Unit 2

Matter
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: ©Preartiq/Shutterstock

Unit Project • Explore Melting

What is the fastest way to change ice
to water? Investigate to find out.
Unit 2 • Matter 39
 Unit 2 At a Glance
Lesson 1
Engineer It • What Are Properties
of Matter?.......................................42

Lesson 2
How Are Objects Put Together? ..60

Lesson 3
How Do Heating and Cooling
Change Matter? ............................ 72

Lesson 4
How Does Matter Change? .........88

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: ©Preartiq/Shutterstock

Unit Review .................................. 102

40
 Unit Vocabulary
matter anything that takes up space (p. 44)
property one part of what something is like (p. 45)
solid a state of matter that keeps its shape (p. 48)
liquid a state of matter that takes the shape of its
container (p. 49)
melt a change when a solid becomes a liquid (p.74)
freeze a change when a liquid becomes a solid (p. 80)
reversible a change that can be undone (p. 90)
irreversible a change that cannot be undone (p. 93)

Vocabulary Game • Make a Match

Materials
• 1 set of word cards • 1 set of definition cards

How to Play
1. Work with your partner to make word
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

and definition cards.

2. Place the cards face up on a table.
3. Take turns picking a word card, reading
the word, and matching it to a definition.
4. If you make a match, keep the cards.
5. If there is no match, put the cards back.

Unit 2 • Matter 41
Lesson Engineer It • What Are
1 Properties of Matter?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

These balls have different properties.

By the End of This Lesson

I will describe and classify materials
by their properties. I will choose the
best materials to fit my purpose.
42
 Materials Are Different
Think about how bike tires are used. Why
are bike tires made of rubber? What makes
this material different from other materials?
Explore online.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: ©Vetta/Getty Images

Can You Explain It?

What is another use for rubber?

Lesson 1 • Engineer It • What Are Properties of Matter?

43
Properties of Matter
Matter is anything that takes up
space. Look at the pictures to explore
some properties of matter.

(tl) ©George Diebold/Getty Images; (cl) ©Photodisc/Getty Images; (cr) ©Carlos

Explore online.

Color is a property
you can see. One
leaf is green. The
other leaf is red.

Santa Maria/Shutterstock
color

Shape is the form

a material has. It is
a property you can

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (bl) ©David Selman/Corbis;

see. The safety object

(br) ©Carlos Santa Maria/Shutterstock; (tr) ©Nguyen Thai/Shutterstock;

is shaped like a cone.
The box is shaped like
shape
a rectangular prism.

Hardness is how
easy it is to change the
shape of a material.
It is a property you can
feel. A marble is hard.
hardness A cotton ball is soft.
44
 Texture is what a material
feels like. It is a property you
can feel. The light brown rock
texture is rough. The dark brown rock
is smooth.

Flexibility is how much

a material can bend. It is
easy to bend the chenille
sticks. They are flexible.
It is not easy to bend the
flexibility
craft sticks. They are stiff.
Shutterstock; ((br) ©Freedom_Studio/Shutterstock; (tr) ©vidguten/Shutterstock
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (tl) ©Valentina Razumova/

Matter has properties. A property is Patterns

Go to the
one part of what something is like. You online
can observe properties of matter with all handbook
your senses. for tips.

Color, shape, hardness, and flexibility

are some properties of matter. These
properties can be used over and over to
describe matter. This forms a pattern.

Lesson 1 • Engineer It • What Are Properties of Matter?

45
 Write words in the chart below to
identify the properties of each object.

color: green

shape: round

texture: rough

hardness: hard
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

flexibility:
bends

46
 Apply What You Know

Evidence Notebook • Can something have

more than one property? Work with a partner
to find out. Use all your senses to observe
this box. Then, make a list to identify all
properties of the box. Use evidence to
support your answer. Record your answer
in your Evidence Notebook.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Lesson 1 • Engineer It • What Are Properties of Matter?

47
States of Matter—Solids
Explore online.
Look at the pictures to explore some solids.

A solid is a state of matter that keeps its shape.

It will not change unless you do something to it,
such as cut, bend, or break. A solid keeps its shape
even when you move it. These properties can be
used over and over to describe solids. This forms a
pattern. Buildings, trucks, and chairs are all solids.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (tl) ©Zhu Difeng/Shutterstock;

Draw a line under the words that tell what
a solid is like.

