Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬

Ministry of Education
Qassim University
‫وزارة التعليم‬
Unaizah College of Engineering ‫جامعة القصيم‬
‫كلية الهندسة بعنيزة‬

Subject: Thermal Fluid Systems

Code: ME 372
Semester: 442 (1444/2023)
Exam/Test Type: Midterm
Time: 120 min

Student Name:…Model Answer…………………………………………………….

Student ID No.:………………………………………………………………………………

Marks Notes
Questions
Allocated Obtained Outcomes Percentage
1 20

2 20

3 20

4 20

Total 80

Instructions:
1. Attempt in All questions.
2. Your answer should be clear and well organized.
3. Pencil is not allowed
4. Answer questions using blue or black ink
5. Every sheet must include the name and ID of the candidate
Subject: Thermodynamics 2 Code: ME 372 Semester 442

(Question 1)
(a) Explain briefly the Gibbs Dalton’s law and Amagat’s Law for gas mixtures.

(4 marks)

Dalton’s Law:

“The pressure of mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the
constituents.”

𝑝 = 𝑝𝐴 + 𝑝𝐵 + 𝑝𝐶 + 𝑒𝑡𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑝 = ∑ 𝑝𝑖

Amagat’s Law:

“The volume of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the volumes of the individual
constituents when each exist alone at the pressure and temperature of the mixture”

𝑉 = 𝑉𝐴 + 𝑉𝐵 + 𝑉𝐶 + ⋯

(b) A mixture of H2 and O2 is to be made so that the ratio of H2 to O2 is 3 to 1 by

volume. Calculate the mass of O2 required and the volume of the container, per
kilogram of H2, if the pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 15oC, respectively.
Take the molar masses of hydrogen and oxygen as 2 kg/kmol and 32 kg/kmol.
(16 marks)

Solution:
Let the mass of O2 per kilogram of H2 be 𝑥
The number of moles for each constituent can be calculated from:
𝑚𝑖
𝑛𝑖 =
𝑀𝑖
For 1 kg of H2

1 𝑥
𝑛𝐻2 = 𝑘𝑀𝑜𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑂2 = 𝑘𝑀𝑜𝑙
2 32

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Subject: Thermodynamics 2 Code: ME 372 Semester 442

𝑉 𝑛
Also, the volume ratio for each constituents is equal to mole ratio ( 𝑖 = 𝑖)
𝑉 𝑛
𝑉𝐻2 𝑛𝐻2 𝑉𝐻
= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 = 3 (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
𝑉𝑂2 𝑛𝑂2 𝑉𝑂2
0.5
𝑥⁄ = 3
32
32 × 0.5
𝑥= = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒈
2
Mass of oxygen per kilogram of hydrogen = 5.33 kg
The total amount of substance in the vessel per kilogram of H2 is:
𝑥 5.33
𝑛 = 𝑛𝐻2 + 𝑛𝑂2 = 0.5 + = 0.5 + = 0.67 𝑘𝑀𝑜𝑙
32 32
For volume, the following equation can be used:
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑢 𝑇
0.67 × 8.3145 × 288 × 103
𝑉= 5
= 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎𝟑
1 × 10

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Subject: Thermodynamics 2 Code: ME 372 Semester 442

(Question 2)
(a) Explain briefly the importance of studying of gas mixtures.
(4 Marks)

Gas mixtures are used in many engineering applications such as internal

combustion engines and air conditioning systems. Thus, it is very important to
understand how gases are behaving when used in mixtures. In addition, it is very
important to find ways to calculate the gas mixture properties.

(b) A vessel of 2.5 m3 capacity contains oxygen at 5 bar and 30oC. The vessel is
connected to another vessel of 5 m3 capacity containing carbon monoxide at 3
bar and 15oC. A connecting valve is opened and the gases mix adiabatically.
Calculate the final temperature and pressure of the mixture.
For oxygen, 𝑐̌𝑣 = 21.07 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾 ; for carbon monoxide,𝑐̌𝑣 = 20.86 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐾 .

(16 Marks)

Solution:

The number of moles for each constituent can be calculated from:

𝑝𝑉
𝑛=
𝑅𝑢 𝑇

5 × 105 × 2.5
𝑛𝑂2 = = 0.496 𝑀𝑜𝑙
8.3145 × (30 + 273) × 103

3 × 105 × 5
𝑛𝐶𝑂 = = 0.626 𝑀𝑜𝑙
8.3145 × (15 + 273) × 103

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Subject: Thermodynamics 2 Code: ME 372 Semester 442

The internal energy before mixing can be calculated from:

𝑈1 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 𝑐̌𝑣𝑖 𝑇𝑖 = (0.496 × 21.07 × 303) + (0.626 × 20.86 × 288)

𝑈1 = 6927.37 𝑘𝐽

The internal energy after mixing can be calculated from:

