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Assignment 1

Ankit Chandrakant Gohil

Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary
ENEL 672: Power Electronics for Renewable Energy
Assistant Professor: Dr. Ignacio Galiano Zurbriggen
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Assignment 1

Question 1: (30%) In the power conversion architecture shown in Fig. 1:

find the maximum power at the output and the maximum current at the input of each converter.
Converter I should be capable of keeping the 400V bus constant even when the load power is
maximum and the batteries are being charged at full power.

Solution 1.

Given: η (I) = 95%, η (II) = 90%, η (II) = 80%, Va,b,c(rms) = 110V, Vu,v,w(rms) = 50V to 110V(DC),
Battery Voltage: 44-56V(DC), Battery Current: 10A max, Vout I: 400V (DC).
Power input/output to converter 1 = P1in / P1out
Power input/output to converter 2 = P2in / P2out
Power input/output to converter 3 = P3in / P3out
Current input/output to converter 1 = Iin1 / Iout1
Current input/output to converter 2 = Iin2 / Iout2
Current input/output to converter 3 = Iin3 / Iout3
We know,
P1in = √3*Va,b,c(rms)*Ia,b,c(rms)(Max)

P1out = η (I)* P1in

Also, P1out = P2in + P3in

Now P2out = η (II)*P2in and P3out = η (III)*P3in

P1out = {P2out / η (II) + P3out / η (III)}

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P1in = {P2out / η (II) + P3out / η (III)} / η (I)

P2out = √3*Vu,v,w(rms)*Iout2 = √3*110*1.9 = 363W
P3out = V*I = 56*10 = 560W
Hence, P1out = {(363 / 0.9) + (560 / 0.8)} = 1103.3W
Iout1 = P1out / VoutI = 1103.3 / 400 = 2.75A

Now, P1in = 1103.3 / 0.95 = 1161.4W

Iin1 (Max) = Ia,b,c(rms)(Max) = P1in / √3*Va,b,c(rms) = 1161.4 / √3*110 = 6.09A

Iin2 (Max) = P2out / η(II)*V = 363 / (0.9 * 400) = 1.0A

Iin3 (Max) = P3out / η(III)*V = 560 /(0.8*400) = 1.75A

Question 2. (30%) Using the circuit in Fig. 2 and the following parameters:
• Vin=√2 110sin(𝜔t)V; 𝜔 = 2𝜋60 rad/sec
• 𝑁1:𝑁2 = 2:1
• 𝑅1=1 Ω, 𝑅2=1 Ω, 𝑅3=3.75 Ω
• 𝐿 = 2.5 𝑚H
a. Calculate the magnitude and phase of the input current.
b. Calculate the value of the capacitor, to be added in parallel with the input source, required to
obtain a unity power factor.
c. Simulate the circuit of Fig. 2 in PLECS for the scenarios posed in points a) and b). Plot input
voltage and current in the time domain (along with any other variables you consider relevant).
Verify your calculations match the results obtained in the simulation.

Solution 2:
a. Input current Iin = Vin / Zprimary
Let's transfer secondary impedance to primary.
R2’ = N2 * R2 = 4*1 = 4 ohm
R3’ = N2 * R3 = 4*3.75 = 15 ohm
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L’ = N2 * L = 4*2.5 = 10 mH,
X’ = 2*π*60*4*2.5*10-3 = 3.76 ohm
Now, when resistance (R) and reactance (X) are in parallel, the equivalent impedance (Z) can be
calculated using the following formula:
1/Z’ = 1/R3’ + 1/jX’
Z’ = {-(15*3.76) + j (152*3.76)} / (1+152*(3.76)2)
Z’ = 0.8867+ j3.53 = 3.63 ∠75
Ztotal = R1+R’ + Z’ = 1+4-0.8867+ j3.53 = 5.886 + j3.53 = 6.86 ∠30.9
Iin = Vrms / Ztotal
Iin = (110 ∠0) / (6.86 ∠30.9)
Iin = 13.76-j8.2346
Iin = 16∠-31.04

b. To achieve a unity power factor, the impedance in a circuit should be purely resistive. For a
parallel RLC circuit, you would need to add a capacitor in parallel to cancel out the reactive
component (imaginary part) of the impedance.