Apply What You Know

(tr) ©Hero Images/Getty Images

Evidence Notebook • Not all solids are hard.

Solids can be soft like a cotton ball. What
are some examples of soft solids? Discuss as
a class. Use evidence to support your examples
and record them in your Evidence Notebook.

48
 States of Matter—Liquids
Explore online.
Look at the pictures to explore some liquids.

A liquid is a state of matter that does not have its

own shape. It flows to take the shape of its container.
The liquid in the tall glass has the same shape as the
glass. If the liquid is poured into a wide bowl, the liquid
takes the bowl’s shape. These properties can be used
over and over to describe liquids. This forms a pattern.
Circle the words that tell what a liquid is like.

Apply What You Know Planning and

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Carrying Out
Work in a small group to investigate Investigations
what happens when you shake a Go to the online
handbook for tips.
clear jar of water. Compare
changes to the water and the jar.
Identify patterns.

Lesson 1 • Engineer It • What Are Properties of Matter?

49
Which Materials Are Best?
Cause
A bike has parts made from rubber,
and Effect
metal, and foam. Why were these Go to the online
materials picked for the bike? handbook for tips.

Explore online.
foam seat
The seat is foam. Foam is soft,
but firm enough to hold the weight
of a rider. These properties of
foam make the seat comfortable.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: andebobandy/shutterstock

rubber tires metal frame

These tires are rubber. The frame is metal.
Rubber is strong and Metal is strong and
flexible. These properties hard. These properties
of rubber give bike tires a of metal help the bike
smooth ride. keep its shape.

50
 Name
Hands-On Activity
Engineer It • Explore Properties of Matter
Materials

Ask a Question

Test and Record Data Explore online.

Step 1
Observe the properties of each
material. Compare the shape,
texture, hardness, and flexibility of
each one. Record your observations.

Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 Material 4

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Lesson 1 • Engineer It • What Are Properties of Matter?

51
Step 2
Make a plan to test each material
to find out if it is a good pillow filler.

Step 3
Follow the steps of your plan to test each
one. Record and compare the results of each
material tested.
Data Recording Chart
Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 Material 4

Step 4
Analyze your results. Look for patterns.
Make a claim that answers your question.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

What is your evidence?

52
 Do the Math! • Which material made the
Display
better pillow filler? Make a bar graph to Data
show the number of properties that each Go to the
online
material had. Which one was liked best?
handbook
Use the graph to answer the question. for tips.

Good Pillow Filler

6
Number of children

5
4
3
2
1
0
Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 Material 4

Materials

Which material did your class like best?

Use data from your bar graph as evidence.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Evidence Notebook • Think of other questions you

have about the properties of materials. Record
your work in your Evidence Notebook.

Lesson 1 • Engineer It • What Are Properties of Matter?

53
 Apply What You Know

Read, Write, Share! • How

Recall
can you describe an object’s Information
properties? Choose an object Go to the online
handbook for tips.
at home or in your classroom.
Then write words to complete
the riddle.

This object is ____________ and____________.

[color] [shape]
It has a ____________ surface that is ____________.
[texture] [hardness]
It is also ____________.
[another property]
What is it? _______________

Read your riddle to a partner. Can your partner

answer the riddle?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

54
 Explore more online.
Take It Further
• Another Kind of Matter

People in Science & Engineering •

Dr. Eugene Tssui
Explore online.

Meet Dr. Eugene Tssui. Dr. Tssui

is an architect. An architect designs
homes and other buildings.
When Dr. Tssui designs homes
and buildings, he studies forms in
nature, such as fish fins. He bases
many designs on what he finds out.
Dr. Eugene Tssui
Look for the fish fin in the design
of the house.
©Alain Pinel Realtors; (t) ©John Storey/Storey Photography; (br) ©Tsui Design
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (bl) Tssui kitchen Edises House:

This is the
inside of
the house.
& Research, Inc.

What does the design of this house look like?

Lesson 1 • Engineer It • What Are Properties of Matter? 55

56
Dr. Tssui’s Designs

on which it is based.
building to the natural form
Draw a line to match each
online

for tips.
Go to the
Patterns

handbook

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (cr) ©George Clerk/iStockPhoto.com;

(cl) ©Eugene Tssui; (tr) ©GILBERT GRANT/Getty Images; (bl) ©John Storey/Storey
Photography; (br) ©Brand X Pictures/Jupiterimages/Getty Images; (tl) ©Eugene Tssui
 Lesson Check Name
Explore online.