𝑈2 = 𝑇 ∑ 𝑛𝑖 𝑐̌𝑣𝑖 = 𝑇[(0.496 × 21.07) + (0.626 × 20.86)]

𝑈2 = 23.509 𝑇

For adiabatic mixing U1=U2

6927.37 = 23.5098 𝑇

𝑇 = 294.67 𝐾 𝑜𝑟 21.67°𝐶

The mixture pressure can be calculated from

𝑛𝑅𝑢 𝑇
𝑝=
𝑉

(0.496+0.0.626)×8.3145×294.67×103
𝑝= (2.5+5.0)
= 𝟑. 𝟔𝟕 𝒃𝒂𝒓

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Subject: Thermodynamics 2 Code: ME 372 Semester 442

(Question 3)
(a) Define briefly the term Psychrometry
(4 Marks)

The Psychrometry is a field of engineering concerned with the physical and

thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures.

(b) Air supplied to a room of a building in winter is to be delivered at 200C and

have a percentage relative humidity of 50%. If the barometric pressure is
1.01326 bar, by using of table of properties calculate the specific humidity.
What would be the dew point under these condition?
(16 Marks)

Solution:

From saturated water tables at temperature of 20oC 𝑝𝑔 = 0.023392 𝑏𝑎𝑟:

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Subject: Thermodynamics 2 Code: ME 372 Semester 442

𝑝𝑣
𝜙=
𝑝𝑔
𝑝𝑣
0.5 =
0.023392
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑣 = 0.011696 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 1.1696 𝑘𝑃𝑎
The specific humidity can be calculated by:
0.622𝑝𝑣 0.622 × 0.011696
𝜔= =
𝑝 − 𝑝𝑣 1.01326 − 0.011696
𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟔
If the air is cooled at constant pressure the vapor will begin to condensate at the
saturation temperature corresponding to 1.1696 kPa. By interpolating from tables
between 5 and 10oC, the dew point temperature (𝑡𝑑 ) is then

𝑡𝑑 − 5 1.1696 − 0.8725
=( )
10 − 5 1.2281 − 0.8725
𝒕𝒅 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟔°𝑪

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Subject: Thermodynamics 2 Code: ME 372 Semester 442

(Question 4)
(a) Explain briefly the importance of psychrometric chart.
(4 Marks)

The psychrometric chart enables us to find out all important properties of air vapor
mixture easily and very fast by knowing of only two properties.

(b) An air-conditioning plant is designed to maintain a room at a condition of 20 oC

dry bulb and specific humidity of 0.0085 when the outside condition is 35oC
dry bulb and 45% saturation and the corresponding heat gains are 20,000 W
(sensible), and 4,000 W (latent). The supply air contains 50% outside air by
mass and the supply temperature is to be 15oC dry bulb. The plant consists of a
mixing chamber for fresh air and recirculated air, an air washer with spray water
with an efficiency of 75%, an after heater battery and supply fan. Neglecting
temperature changes in fan and ducting, calculate:
i. The mass flow rate of supply air;
ii. The cooling duty of washer;
iii. The heating duty of after heater.
(16 Marks)

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Subject: Thermodynamics 2 Code: ME 372 Semester 442

The plant is shown above in figure (a) and the processes are shown on the left in figure (b).
points 2 and 3 can be fixed since the conditions are known. Fresh air is to be 50% by mass
of the total air to the room, hence point 4 is fixed 50% of the way from 2 to 3.
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 20000
= = 0.833
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 24000
Using the chart protractor, a line of slope 0.833 is drawn from point 2 and where it can cuts
the dry bulb line of 15oC gives point 1. Neglecting the fan work the points 6 and 1 are
coincident.
The washer efficiency is 75% and point 5 must be lie on the horizontal line through point 1
since there is no change in moisture content across the heater,
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 4 − 5
= 0.75
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 4 − 𝐴
𝜔4 − 𝜔5 (𝜔4 − 𝜔1 )
= 0.75 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝜔𝐴 = 𝜔4 −
𝜔4 − 𝜔𝐴 0.75
(0.016 − 0.008)
𝜔𝐴 = 0.016 − = 0.00533
0.75
Point 5 is fixed by jointing 4 and A; where this line cuts the horizontal line through 1 fixes
point 5 at 𝑡5 = 12.5°𝐶 dry bulb.
i. From the chart
ℎ1 = 37.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ2 = 42 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 24000 𝑘𝑊
24000
𝑚̇𝑎 = = 5.33 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
(42 − 37.5) × 1000
ii. The cooling duty of washer;
𝑚̇𝑎 (ℎ4 − ℎ5 ) = 5.33(58 − 35) × 1000 = 122.59 𝑘𝑊
iii. The heating duty of after heater.
𝑚̇𝑎 (ℎ5 − ℎ5 ) = 5.33(38 − 35) × 1000 = 15.99 𝑘𝑊

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Subject: Thermodynamics 2 Code: ME 372 Semester 442

End of Exam Paper

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Page 10 of 10