EXERCISES: Linear Mappings

1) Let f : R n  R be a mapping. Prove that f is a linear mapping if and only if there

are numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , , an  R such that f ( x1 , x2 , , xn )  a1 x1  a2 x2    an xn .
2) Let f : R n  R m be a mapping. Prove that f is a linear mapping if and only if there
are numbers aij (1  i  m,1  j  n) such that
f ( x1 , x2 , , xn )  (a11 x1  a12 x2    a1n xn ,  , am1 x1  am 2 x2    amn xn ).

3) Find the formula for the linear mapping f in the following cases:
a) f : R 3  R 3 , f (1,1, 2)  (1, 0, 0), f (2,1,1)  (0,1,1), f (2, 2,3)  (0, 1, 0).
b) f : R 3  R 3 , f (1, 2,3)  (1, 0,1), f ( 1,1,1)  (0,1, 0), f (1,3, 4)  (1, 0, 2).
4) Let  :V  W be a mapping. Prove that:
a)  ( a1 , a2 ,..., an )   (a1 ),...,  (am ) 
b)  (V1  V2 )   (V1 )   (V2 )
c)  (V1  V2 )   (V1 )   (V2 )
d)  (V1  V2 )   (V1 )   (V2 )
Give an example to show that the equality may not be true.
5) In R 3 for two bases: u1  (1, 0, 0), u2  (0,1,1), u3  (1, 0,1) (u )

v1  (1, 1,0), v2  (0,1, 1), v3  (1, 0,1) (v ) .

and a linear mapping f : R 3  R 3 , f (ui )  vi , i  1, 2,3.

a) Find the formula for the linear mapping f.
b) Find the matrix of f in the following cases:
A f /(u ) , A f /(u ),(v ) , A f /(v ) , A f /(v)(u ) , A f /(e)(u ) , A f /(e) , Af /(v )(e) .
6) Prove that the derivative mapping in Rn [ X ],  : Rn [ X ]  Rn [ X ], p( x)  p '( x)
is a linear operator. Find the matrix of  with respect to the following bases:
a) 1, x, x 2 ,.........., x n

( x  c) 2 ( x  c)n
b) 1, ( x  c ), ,.........., .
2! n!

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 1 0 1
7) Let 1 1 0  be the matrix of  with respect to the basis u1 , u2 , u3 . Find the
0 1 1
matrix of  with respect to the basis
v1  2u1  3u2  u3 , v2  3u1  4u2  u3 , v3  u1  2u2  2u3 .
8) Let u1  (1,1,1), u2  (1,1, 0), u3  (1, 0,0) be a basis. Let f be a linear transformation
 1 1 0
whose matrix in base u1 , u2 , u3 is  1 0 0  . Find the formula for f.
 0 1 1 

9) For the linear mapping

f : R 4  R 3 , f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 )  ( x1  x2  x3 , 2 x1  x4 , 2 x2  x3  x4 )

a) Find the matrix of f with respect to the bases:

u1  (1,1,1,1), u2  (0,1,1,1), u3  (0, 0,1,1), u4  (0,0, 0,1).

v1  (1,1,1), v2  (1,1, 0), v3  (1, 0, 0).

b) Find bases, dimensions of Imf, Kerf. Find rank (f), def (f).
10) Let f : R 4  R 4 be a linear operator and the matrix of f with respect to the standard
basis e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 is:
1 3 2 1 
 2 5 11 2 
Af /(e )  
 0 1 3 1 
 
1 2 1 3 
a) Find bases, dimensions of Imf, Kerf. Find rank (f), def (f).
b) Find the matrix of f with respect to the basis:
u1  (1, 0, 0, 0), u2  (1,1, 0, 0), u3  (1,1,1, 0), u4  (1,1,1,1).