Can You Explain It?

What is another use for rubber?
Be sure to
• Describe the properties of rubber.
• Name the object you would make using rubber.
• Explain why these properties make rubber good
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: ©Vetta/Getty Images

to use for your object.

Lesson 1 • Engineer It • What Are Properties of Matter? 57

Self Check
1. Which properties describe a cotton ball?
Choose all correct answers.
A soft
B rough
C stiff
D round

2. Look at the pictures. What pattern

do you see?
A A liquid keeps its shape.
B A liquid takes the shape of
its container.
C A liquid spreads out to fill
its container.

3. What are the properties of each vase? The vases

may share some of the same properties.

color shape texture flexibility © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

58
 4. Which pictures show a liquid? Circle each one.

5. What is a solid? What is a liquid? Write solid

or liquid to make each sentence true.

Matter that keeps its shape is called a _________.

Matter that flows to take the shape of its container
is called a _________.

6. Answer this riddle. This object is yellow and

crescent-shaped. It has smooth skin that you
can peel off. Its insides are soft and sweet to
eat. What is it?
A a lemon
B the moon
C a banana
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Lesson 1 • Engineer It • What Are Properties of Matter? 59

Lesson
How Are Objects Put Together?
2

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Many objects are made up of smaller pieces.

By the End of This Lesson

I will be able to explain how an object made
up of smaller pieces can be taken apart and
put together to make a different object.
60
 Taking Apart, Putting Together
What pieces do you see in the first object?
You can take this object apart. You can put the
same pieces together to make a different object.
Explore online.

Can You Explain It?

How did the first object become
a different one?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Lesson 2 • How Are Objects Put Together?

61
Build It Up, Break It Down
Look at these materials.
Explore online.

15 bricks 1 door 2 windows

You can make new objects from smaller

pieces. Use the materials to make a house.
Then compare your house to the houses your
classmates made. How are your houses alike?
How are they different?

Draw your house. Show the materials.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

62
 Which smaller pieces make up this
chair? Choose all correct answers.
A legs
B seat
C arms
D back
E top

Apply What You Know Constructing

Explanations •
Evidence Notebook • How can Energy and
different objects be made from Matter Go to
the online
the same set of pieces? Work with handbook for tips.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

a partner to discuss what makes

up different objects, such as your
homes. Use evidence to support
your answer. Record your answer
in your Evidence Notebook.

Lesson 2 • How Are Objects Put Together?

63
What Is the Same?
Observe the two toy buildings.
How are they the same?
Choose the best answer.
A They are the same size.
B They are the same shape.
C They are made from the
same set of pieces.

Apply What You Know

Constructing
Read, Write, Share! • Evidence
Explanations •
Notebook • Work with your class. Energy and
Discuss the smaller pieces that Matter • Gather
Information Go
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

make up a wooden bench. What to the online

else could you build with the handbook for tips.

same set of pieces? Use evidence

to support your discussion. Record
your answers in your Evidence
Notebook.

64
 Name
Hands-On Activity
Build Objects from Smaller Pieces
Materials

Ask a Question

Test and Record Data Explore online.

Step 1
Make a plan to find out how
many objects you can build from
the same set of smaller pieces.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Step 2
Make observations
as you follow your
plan. Draw to record
each object you build.

Lesson 2 • How Are Objects Put Together?

65
Step 3
Record the number of objects you build.

Step 4
Analyze your results.

Make a claim that answers your question.

What is your evidence?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

66
 Explore more online.
Take It Further
• What’s Old Is
Careers in Science & Engineering • New Again
Architect
Explore online.

Architects plan and

draw design ideas.
They make models
to show how their
structures will look.

Architects work
with others to improve
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (t) ©Lou-foto/Alamy; (b) ©Creatas

their designs. They

think of ways to make
structures that are
safe and strong.
Video/Getty Images

Architects use sets of smaller pieces to build

different models. They plan and design many
types of structures, including houses, schools,
and workplaces. Architects use art, math, and
science in their work.
Lesson 2 • How Are Objects Put Together? 67
Design It!
Now it is your turn to be an architect.

Think of a structure you would like to build.

Draw your design.

