vo Vo1 Vo3 Vo2 IL IL1 IL3 IL2

Gain VS duty cycle:

• The change due to parasitic inductor in gain vs duty cycle graph is shown above we can observe
gain drop for respective duty cycle with increase of resistance.
Vo VS D:

• We can observe similar change as like gain vs d graph, this is because input voltage is anyway constant so the
changes are only due to output voltage.

IL VS D:

• As duty cycle increases current through inductor also increases, this is what through formula also we
are expecting. Parasitic resistance cause drop of current for respective duty cycle.
 ideal rL=0.5ohm rL=1ohm
Efficiency Eff Eff1 Eff2
Power loss Ploss Ploss1 Ploss2
Power output Po Po1 Po2

Eff Eff1 Eff2 Ploss Ploss1 Ploss2 Po Po2 Po1

Po Vs Efficiency:

• The change due to parasitic inductor in output power(Po)vs Efficiency graph is shown above we can
observe there is drop of efficiency for respective power as we increase the parasitic resistance.
 Ploss VS Po:

• Power loss will increase with increase in inductor parasitic resistance for respective output power which we
observe in above graph.

CASE 2: Capacitor alone is non ideal whereas every other elements are ideal.

On state:

VL = - Vout
Ic = -Io
Off state:

VL = Vin - Vout

Ic=IL-IO

Here, Vout not equal to Vc

Vout=Vc+icrc

Output Voltage equation:

Output voltage is equal to the capacitor voltage, i.e., 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑟𝑐

where Ic is capacitor current, rc is the equivalent series resistance of the output capacitor.

Output current equation:

Output current can be determined using the equation

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
R

Minimum and Maximum Inductor current equation:

Minimum and maximum Inductor current are expressed as:

∆𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿,𝑎𝑣𝑔 +
2
∆𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿,𝑎𝑣𝑔 −
2
Efficiency/Power loss

As ESR of capacitor increases, there is very minimal drop in the output voltage and therefore a small reduction
of efficiency. However, beyond a duty cycle, the output voltage is not boosted and hence efficiency reduces
drastically

With above equations we are forming an mathematical model for a given non ideality condition

Simulated Mathematical Model of Boost converter with non ideal

capacitor:
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:
(𝑉in = 100, L=12mH, C=48uF, R=125Ω, rc=5ohm)

TRANSIENT CONDITION:
 ANALYSIS:
Here we can observe that output voltage and capacitor voltage are not same. Output voltage is higher
than a capacitor voltage and capacitor current also reduced a little which we can observe in waveforms

Ideal rc=1ohm rc=2ohm rc=3ohm

Voltage Gain G G1 G2 G3
Output Voltage Vo Vo1 Vo2 Vo3
Inductor Current IL IL1 IL2 IL3

D G G1 G2 G3 Vo Vo1 Vo2 Vo3 IL IL1 IL2 IL3

Gain Vs duty cycle:

The change due to parasitic capacitor in gain vs duty cycle graph is shown above we can observe as
voltage drop increases with increase of resistance which impacted the graph.
Vo vs D:

• We can observe similar change as like gain vs d graph, this is because input voltage is anyway constant so the
changes are only due to output voltage
IL VS D:

• As duty cycle increases current through inductor also increases, this is what through formula also we
are expecting. Parasitic resistance cause drop of current for respective duty cycle .
 ideal rc=2ohm rc=3ohm
Efficiency Eff Eff1 Eff2
Power loss Ploss Ploss1 Ploss2
Power output Po Po1 Po2

Eff Eff1 Eff2 Ploss Ploss1 Ploss2 Po Po1 Po2

Po vs Efficiency:

• The change due to parasitic capacitor in output power(Po)vs Efficiency graph is shown above we
can observe there is drop of efficiency for respective power as we increase the parasitic resistance.
Ploss VS Po:

• As we can observe above that drop increases for respective power with the increase of parasitic
resistance of capacitor.

CASE 3:

both switch and diode are considered to be non ideal and rest all elements are ideal

On state:

VL = - Vout -ilrsw-Vsw
Ic = -Io
 Off state:

VL = Vin - Vout -Vd-iLrd

Ic=IL-IO

Output Voltage equation:

Output voltage is equal to the capacitor voltage, i.e., 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐

Output current equation:

Output current can be determined using the equation

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
R

Minimum and Maximum Inductor current equation:

Minimum and maximum Inductor current are expressed as:

∆𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿,𝑎𝑣𝑔 +
2
∆𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿,𝑎𝑣𝑔 −
2
With above equations we are forming mathematical model for given non ideality

Simulated Mathematical Model of Boost converter with non ideal

switch and diode:
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:
(𝑉in = 100, L=12mH, C=48uF, R=125Ω, Vsw, Vd=1v, rsw, rd=0.1ohm)

TRANSIENT CONDITION:
 ANALYSIS:

Here we can see that output voltage get decreased due to drops which in turn affects output current and also we can
observe that diode voltage and switch voltage are non-zero when on state which implies practical behaviour of it
which we observe in above waveforms.

Ideal Vsw, vd=1v, Vsw, vd=2v, Vsw, vd=3v,

rsw, rd=0.1ohm rsw, rd=0.2ohm rsw, rd=0.3ohm
Voltage Gain G G1 G2 G3
Output Voltage Vo Vo1 Vo2 Vo3
Inductor Current IL IL1 IL2 IL3

D G G1 G2 G3 Vo Vo1 Vo2 Vo3 IL IL1 IL2 IL3

Gain vs D:

• By observing above gain vs duty cycle graph there is a drop in gain for respective duty cycle while increasing
the on voltage and resistance of switch and diode.
Vo vs D:

• We can observe similar change as like gain vs d graph, this is because input voltage is anyway constant so the
changes are only due to output voltage
IL VS D:

• Duty cycle increases current through inductor also increases. ON voltage and resistance of switch
and diode cause drop of current for respective duty cycle which we can observe in above graph.
 ideal Vsw, vd=1v, Vsw, vd=2v,
rsw, rd=0.1ohm rsw, rd=0.2ohm
Efficiency Eff Eff1 Eff2
Power loss Ploss Ploss1 Ploss2
Power output Po Po1 Po2

Eff Eff1 Eff2 Ploss Ploss1 Ploss2 Po Po1 Po2

Po VS Efficiency:

• By observing above graph, Efficiency drop for respective (Po)output power by increasing the on
voltage and resistance of both switch and diode.
Ploss VS Po :

• Power loss(Ploss) for respective output power(Po) will increase with increase in ON voltage and
resistance of both diode and switch which we can observe in above graph.

Conclusion:

In this simulation , we have seen Ideal behaviour of boost converter by considering every elements
ideal for particular design values and included non idealities one by one.
In each case we analysed the waveforms and understood the behaviour of converter with each non-
ideality separately with same set of values through waveforms and in practical case we have all these
non idealities in our converter circuit.