11) Find the eigenvectors, eigenvalues of the following matrices:

 0 2 0 0 1 2   2 0 1  1 1 0
a)  4 4 0  b) 1 0 2 c) 1 1 1 d)  1 2 1 
 2 1 2  1 1 1   2 0 1  0 0 1 
1 0 0 0 1 3 1 2  3 1 0 0
 1 2 2  0 0 0 0  0 1 1 3  1 1 0 0 
e)  2 2 4  f)  g)  h)  .
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 3 0 5 3
 2 4 2       
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2   4 1 3 1
12) Diagonalize the following matrices:

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 0 1 1  1 0 1  2 1 0 3 2 4
a) 1 0 1  b) 0 0 0 c) 1 2 0 d)  2 0 2 
1 1 0 1 0 1  1 1 1   4 2 3 

 3 1 2   5 1 1  1 2 1 
e)  1 3 2  f)  1 2 2  g)  2 4 2  .
 2 2 0   1 2 2  1 2 1 

13) Find a basis so that the matrix of f in that basis is a diagonal matrix in the following
cases:
a) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 )  (5 x1  x2  2 x3 ,  x1  5 x2  2 x3 , 2 x1  2 x2  2 x3 )

b) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 )  (2 x1  x3 , x1  x2  x3 , x1  2 x3 ) .

14) In R3 with the basis (u) and the set of vectors (v):
u1  (1,1,1), u2  (1,1, 0), u3  (1, 0, 0)

v1  (2,1, 0), v2  (2,1,1), v3  (2, 2,1)

Let f : R 3  R 3 , f (ui )  vi (i  1, 2, 3). be a linear mapping.

a) Find the matrix of f with respect to the basis (u).
b) Find the formula for f.
c) Find a basis so that the matrix of f with respect to that basis is a diagonal matrix..
15) In R3 with the basis (u) and the set of vectors (v):
u1  (1,1,1), u2  (1, 2,1), u3  (1,3, 2)

v1  (0,5,3), v2  (2, 4,3), v3  (0,3, 2)

Let f : R 3  R 3 , f (ui )  vi (i  1, 2, 3). be a linear mapping.

a) Find the matrix of f with respect to the basis (u).
b) Find a basis so that the matrix of f with respect to that basis is a diagonal matrix.
c) Find the formula for f.
 3 1 2 
16) Let A   1 3 2  be a matrix. Compute det (f(A)) with f ( x)  x 2000  x1999  1
 2 2 0 
.
4 3 00
2 3 0 0 
17)Let A   be a matrix. Compute det (f(A)) with f ( x)  x 2000  x 2001  1
4 9 1 0 
 
1 2 5 2
.

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18) Let A be a square nn matrix such that rank A = r and A2  A , compute Tr (A) in
terms of n and r.
19) Let A be a square nn matrix such that rank A = r and A2  I . compute Tr (A) in
terms of n and r.
20) Let  :V  V be a linear mapping such that  2   . Prove that Im  + Ker  = V
and Im   Ker  = {0}.
21) Let  ,  be linear operators on V. Prove:
a) rank (  )  rank ( )  rank ( )
b) det( )  det( )  det( ) .
22) Let  : V  W ,  : W  U be linear mappings. Prove that:
rank ( )  min rank ( ), rank ( ) .

Exercises: QUADRATIC FORMS and INNER PRODUCT

SPACES

1) Let f be a bilinear form on R 3 . Find the matrix of f with respect to the basis (u1 , u2 , u3 )
if for every x  ( x1 , x2 , x3 ), y  ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) f is determined by:
a) f ( x, y )  x1 y2  2 x2 y2  3x3 y3 ; u1  (1,1,1), u2  (1,1, 1), u3  (1, 1, 1).

b) f ( x, y )  x1 y1  x2 y3  3x3 y2 ; u1  (1,0, 0), u2  (1,1, 0), u3  (1,1,1).

2. Reduce the quadratic forms to the canonical forms:

a) x12  x22  3 x32  4 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 .

b) x12  2 x22  x32  2 x1 x2  4 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 .

c) x12  3 x22  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  6 x2 x3 .

d) x1 x2  x3 x4  x1 x4  x2 x3  2 x2 x4  x3 x4 .

e) 2 x12  3 x22  4 x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  3 x2 x3 .

f) 3 x12  x22  2 x32  4 x1 x2  3 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 .

3. Determine the sign of the quadratic form
a) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 )   x12  (1   2 ) x22  ( 2  3  2) x32 .

b) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 )   x12  (1   2 ) x22  ( 2  3  2) x32 .

c) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 )  ( 2  4) x12  ( 2  4  3) x22   2 x32  x42 .