Do the Math! • Kayla is building a

model of her structure. Its base is a
layer of square blocks that are all the
same size. This drawing shows the red
blocks Kayla is using. She wants to use
blue blocks to fill the rest of the base.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

How many blue blocks does Kayla

Partition
need to finish the base? Shapes
A 4 Go to the online
handbook for tips.
B 12
C 30
68
 Lesson Check Name
Explore online.

Can You Explain It?

How did the first object become a different one?
Be sure to
• Explain how the first object is made up of a small set
of pieces that can be taken apart.
• Explain how the same pieces can be put back together
to make the new object.
• Use evidence to support your answer.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Lesson 2 • How Are Objects Put Together? 69

Self Check
1. What could be built from these
materials? Circle all correct answers.

2. An object is made up of four legs and a flat top.

What could it be? Choose all correct answers.
A rug
A desk

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: ©RobHainer/Getty Images; (l) ©Foxtrot101/

C lamp

E+/Getty Images; (c) ©J. Aa./Shutterstock; (r) ©dimdimich/iStock/Getty Images

D table

3. You built a house with blocks. Now you want to use

the blocks to build something else. What is the first
step you take?
A Take the house apart to get the blocks.
B Add blocks to your house.
C Put the blocks together in a new way.

70
 4. How can you build this object? Number the pictures
1, 2, and 3 to show the correct order.

_______________ _______________ _______________

5. You take apart a bicycle. Which are part of the small set
of pieces that make it up? Choose all correct answers.
A seat
B tires
C engine
D wipers
E pedals
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Lesson 2 • How Are Objects Put Together? 71

Lesson How Do Heating and
3 Cooling Change Matter?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: ©Olga Gavrilova/Shutterstock

Matter can change in some interesting ways.

By the End of This Lesson

I will be able to tell how heating
and cooling cause matter to change.

72
 Matter Can Change
Look at the crayons. You use crayons to draw.
How are these crayons being used differently?
Explore online.

Can You Explain It?

What caused the crayons to change?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Lesson 3 • How Do Heating and Cooling Change Matter?

73
Melt It
Explore online.
Investigate how adding heat by
melting changes matter.
before after

wax

butter

Heating can cause materials to change. Adding

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

heat causes matter to melt, cook, and burn.

Adding heat to butter and wax will cause them to
melt. When something melts, it changes from solid to
liquid. Melting changes the state of matter. This is a
pattern that happens when heat is added and
something melts.

74
 Think about the wax and butter.
What happened to the butter and
the wax when heat was added?
A They changed from solid to liquid.
B They changed from liquid to solid.
C They changed color.

Apply What You Know Engaging in

Argument from
Evidence Notebook • Work with Evidence
a partner to identify three examples Go to the online
handbook for tips.
of changes to materials caused by
melting. How did adding heat
change the material? Use evidence
to tell how you know. Record your
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

answer in your Evidence Notebook.

Lesson 3 • How Do Heating and Cooling Change Matter?

75
Cook It
Explore online.
Look at the pictures to see how adding
heat by cooking changes matter.

before after

pancake batter pancake batter

chicken chicken
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Think about what happens to foods when they

are cooked. Heat from the skillet was added to
the pancake batter and the chicken. Both times,
heat caused the foods to change in the same
ways. This is a pattern that happens when heat is
added and something cooks.

76
 Which properties of the batter and the chicken changed
when they were heated? Choose all correct answers.
A color
B flexibility
C texture

Do you see any patterns in what happens

when foods are cooked? If so, what are they?
Record your answer.

Apply What You Know Cause

and Effect
Evidence Notebook • Work with Go to the online
a partner to draw two examples handbook for tips.

of changes to materials by cooking.

Be sure to show the material before
and after heat was added. Do you
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

see any patterns in how cooking

changed the materials? Use
evidence to support your answer.
Record it in your Evidence
Notebook.

Lesson 3 • How Do Heating and Cooling Change Matter?

77
Burn It
Explore online.
Look at the pictures to see how adding
heat by burning changes matter.
before after

Heat from the flame is added to the wood and the

leaf. This causes the materials to burn. Burning can also
happen when you cook something too much. When
something burns, heat changes its properties and
makes it into another type of matter. This is a pattern
that happens when heat is added and something burns.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

What happened to the wood and the leaf

when they were heated?
A They turned black and changed to ash.
B They changed from solids to liquids.
C They did not change.
78
 Apply What You Know

Work with a small group to Cause and

compare and contrast changes Effect • Patterns
Go to the online
caused by melting, cooking, and
handbook for tips.
burning in order to summarize
what you know about how heat
changes matter. Do you see any
patterns in these changes?
Record your answer.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Lesson 3 • How Do Heating and Cooling Change Matter?

