CH NO 7:

DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS

GRADE 11
INDRAJA ALAND
DATA TYPES
 NUMERIC DATA TYPE
int float complex
Numbers can Numbers can A pair of real
be either be integer or and imaginary
Numeric positive or fraction. numbers.
negative. Eg: Eg:
int float
Eg: >>> a= 1.8 >>> a=x+yj
complex
>>>a=21 >>> b= -2.1 x: real
>>>b=-34 y: complex
j: imaginary
>>> a=2+2j
 BOOLEAN DATA TYPE
 A boolean data type in python is used to represent one of the two boolean
values i.e. True or false

EG:
>>> A=15>2
>>> PRINT(A)
OUTPUT: TRUE

a=bool(input(“Are u Indian? True or False:"))

if a==true:
print("namaste")
 SET DATA TYPE
 A set is an unordered collection of unique elements.
 Syntax: <set name>=(‘item1’,’item2’,……..)
 Set cannot contain duplicate values.
 Even if they have duplicate values, it does not give an error, but removes
duplicate values/items from output.
 Eg:
s={1,3,6,5,6,"apple",4,5,3,4}
print(s)
OUTPUT:
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 'APPLE'}
 SPECIAL LITERALS-NONE
 Python has one special literal, which is “none”.
 It indicates absence of value/ no value.
 Not same as 0 or false or empty.
 It is also known as null.
EG:
>>> BALANCE=NONE
>>>PRINT(BALANCE)
OUTPUT: NONE

>>> SALARY=NONE
>>>TYPE((SALARY)
OUTPUT: <CLASS ’NONE TYPE’>
 MAPPING
 Telephone Directory
 A key is there to map a particular data item.
 In python dictionary is a mapping data type, where key is mapped to its
corresponding value.
 Values in dictionary can be of any data type and can be duplicated.
 Keys of dictionary must be unique.
 They (keys) are case sensitive.
 Syntax: <dictionary name>={‘item1’,’item2’,…….}

 Properties of keys in dictionary data type:

Name of key is case sensitive
Duplicate entry of key is not allowed
The values can be of any data types.
 MAPPING
 Eg:
D={'NAME':"Madhav",'Roll no ':'12'}
print(D)

Output:
{'Name': 'Madhav', 'Roll no': '12'}

d={1:"Monday",2:"Tuesday"}
print(d)

Output:
{1: 'Monday', 2: 'Tuesday'}
 SEQUENCE DATA TYPE
• A sequence is an ordered collection of similar or different data elements.

String Data Type:

 It is collection of one or more characters enclosed in a single quotation (‘ ’) double quotation(“
”) or triple quotation(“““ ””” )marks.
 It is represented by str class
 Each characters is stored in memory and is referred through indexing.
 This characters are UNICODE characters.
 STRING DATA TYPE:
String in memory:
 In python characters are stored in memory in a sequence.
 You can refer to them using INDEXING.
 Index means its position in sequence.
 STRING DATA TYPE:
Accessing elements of String:

The index value associated with element is used.

Eg: S=“PBIS”
S=“Grade 11!”
s=“hello world” print(S[-1]) print(S[0])
Output: Output:
print(s[4]) P
!
OUTPUT:
O
 LIST DATA TYPE:
• A list contains items of different data types.
• The items stored in a list are separated by comma(,) and are enclosed using
square brackets[ ].
• A list stores elements in a sequence one after another.
• Syntax: <list name>= [‘item1’,’item2’,…..]
• Indexing can be used for a list.
• Eg: s=["radha",12,'XI']
print(s[2])
s=["radha",12,'XI']
OUTPUT:
print(s) XI
OUTPUT:
 TUPLE DATA TYPE:
• A tuple is also an ordered data type like a list.
• It can also contain items of different data types.
• The items stored in a list are separated by comma(,) and are enclosed using
parentheses ( ).
• Only difference between list and tuple is:
TUPLE IS READ ONLY DATA STRUCTURE.
CANNOT MODIFY SIZE & VALUE OF ITEMS OF A TUPLE.
• Syntax: <tuple name>= (‘item1’,’item2’,…..)
• Eg:
S=(“radha”,18,‘XI’)
 type( ) and isinstance( ) Function
• The type ( ) function is used to know variable or a value
belongs to which data types.
• The isinstance( ) function is used to check whether an
object belongs to a particular class.
• Example:
a=10
a=10 print(a,isinstance(10,complex))
print(type(a)) 10 False
<class 'int'> a=10
print(a,isinstance(10,int))
10 True
MUTABLE & IMMUTABLE DATA TYPES:
Mutable Data Types:
• A mutable object can be modified after it is created.
• Eg:
a=['a','b','c','d'] OUTPUT:
print(a) ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
print(id(a)) 2792507041024
a[2]=4 ['a', 'b', 4, 'd']
print(a)
2792507041024
print(id(a))
MUTABLE & IMMUTABLE DATA TYPES:
Immutable Data Types:
• An immutable object can never be modified after it is
created.
• Eg: OUTPUT:
a=6 140707521946568
print(id(a)) 140707521946536
a=5
print(id(a))
MUTABLE & IMMUTABLE DATA TYPES:
Immutable Data Types:
Eg:
OUTPUT:
a="Hello world"
TypeError: 'str' object does not
a[2]='a'
support item assignment
print(a)
Immutable Data Type Mutable Data Type
int, float, complex List
String Set
Tuple Dictionary
 TYPECASTING IN PYTHON
• The process of converting the value of one data type to another is
called as TYPE CONVERSION.
• For example: converting int data to str.
• In typecasting, loss of data may occur because python interpreter is
enforced to change the data.