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4. Find  so that the following quadratic form is positive definite, negative definite.
a) 5 x12  x22   x32  4 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 .
b) 2 x12  x22  3 x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3 .
c) x12  x22  5 x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  4 x2 x3 .

d) x12  4 x22  x32  2 x1 x2  10 x1 x3  6 x2 x3 .

5. Orthogonally diagonalize the real symmetric matrix (Find the orthogonal matrix P such
that PtAP is a diagonal matrix).

1 0 1 1
0 1 1   1 3 2  0 1 0 0 
a ) 1 2 2  b)  3 7 5 c) 
1 0 2 1
1 2 1  2 5 8   
1 0 1 2

6. Find m so that the following product is the inner product on R 2 .

xy  x1 y1  2 x1 y2  mx2 y2 where x  ( x1 , x2 ), y  ( y1 , y2 ).

7. In Rn with the standard inner product. Find norms, angles of vectors x, y in the
following cases:
a) x  1, 2, 3 , y   3, 0, 4  .

b) x  1, 3, 0, 2  , y   0,5, 12, 0  .

c) x  1,1,,1 , y  ( ,  ,  ,  ).
8. Orthonormalize the sets of vectors (by the Gram-Schmidt Process):
a) (1, 2,3), (0, 2, 0), (0, 0,3) .
b) (1, 0, 0), (0,1, 1), (1,1,1) .
c) (1,1, 0,0), (0, 0,1,1), (1, 0,1,1), (0,1, 0, 1) .
d) (1, 0, 1,0), (0,1, 0,0), (1, 1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0,1) .
9. Find a basis of the orthogonal complement W of W in the following cases:
a) w  (1, 2, 0,1), (0,1, 0, 2)  .
b) w  ( 2, 2,1, 0), (2, 3, 2, 4)  .
c) w  (1, 0, 2,1), ( 2,1, 2, 3), (0,1, 2,3), (0,1, 2,1)  .
d) W is the solution space of the homogeneous system of linear equations
 x2  2 x3  0
 .
 x1  2 x2  x3  x4  0
10. Let V be a finite dimensional real inner product vector space and W a subspace of V. Then
every vector x  V can be written uniquely in the form:
x = y + z, where y  w, z  w .

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The vector y is called the orthogonal projection of x on W and z is the orthogonal component of
x with respect to W
11. Find the orthogonal projection of x on W and the orthogonal component of x with respect
to W.
a) x  (4, -1, -3, 4), w  1,1,1,1 , (1, 2, 2, 1), (1, 0, 0,3)  .

b) x  (5, 2, -2, 2), w  ( 2,1,1, 1), (1,1, 3, 0), (1, 2,8,1)  .

12. Let V be a finite dimensional real inner product vector space and L1, L2 subspaces of V
such that dim L1  dim L2 . Prove that there is always at least one non-zero vector in
L2 that is orthogonal to L1.

13. Prove that the following sets of vectors are orthogonal in R 4 . Let's complement
them to get an orthogonal basis of R 4 :
a) x1  (1, -2, 2, 3), x2  (2, 3, 2, 4).

b) x1  (1,1,1, 2), x2  (1, 2,3, 3).

14. Applying the Gram-Schmidt Process, construct the orthogonal basis of the
subspaces of the space R 4 generated by the vectors:
a) x1  (1, 2, 2, -1), x2  (1,1, -5,3), x3  (3, 2,8, -7).

b) x1  (1,1, 1, 2), x2  (5,8, 2, 3), x3  (3,9,3,8).

15. Find an orthogonal basis of the subspace L where L is generated by the vectors:
x1  (1,0, 2,1), x2  ( 2,1, 2, 3), x3  (0,1, 2, -1).

16. Find the orthogonal projection of x on L, in the following cases:

a) x   4, 1, 3, 4  and L is a subspace of R 4 generated by the vectors:
x1  (1,1,1,1), x2  (1, 2, 2, 1), x3  (1, 0, 0, 3).

b) x   5, 2, 2, 2  and L is a subspace of R 4 generated by the vectors:

x1  (2,1,1, -1), x2  (1,1,3, 0), x3  (1, 2,8,1).

c) x   7, 4, 1, 2  and L is the solution set of the homogeneous system of linear
equations.
 2 x1  x2  x3  3 x4  0

 3 x1  2 x2  2 x3  x4  0 .
2 x  2 x  2 x  9 x  0
 1 2 3 4