79
Cool It Down Explore online.

What happened to the water in

this waterfall? Heat was taken away,
and the water froze. When something
freezes, it changes from a liquid to
a solid.
Liquids such as milk, tea, and broth
will freeze and change from a liquid to a
solid. Freezing is a pattern that happens
when enough heat is taken away.

Do the Math! • Compare

the temperatures for Fairbanks,
Alaska, and Miami, Florida.
Write <, >, or = to

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (t) ©Manish/RooM/Getty Images

compare the temperatures.
Fairbanks ___ Miami

Apply What You Know Cause

Evidence Notebook • Identify two and Effect
Go to the
materials to cool by freezing overnight. online
What patterns in how cooling changed handbook
for tips.
these materials do you see? Use
evidence to tell how you know, and
record it in your Evidence Notebook.
80
 Name
Hands-On Activity
Explore Cooling
Materials

Ask a Question

Test and Record Data Explore online.

Step 1
Observe the solid and the liquid.
Record your observations.

Solid Liquid
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Step 2
Pour the liquid into the ice-cube tray.
Put the solid and the liquid in the freezer.
Wait until the next day to take them out.

Lesson 3 • How Do Heating and Cooling Change Matter?

81
Step 3
Take the solid and the liquid out of the freezer.
Did cooling cause any changes to the solid or
the liquid? Observe them both carefully. Record
any effects you observe.

Solid Liquid

Step 4
Analyze your results. Identify causes and effects.
Look for patterns.
Make a claim that answers your question.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

What is your evidence?

82
 Explore more online.
Take It Further
• Changes All Around
Careers in Science & Engineering • • Find a Recipe
Chefs at Work

Explore online.
Chefs use math and science
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (t) ©Jetta Productions/Iconica/

every day in their work. Chefs

measure ingredients when they
prepare food. When chefs cook,
they have to know the right
temperature to use for each food.
Chefs can add heat to change food. Adding
Getty Images

heat can cause food to cook, to melt, or even

to burn. The heat from the flame causes the
sugar on top of the dessert to turn brown. It
also causes the top to become hard.

Lesson 3 • How Do Heating and Cooling Change Matter? 83

Ask a Chef
Read, Write, Share! Ask and Answer
What questions would you ask a chef Questions
Go to the online
about using heat? handbook for tips.

Draw or write to record your questions.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Get answers to your questions by asking a chef.

Or, you can ask a cafeteria worker or an adult who
likes to cook. Write about what you learn.
84
 Lesson Check Name
Explore online.

Can You Explain It?

What caused the crayons to change?
Be sure to:
• Tell whether the crayons were heated or cooled.
• Describe how the crayons changed.
• Explain what caused the crayons to change.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Lesson 3 • How Do Heating and Cooling Change Matter? 85

Self Check
1. Which material will freeze when you cool it?
A a plastic milk carton
B a glass milk bottle
C milk in a glass

2. Hector cooked some vegetables on a stove.

The vegetables became soft and brown.
What was the effect of cooking on the vegetables?
A The vegetables turned from liquid to solid.
B The color and the texture of the vegetables changed.
C The vegetables turned black and changed into ashes.

3. Look at the snow and wax. What patterns do you see?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (l) Wides & Holl/Getty Images;

A The materials changed from liquid to solid.

(cl) ©sot/Getty Images

B The materials changed from solid to liquid.

C The materials turned black and changed into ashes.

86
 4. Elizabeth places juice in a freezer. The next day
she observes that the juice is frozen. What evidence
does Elizabeth have to make the argument that the
juice froze?
A The juice changed from liquid to solid.
B The juice changed from solid to liquid.
C The juice changed in color only.

5. What happens when heat is added to wax?

Choose all true statements.
A It melts.
B It changes from solid to liquid.
C It changes to ashes.

6. What does burning cause wood to turn into?

A black ashes
B a liquid
C ice

7. What would happen to a plastic bag if you put it

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

into the freezer?

A The bag would change to ashes.
B The bag would change to a liquid.
C The bag would stay solid.

