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Exercises - Vector spaces

The document contains a series of exercises related to vector spaces, including checking properties of R2 and R+, proving linear independence and dependence, and finding bases and dimensions of various vector spaces. It also includes tasks on linear combinations, change of basis, and conditions for vectors to be part of a vector space. The exercises cover a wide range of topics in linear algebra, emphasizing the fundamental concepts of vector spaces and their properties.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
43 views

Exercises - Vector spaces

The document contains a series of exercises related to vector spaces, including checking properties of R2 and R+, proving linear independence and dependence, and finding bases and dimensions of various vector spaces. It also includes tasks on linear combinations, change of basis, and conditions for vectors to be part of a vector space. The exercises cover a wide range of topics in linear algebra, emphasizing the fundamental concepts of vector spaces and their properties.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXERCISES: VECTOR SPACES

1) Check if R2 is a vector space with the following addition of vectors and the scalar
multiplication:

a. (a, b)  (c, d )  (a  c, b  d ) ;  (a, b)  ( a,  b) .


b. (a, b)  (c, d )  (a  c, b  d ) ;  (a, b)  ( a,0) .

2) R  is the set of positive real numbers. In R  we define:

The addition of vectors: x, y  R  : x  y  xy.

The scalar multiplication: r  R : rx  x r .

Prove that R  with the above two operations is a vector space.

3) Prove that a vector space either has one vector or has infinitely many vectors.

4) Prove that in the definition of a vector space, the commutative axiom of addition is a
consequence of the remaining axioms.

5) Check for linear independence and linear dependence. Find rank and a maximal linearly
independent subset:

a. x1  (1,0, 1,0), x2  (3, 2,3, 2), x4  (1,1, 2,1) .


b. x1  (1, 2,3, 4), x2  (2,3, 4,1), x3  (3, 4,5, 6), x4  (4,5,6,7) .
c. x1  (1, 0,0, 1), x2  (2,1,1, 0), x3  (1,1,1,1), x4  (1, 2,3, 4), x5  (0,1, 2,3) .
d. x1  (1,1,1,1,0), x2  (1,1, 1, 1, 1), x3  (2, 2,0,0,1), x4  (1,1,5,5, 2), x6  (1, 1, 1,0,0) .
 1 5   1 1  2 4   1 7 
e. x1    , x2    , x3    , x4    in M 2 ( R ) .
 4 2   1 5  5 7   5 1 
 1 4 2 1 0 2 
f. x1    , x2    , x3    in M 2 ( R ) .
 1 3   3 1 1 5
g. u1  x3  2 x  3, u2  x 2  1, u3  2 x3  x 2  4 x  10 in R3 [x] .
h. u1  x3 , u2  2 x 2 , u3  3x, u4  2 x 2  3 x, u5  1 in R3 [x] .

6) Let x1 , x2 ,..., xn be a linearly independent set of vectors in vector space V. Prove:

a. The set of vectors y1  x1 , y2  x1  x2 ,..., yn  x1  x2  ...  xn is also linearly


independent.

a. The set of vectors y1  a11 x1  a12 x2  ...  a1n xn


y2  a21 x1  a22 x2  ...  a2 n xn
……………………………
yn  an1 x1  an 2 x2  ...  ann xn
is linearly independent  det A  0 where A   aij  nn .
7) Each vector of set  x1 , x2 ,..., xn  is a linear combination of set  y1 , y2 ,..., yn  . Prove that the
rank of the first set does not exceed the rank of the second set (r  x1 , x2 ,..., xn  
r  y1 , y2 ,..., yn  ).

8) Given two sets of vectors of the same rank, each vector of the first set is a linear
combination of the latter. Prove that two sets of vectors are equivalent.

9) In R 4 for the vectors u1  (1,1,1,1), u2  (2,3, 1, 0), u3  ( 1, 1,1,1), u4  (1, 2,1, 1) . Find the
conditions that vector u  ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) is a linear combination of:

a. The sets of vectors u1 , u2 , u3 .


b. The sets of vectors u2 , u3 , u4 .

10) Trong R3 [x] cho các đa thức: u1  x3  2 x 2  x  1, u2  2 x 3  x 2  x  1, u3  3 x3  3 x 2  x  2 .


Tìm điều kiện để u  ax 3  bx 2  cx  d biểu thị tuyến tính được qua u1 , u2 , u3 .

11) In R 3 for the vectors: u1  (1, 2,1), u2  (1,1,1), u3  (1,3, 2) (u);


v1  (2,1,1), v2  ( 2, 2,1), v3  (2,3, 2) (v)

a. Prove that (u), (v) are the bases of R 3 .


b. Find the matrices of the change of basis from (u) to (v) and from (v) to (u).
c. Find the coordinates of the vector x  R 3 relative to the bases (u) and (v).

12) 12) The questions like the above exercise with (u) and (v) are as follows:

a. u1  (1, 0,1), u2  (1,1, 0), u3  (0,1,1) (u); v1  (1,1, 2), v2  ( 1,1,1), v3  (1, 2,3) (v).
b. u1  (1, 2,1), u2  (2, 2,1), u3  (3, 2, 2) (u); v1  (1,1,1), v2  (1,1,0), v3  (1, 0,0) (v).

13) In R 3 for the vectors: u1  (1,1,1), u2  (1,1, 2), u3  (1, 2,3) (u);
v1  (2,1, 1), v2  (3, 2, 5), v3  (1, 1, m) (v).

a. Prove that (u) is the basis of R 3 . Find m so that (v) is the basis of R 3 .
b. With m found. Find the matrix of the change of basis from (u) to (v) and find the
coordinates of the vector x = (1,0,0) with respect to those two bases.

