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Torsion

Module 4 covers torsion in circular shafts, detailing the relationship between torque and torsional deformation, including key formulas for calculating angle of twist and maximum shear stress. It also discusses power transmission through shafts, defining terms such as shaft, axle, and spindle, and providing formulas for power, torque, and speed. Sample problems illustrate the application of these concepts in practical scenarios.

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15 views3 pages

Torsion

Module 4 covers torsion in circular shafts, detailing the relationship between torque and torsional deformation, including key formulas for calculating angle of twist and maximum shear stress. It also discusses power transmission through shafts, defining terms such as shaft, axle, and spindle, and providing formulas for power, torque, and speed. Sample problems illustrate the application of these concepts in practical scenarios.

Uploaded by

meugenio2212699
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 4: TORSION

I. Stress and Deformation in a Circular Shaft

Torsional Deformation of a Circular Shaft


Torsion refers to the twisting of a structural member when it is loaded by couples that produce
rotation about its longitudinal axis.
Torque is a measure of the rotational force applied to an object causing it to twist or rotate or also
known as “twisting moment”.
In summary, torque is the cause (rotational force), and torsion is the effect (twisting deformation
within a material).

General Conditions:
1. Circular sections remain circular.
2. Plane Sections remain plane and do not warp.
3. Radial lines remain straight.
4. Torque is applied perpendicular to axis of shaft.
5. Stresses are within the proportional limit.

Torsion Formulas

a) Angle of twist, θ

Where:
θ = angle of twist (radians)
T = torque (N.mm , lb.in)
L = length (mm,in)
J = polar moment of inertia ; Ix + Iy (mm4 , in4)
G = modulus of rigidity or shear modulus (MPa, Ksi)

b) Torsional Shear Stress, τmax

Equating the values of gives

Where:
τ = shearing stress
T = applied torque
ρ = distance from the center of the shaft
J = polar moment of inertia

This formula is called the torsion formula.


The maximum value of the torsional shearing stress occurs
when ρ = r;

Where:
τmax = maximum torsional shearing stress (kpa,psi)
T = applied torque (N.mm , lb.in)
r = radius (mm,in)
J = polar moment of inertia (mm4 , in4)
c) Two types of Shear Stress on circular shaft - Solid and Hollow Shaft, τmax
In the above equations, the stresses must not exceed the proportional limit; also, these
formulas are applicable only to circular shafts, either solid or hollow.

II. Power Transmission by Shafts

Transmission Power,
Shafts are used to transmit power. The power P transmitted by a constant torque T rotating
at a constant angular speed  is

P = T
If the shaft is rotating with a frequency of f revolutions per unit time,  = 2πf, and we have

P = T2πf
Where:
P = power transmitted (N.m/s or watts)
 = 2πf ; angular speed in radians per unit time. (rad/sec)
f = rotational frequency (rev/s)
T = applied torque (N.mm , lb.in)

Relation of Power, Torque and Speed

P = 2��� and T =Fr


Where:
P = power transmitted
T = torque
N = speed
F = transmitted load or tangential force
r = radius

Consider the following definitions related to shafts.

Shaft – a rotating member transmitting power


Axle – a stationary member carrying rotating wheels, pulleys, etc.
Spindle – a short shaft or axle on machines.
Machine shaft- a shaft which is an integral part of the machine
Transmission shaft – shaft which is used to transmit power between the source and the machine
absorbing the power.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when twisted through 4°. Using G=83 GPa,
compute the shaft diameter. What power can be transmitted by the shaft at 20 Hz?

2. A shaft composed of segments AC, CD, and DB is fastened to rigid supports and loaded as shown
in the figure. For bronze, G = 35 GPa; for aluminum, G = 28 GPa; and for steel, G = 83 GPa.
Determine the maximum shearing stress developed in each segment.

3. An aluminum shaft with constant diameter of 50 mm is loaded by torques applied to gears


attached to it as shown in the figure 3.1. Using G = 28 GPa, determine the relative angle of twist of
gear D relative to gear A in degrees.

Figure 3.1

5. A 2 inch solid shaft is driven by a 36 inch gear and transmits power at 120 rpm. If the allowable
shearing stress is 12 ksi, what horsepower can be transmitted?

6. The engine of a large ship deliver 11200 kW to a hollow propeller shaft at 150 rpm.
a) Design the shaft with inside diameter d equal to ¾ of the outside diameter D.
b) if shaft is 30m long, what will be the angle of twist ϴ?
Allowable shearing stress is 70MPa and G = 83GPa

7. The steel shaft shown rotates at 4 Hz with 35 kW taken off at A, 20 kW removed at B, and 55 kW
applied at C. Using G = 83 GPa, find the maximum shearing stress and the angle of rotation of gear
A relative to gear C.

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