Lesson 3 • How Do Heating and Cooling Change Matter? 87

Lesson
4 How Does Matter Change?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Matter can change in ways that cannot be undone.

By the End of This Lesson

I will be able to explain that some
changes to matter can be undone,
but other changes cannot.
88
 Fire It Up
Look at the pictures to explore what
heat does to matter. What happens
to wood when you burn it?
Explore online.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (l) ©Dan_Jesperson/Shutterstock;

before during after

(c) ©Dan_Jesperson/Shutterstock; (r) ©Dan_Jesperson/Shutterstock

Can You Explain It?

Can ashes be changed back into wood?

Lesson 4 • How Does Matter Change?

89
Reversible Changes
What happens to lemonade if you put it
in the freezer overnight? How does it change?
How does it stay the same? Let’s find out.
Explore online.

The boy has lemonade

in a bottle. It is a liquid
at room temperature. He
puts the lemonade in the
freezer overnight.
kitchen temperature 70 °F

The next morning the

lemonade is a solid. The
cold caused it to freeze.
What will happen to the
frozen lemonade if the boy
freezer temperature 1 °F leaves it out on the counter?

The next morning the change

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

was undone. The lemonade

had become liquid again.
A change that can be undone,
or reversed, is a reversible
change. Freezing and melting
kitchen temperature 70 °F
can be reversible changes.

90
 How does the lemonade change in each
picture? Write to describe what happens.
Explore online.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Lesson 4 • How Does Matter Change?

91
 Do the Math! • A thermometer Solve Word
measures temperature in units Problems
Go to the online
called degrees. How much handbook for tips.
warmer is the room temperature
than the freezer temperature?
˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C
Which number sentence could 140 60 140 60

120 50 120 50

you use to answer the question? 100

40

30
100
40

30
80 80

20 20
60 60

A 70 – 10 = 40
10

0
40
10

20 20
10 10

B 1 + 70 = 0
20
0
20

20 30 20 30

C 70 – 1 = 40 40 40 40

room freezer
temperature temperature

Apply What You Know Describe How

Reasons Support
Read, Write, Share! • Evidence a Text
Notebook • Talk with a partner. Go to the online
handbook for tips.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

What do you think would happen to

milk if you put it in a freezer
overnight? Use facts from the text
as evidence to tell how you know.
Record your answer in your
Evidence Notebook.

92
 Irreversible Changes Explore online.
What happens to different materials
when you cook, burn, or freeze them?

The raw vegetables are

firm and dry. During cooking,
they get softer, wet, and
begin to turn brown. The
cooked vegetables cannot
change back into raw ones.
cooking

The paper is white and in

one piece. As the paper
burns, it crumbles into
powdery, gray ashes. The
ashes cannot change back
into a white piece of paper.
burning

When the flower is frozen,

its petals are cold and hard.
Freezing the flower causes its
shape to change. This change
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

cannot be undone.

freezing

Some materials can be changed

forever. A change that cannot be reversed,
or undone, is an irreversible change.
Lesson 4 • How Does Matter Change?
93
 Apply What You Know
Cause and
Evidence Notebook • You have
Effect • Patterns
found out about irreversible Go to the online
changes to matter. Work with a handbook for tips.

small group to think about other

materials you could change by cook
cooking or burning. Describe the
materials before they are cooked
or burned. Then, describe them
after being cooked or burned.
Identify patterns in how cooking
or burning changed all these
burn
materials. Use evidence to
support your answer. Record
your answer in your Evidence
Notebook.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

94
 Name
Hands-On Activity
Explore Changes to Matter
Materials

Ask a Question

Test and Record Data Explore online.

Step 1
Observe the uncooked food.
Record your observations.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Step 2
Put the food in a container.

Lesson 4 • How Does Matter Change?

95
Step 3
Place the food in the microwave. Turn
it on when an adult tells you to do so.

Step 4
Take the food out of the microwave. Observe
the cooked food. Record your observations.

Step 5
Analyze your results. Identify causes and effects.
Make a claim that answers your question.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

What is your evidence?

96
 Explore more online.
Take It Further
How Foods Change • Dissolve It

What changes happen to apples, avocados,

and bananas after you cut them and leave them
out on the counter?

Explore online.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Lesson 4 • How Does Matter Change? 97

How Did the Foods Change?
How has the fruit changed? Is this Cause
change reversible? How do you know? and Effect
Go to the
Use evidence from the picture to support online
your answer. handbook
for tips.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

98
 Lesson Check Name
Explore online.

before during after

Can You Explain It?

