Exercises - Vector spaces
Exercises - Vector spaces
1) Check if R2 is a vector space with the following addition of vectors and the scalar
multiplication:
3) Prove that a vector space either has one vector or has infinitely many vectors.
4) Prove that in the definition of a vector space, the commutative axiom of addition is a
consequence of the remaining axioms.
5) Check for linear independence and linear dependence. Find rank and a maximal linearly
independent subset:
8) Given two sets of vectors of the same rank, each vector of the first set is a linear
combination of the latter. Prove that two sets of vectors are equivalent.
9) In R 4 for the vectors u1 (1,1,1,1), u2 (2,3, 1, 0), u3 ( 1, 1,1,1), u4 (1, 2,1, 1) . Find the
conditions that vector u ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) is a linear combination of:
12) 12) The questions like the above exercise with (u) and (v) are as follows:
a. u1 (1, 0,1), u2 (1,1, 0), u3 (0,1,1) (u); v1 (1,1, 2), v2 ( 1,1,1), v3 (1, 2,3) (v).
b. u1 (1, 2,1), u2 (2, 2,1), u3 (3, 2, 2) (u); v1 (1,1,1), v2 (1,1,0), v3 (1, 0,0) (v).
13) In R 3 for the vectors: u1 (1,1,1), u2 (1,1, 2), u3 (1, 2,3) (u);
v1 (2,1, 1), v2 (3, 2, 5), v3 (1, 1, m) (v).
a. Prove that (u) is the basis of R 3 . Find m so that (v) is the basis of R 3 .
b. With m found. Find the matrix of the change of basis from (u) to (v) and find the
coordinates of the vector x = (1,0,0) with respect to those two bases.
v 1 1, v2 x a, v3 ( x a) 2 ,..., vn 1 ( x a )n .
a. The set Rn x of polynomials with real coefficients of degree less than or equal to n.
b. The set of real coefficient polynomials of degree n
c. The set M mn (R) of mn matrices over R
d. The set Dn(R) of symmetric nn matrices over R.
e. The set Pn(R) of antisymmetric nn matrices over R.
f. The set GLn(R) of nonsingular nn matrices over R.
g. The set V x , x ,...., x ) R
1 2 n
n
: x1 x2 .... xn
a b
h. The set of matrices of the form with a,b R
b a
i. The set Cn (C is the set of complex numbers) with the following addition of vectors and
the scalar multiplication:
( z1 , z2 ,....., zn ) ( z1, , z2, ,...., zn, ) ( z1 z1, , z2 z2, ,....zn zn, )
( z1 , z2 ,....., zn ) ( z1 , z2 ,......., zn )
17) Find the bases, dimensions of the vector spaces U,V,U+V,U V in the following cases:
a) U= (2,3,-1,-2,9),(1,4,-3,4,2),(1,3,-2,2,3)
c) U ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) / x1 x2 x4 0
V ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) / x1 x4 , x2 2 x
d) U ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) / xx xx xx
1
2
2
3
4
4
V (1,0, 1,1),(0,1, 2,1),(1,1,1, 2)
18) Find the bases, dimensions of the solution subspaces of the homogeneous systems of linear
equations:
1 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 1 3 4 0
1 2 2 2 1 0 2 1
1 2 1 3 2 0 4 2 3 0 4 2 1 5 0
a. b. c. 2
2 3 4 2 1 0
2 4 7 1 1 0 2 4 2 4 2 0
4 1 8 4 4 0
20) For the sets of vectors:{ u1 (1, 1,0,1) , u2 (1,1,1,0) , u3 (2, 0,1,1) }
Prove that:
a. u1 , u2 , u3 v1 , v2 , v3 U .
x1 x3 x4 0
b. ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) U
x2 x3 x4 0
21) For the vectors u1 (1,1,0, 0), u2 (1,1,1,1), u3 (0, 1, 0,1), u4 (1, 2, 1, 2) .
b. x ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) E x1 x3 x2 x4 .
c. For the vectors v1 (1, a 3 , a 2 ,1), v2 (1, b3 , b,1), v3 (ab 1, ab,0,1) . Find a,b so that v1 , v2 , v3
is the basis of E.
22) Find homogeneous systems of linear equations whose solution spaces are the following
spaces:
2 1 1 1 0 1
23) In R for 3 bases ( ),( ),( ) . Know that T 1 1 0 , T 1 1 1 ( T is the
3
1 1 1 1 1 0
matrix of the change of basis from ( ) to ( ) ),
24) Let A and B be two square nn matrices. Prove that rank(A+B) rank(A) + rank(B).
26) Let A and B be two square nn matrices. Prove that: rank ( AB ) rank ( A) rank ( B ) n .
27) Prove that for every square matrix A, a natural number N can be found so that:
rank ( Ak ) rank ( Ak 1 ) for all natural numbers k N .
28) Let A be a square nn matrix such that A2 I . Prove: rank ( A I ) rank ( A I ) n .
29) Let A be a square nn matrix such that A2 A . Prove: rank ( A I ) rank ( A) n .