• Two types of data type conversion are:

a)Implicit Type Conversion
b)Explicit Type Conversion
 IMPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION
• Python automatically converts one data type to another.
• Eg:
a= 123
b = 1.23
c= a + b
print("Value:",c)
print("Data Type:",type(c))

OUTPUT:
Value: 124.23
Data Type: <class 'float'>
 IMPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION
• We get TypeError, if we try to add str and int.
• For example, hi + 23.
• Eg:
a='hi'
b=123
c=a+b
OUTPUT:
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
• Python is not able to use Implicit Conversion in such conditions.
• Python has a solution for these types of situations which is known as EXPLICIT
CONVERSION.
 EXPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION
• This type of conversion is done manually.
• It can be done by using int( ), float( ) and str( ) BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS.
• This type of conversion is also called typecasting because the user casts
(changes) the data type of the objects.
• Eg:
a= '12' OUTPUT:
b = 23 35
<class 'int'>
c = int(a)
sum = b + c
print("Sum:",sum)
print("Data type of num_sum:",type(sum))
 ERRORS AND DEBUGGING
• An error in a program is an unexpected and unintended by the programmer.
• Error is also called as BUG, DEFECT , FAILURE or FAULT.
• Debugging: It is the process of locating and fixing error(s) in a computer
program code.
• Executing the instruction of the program is known as RUNNING.
• An error can occur during compile time or at run time.
• Type of errors are:
a) Syntax Error
b) Logical Error
c) Linking Error
d) Run Time Error
 SYNTAX ERROR
• It occurs due to wrongly typed statements or grammatical mistakes in
programming language.
• It is detected at the time of compilation process.
• Eg:
pint(“HELLO”)
OUTPUT:
NameError: name 'pint' is not defined. Did you mean: 'print'?

print("HELLO)
OUTPUT:
SyntaxError: incomplete input
 LOGICAL ERROR
• They are the most difficult to debug.
• It gives wrong or undesired output.
• Eg:
a=2
b=2
c=a+b
print("subtraction value is:",c)

OUTPUT:
subtraction value is: 4
 LINKING ERROR
• This error occurs during linking process after compilation.
• Eg:
import math
a=2
a=4
b=3
b=3
c=math.sqrt(a)
c=math.sqrt(a)
print(c)
print(c)

OUTPUT: OUTPUT:
NameError: name 'math' is not defined 2
 RUN TIME ERROR
• A runtime error in a program is one that occurs after the program has been
successfully compiled.
• The Python interpreter will run a program if it is free of syntax errors.
• However, if the program encounters a runtime error - a problem that was not
detected when the program was parsed and is only revealed when a specific line
is executed - it may exit unexpectedly during execution.
• When a program crashes due to a runtime error, we say it has crashed.
 RUN TIME ERROR
• Some examples of Python Runtime errors
i. Division by zero
ii.Performing an operation on incompatible types
iii.Trying to access a file that doesn’t exist
iv.If there is square root of negative number.

• Python deals with this errors by raising an EXCEPTION.

• An exception is an unforeseen and unexpected situation.
• It occurs during execution of a program on which the compiler has no control.