14) In Rn [x] for two sets of vectors u1  1, u2  x, u3  x 2 ,..., un 1  x n  ,

v 1  1, v2  x  a, v3  ( x  a) 2 ,..., vn 1  ( x  a )n  .

a. Prove that (u), (v) are the bases of Rn [x] .


b. Find the matrices of the change of basis from (u) to (v) and from (v) to (u).
c. Find the coordinates of the vector f ( x)  a0  a1 x  ...  an x n with respect to (u) and (v).

15) Find a basis and dimension of the vector space in exercise 2.


16) Check if the following sets are vector spaces or subspaces? If so, find a basis, their
dimensions.

a. The set Rn  x  of polynomials with real coefficients of degree less than or equal to n.
b. The set of real coefficient polynomials of degree n
c. The set M mn (R) of mn matrices over R
d. The set Dn(R) of symmetric nn matrices over R.
e. The set Pn(R) of antisymmetric nn matrices over R.
f. The set GLn(R) of nonsingular nn matrices over R.
g. The set V   x , x ,...., x )  R
1 2 n
n
: x1  x2  ....  xn   
 a b 
h. The set of matrices of the form  with a,b  R
b a 
i. The set Cn (C is the set of complex numbers) with the following addition of vectors and
the scalar multiplication:
( z1 , z2 ,....., zn )  ( z1, , z2, ,...., zn, )  ( z1  z1, , z2  z2, ,....zn  zn, )
 ( z1 , z2 ,....., zn )  ( z1 ,  z2 ,.......,  zn )

17) Find the bases, dimensions of the vector spaces U,V,U+V,U  V in the following cases:

a) U= (2,3,-1,-2,9),(1,4,-3,4,2),(1,3,-2,2,3)

V  (1,3,0, 2,1),(1,5, 6,6,3),(2,5,3,2,1)

b) U  (2,1,3,1),(1, 2,0,1),( 1,1, 3,0)

V  (2,1,3, 1),(1,1, 3,1),(4,5,3, 1)

c) U  ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) / x1  x2  x4  0

V  ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) / x1  x4 , x2  2 x 


d) U  ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) /  xx xx xx
1
2
2
3
4
4

V  (1,0, 1,1),(0,1, 2,1),(1,1,1, 2)

18) Find the bases, dimensions of the solution subspaces of the homogeneous systems of linear
equations:

 1 1 2 3 4 0  1 2 1 3 4 0 
1 2 2 2 1 0  2 1 
 1 2 1 3 2 0  4 2 3 0   4 2 1 5 0 
a.   b.  c.  2 
 2 3 4 2 1 0 
 2 4 7 1 1 0     2 4 2 4 2 0 
 4 1 8 4 4 0 

19) Find a so that x   u1 , u2 , u3  where:


a). u1  (2,3,5), u2  (1, 6,1), x  (7, 2, a )

b). u1  (3, 2,5), u2  (2, 4,7), u3  (5,6, a), x  (1,3,5)

20) For the sets of vectors:{ u1  (1, 1,0,1) , u2  (1,1,1,0) , u3  (2, 0,1,1) }

{ v1  (3,1, 2,1) , v2  (3, 1,1, 2) , v3  (0, 2,1, 1) }

Prove that:

a.  u1 , u2 , u3    v1 , v2 , v3   U .

 x1  x3  x4  0
b. ( x1 , x2 , x3 )  U  
 x2  x3  x4  0

21) For the vectors u1  (1,1,0, 0), u2  (1,1,1,1), u3  (0, 1, 0,1), u4  (1, 2, 1, 2) .

a. Find dim E with E  u1 , u2 , u3 , u4  .

b. x  ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 )  E  x1  x3  x2  x4 .

c. For the vectors v1  (1, a 3 , a 2 ,1), v2  (1, b3 , b,1), v3  (ab  1, ab,0,1) . Find a,b so that v1 , v2 , v3 
is the basis of E.

22) Find homogeneous systems of linear equations whose solution spaces are the following
spaces:

a. <(2,1,0,-1), (1,-1,0,3), (3,1,-2,0)>.

b. <(2,-1,0,1), (1,0,-1,2), (1,-1,1,-1), (3,-1,-1,3)>.

 2 1 1 1 0 1 
23) In R for 3 bases ( ),(  ),( ) . Know that T   1 1 0  , T  1 1 1 ( T is the
3  
 1 1 1  1 1 0 
matrix of the change of basis from ( ) to (  ) ),

 1  (1,1,1),  2  (1,0,1),  3  (0,1,1) . Find the basis ( ) .

24) Let A and B be two square nn matrices. Prove that rank(A+B)  rank(A) + rank(B).

25) Let A and B be two matrices, Prove:

a. rank ( AB )  min rank ( A), rank ( B ) .

b. If A is a non-singular square matrix, then rank(AB) = rank(BA) = rank(B).

26) Let A and B be two square nn matrices. Prove that: rank ( AB )  rank ( A)  rank ( B )  n .
27) Prove that for every square matrix A, a natural number N can be found so that:
rank ( Ak )  rank ( Ak 1 ) for all natural numbers k  N .

28) Let A be a square nn matrix such that A2  I . Prove: rank ( A  I )  rank ( A  I )  n .

29) Let A be a square nn matrix such that A2  A . Prove: rank ( A  I )  rank ( A)  n .

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