Can ashes be changed back into wood?
Be sure to:
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (l) ©Dan_Jesperson/Shutterstock;

• Describe how the wood changed.

(c) ©Dan_Jesperson/Shutterstock; (r) ©Dan_Jesperson/Shutterstock

• Tell what caused the wood to change.

• Explain whether this change is reversible or irreversible.

Lesson 4 • How Does Matter Change? 99

 Self Check
1. What evidence do the pictures give to show
that this change is reversible?
A Freezing changes the juice pop into
a different kind of material.
B Adding heat to the juice pop makes
it turn brown and melt.
C The material in the juice pop stays
the same even when its form changes.

2. What causes matter to change in

cooking
each photo? Use a word from the box
burning
to identify each change.
melting

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (l) ©Ilene MacDonald / Alamy;

_______________ _______________ _______________

3. Which are irreversible changes? Choose all that apply.

(c) Image Source/Alamy

A a fire burning in a fireplace

B a melting ice-cream cone
C muffins baking in the oven
D a frozen lake in the winter

100
 4. How do you know if a change is irreversible?
Choose all that apply.
A The material changes from a solid to a liquid.
B The material becomes a different type of material.
C The material can never go back to the way it was
before the change.
D The material stays the same type of material.

5. Read each cause and effect in the chart. Which changes

are reversible? Which changes are irreversible? Write
reversible or irreversible to identify each change.

Cause Effect Change

Fire burns wood. Wood turns to
ashes.

Freezer freezes Lemonade turns to

lemonade. solid.

Heat cooks Vegetables shrink,

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

vegetables. soften, and turn

brown.

Heat cooks popcorn Kernels turn white

kernels. and fluffy.

Lesson 4 • How Does Matter Change? 101

 Unit 2 Performance Task
Engineer It • Build a Model Boat

Materials
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

STEPS
Step 1
Define a Problem You want to build a
model boat that will float on water and will
move by wind.

Step 2
Plan and Build You will need to think about
materials, come up with ideas, and then
build a boat.

Step 3
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Test and Improve Test your

design. Does your boat float
and move? How can you
improve your design?

102
 Step 4
Redesign Make changes to the materials
to make the boat better.

Step 5
Communicate Explain which materials make
up your boat and why you chose them. Describe
how putting the materials together made them
do things that each one could not do by itself.

Check
_____ I built a boat that floats and moves by wind.
_____ I tested my model boat design.
_____ I redesigned my model boat to make it work better.
_____ I shared my design with others.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Unit 2 • Matter 103

Unit 2 Review Name

1. What happens to water when it freezes?

A It only changes color.
B It changes to a liquid.
C It changes to a solid.

2. How does matter change when it melts?

A It changes from a liquid to ashes.
B It changes from a solid to a liquid.
C It changes from a liquid to a solid.

3. Look at the wax and the muffin batter.

Which statements are true? Choose all
correct answers.
before after

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

A Heat caused the wax to melt.

B Heat caused the muffin batter to cook.
C Heat caused the wax and muffin batter
to burn and turn to ashes.

104
 4. How will each container change when placed
in a freezer? Choose all the containers that will
not freeze.
A B C
Getty Images; (br) ©Olivier Blondeau/E+/Getty Images

5. Which objects are solids? Choose all

correct answers.
A B C
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (tl) ©bluestocking/E+/Getty Images;
(tc) ©Notorious91/Getty Images; (tr) ©Creative Studio Heinemann/Getty Images;
(cl) ©bdstudio/AP Images; (cr) ©DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini Picture Library/

6. Which are properties of the pencil?

Choose all correct answers.
A flexible
B hard
C yellow

7. Which change is irreversible?

A candle burning
B butter melting
C water freezing

Unit 2 • Matter 105

8. You are building a cube from toothpicks
and clay balls. Which picture shows the
finished cube?

A B C

9. What could be built from

these materials? Choose
all correct answers.

A B C

Kindersley/Getty Images; (cr) ©leekhoailang/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images

Images; (cl) ©Tim Ridley/Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; (c) ©Dave King/Dorling
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (cr) ©Vitalina Rybakova/E+/Getty

10. Which are properties of the ball?

Choose all correct answers.
A bends
B green
C round

106