Reactive Power, Q = Irms Vrms Sin θ = 16*110*Sin 31.03 = 907 kVAR

Hence, Reactive power is 907 kVAR

Now finding capacitor values,

Q = V2 / Xc and Xc = 1 / ωC
Hence,

C = Q / ω V2 = 907 / ω V2 = 198 μF
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c. PLECS circuit and waveform are as follows,

Circuit, Waveforms, RMS and Peak values for Vin and Iin without Capacitor:

Fig 2.c.a

Fig 2.c.b
From above graphs, it was observed that the RMS and Peak input current from the simulations
align closely with the calculated value of 16A and 22.2 A respectively. Analyzing the graph further,
the time interval between the voltage peak and the current peak is determined to be 0.0014s.
Consequently, the phase shift is calculated as follows:

Phase = ω* Δt = 2*π*60*0.0014 = 0.53 or \ 30.9 degrees

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This indicates that the current lags behind the voltage. This observation correlates with the
calculated value of -31.04°.

The circuit featuring the capacitor for achieving a unity power factor is illustrated in the figure
below.
Circuit, Waveforms, RMS and Peak values for Vin and Iin with Capacitor are as followes:

Fig 2.c.c

Fig 2.c.d
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Upon introducing a capacitor in parallel with the source, it was noted that the reactive power
consumed by the inductor was offset by the reactive power of the capacitor. Consequently, the
current waveform no longer lags behind the voltage but is now in phase. Additionally, it was
observed that the magnitude of the current drawn by the source decreased from 16A to 13.13A
following the inclusion of the capacitor.

Question 3: (40%) Fig. 3 illustrates an ideal 3-Phase rectifier with the following parameters:
• 𝑉𝑎(𝑟ms)=𝑉b(𝑟ms)=𝑉𝑐(𝑟ms)=120 V
• 𝜔=2𝜋f;𝑓=60 Hz
• 𝑅=10Ω

a. Calculate the average and peak-to-peak values of the output voltage and current.
b. Simulate the circuit in Fig. 3 using PLECS and plot the output voltage, output current and the
current in each diode.
c. Explain what you observe from the waveforms. What diodes are conducting at each portion of
time? What is the conduction angle for each diode? Explain why.

Solution:
a. For a three-phase diode rectifier circuit, the output voltage and current can be described in
terms of their average and peak-to-peak values. Let's denote the line voltage as VLand the load
resistance as R.
The average DC output voltage for a three-phase diode rectifier circuit is given by the following
formula:
Vdc,avg = 3√2 Vline / π = 3√2 * √3*120 / π = 280.69 V
The average DC output current for a three-phase diode rectifier circuit is given by the following
formula:
Idc,avg = Vdc,avg / R = 280.69 / 10 = 28.06 A
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The peak DC output voltage can be calculated using the average value and the form factor which
is √2 for a three-phase diode rectifier):
Vdc, peak = √2 x Vline = √2 * √3*120 = 293.93 V
The peak DC output current is related to the average DC output current by the form factor which
is 2√2/π for a three-phase diode rectifier):
Idc, peak = Vdc, peak / R = 293.93 / 10 = 29.39 A

b. PLECS circuits, load voltage / current waveform, and diode current waveforms are depicted in
the below snapshots.

Fig. 3.b.a PLECS 3PH Full-wave Rectifier circuit

Fig 3.b.b PLECS, Voltage and Current waveform across resistance

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Fig 3.b.c PLECS, All Diode current waveform across resistance

c. Diodes D1, D2, and D3 are responsible for supplying the positive rail, with the diode having a
more positive voltage at its anode terminal being the one to conduct. Similarly, diodes D4, D5,
and D6 supply the negative rail, and the diode with a more negative voltage at its cathode
terminal conducts. These diodes operate in pairs, with each conduction path passing through two
diodes in series.
Initiating the conduction pattern at 30 degrees, the load current follows the sequence: D1-5, D1-
6, D2-6, D2-4, D3-4, D3-5, returning to D1-5 and D1-6 for the next phase sequence. Each diode
conducts for 120 degrees in each supply cycle. However, since it requires two diodes to conduct
in pairs, each pair of diodes conducts for only 60 degrees or 5.6ms in a cycle, as illustrated in the
π-graph above.
In 3-phase power rectifiers, conduction consistently takes place in the diode with the most
positive polarity and its corresponding diode with the most negative polarity. Consequently, as
the three phases rotate across the rectifier terminals, conduction is sequentially transferred from
one diode to another.
Each diode conducts for 120 degrees (one-third) in each supply cycle. However, since it takes
two diodes to conduct in pairs, each pair of diodes will only conduct for 60 degrees (one-sixth)
of a cycle at any given time, as depicted above.