TABLE OF CONTENTS

SI.No Name of the Experiments Pages

Power Electronics
1 Study of switching characteristics of a power transistor 6-7
2 Study of V-I characteristics of SCR 8-11
3 Study of V-I characteristics of TRIAC 12-16
4 Study of V-I characteristics of DIAC 17-19
5 Study of drive circuit for SCR & TRIAC using DIAC 20-21
6 Study of drive circuit for SCR & TRIAC using UJT 22-23
7 To study phase controlled bridge rectifier using resistive load 24-29
8 To study series Inverter 30-32
9 Study of voltage source Inverter 33-34
10 To perform the speed control of DC motor using Chopper 35-37
11 To study single-phase Cyclo-converter 38-41
PLC Programming
1 Introduction/Familiarization PLC Trainer & its Installation with
PC
(a) Learn the basics and hardware components of PLC
(b) Understand configuration of PLC system
(c) Study various building blocks of PLC
(d) Determine the No. of digital I/O & Analog I/O
2 Execute the different Ladder Diagrams
(a) Demonstrate PLC and Ladder diagram-Preparation downloading
and running
(b) Execute Ladder diagrams for different Logical Gates
(c) Execute Ladder diagrams using timers & counters
3 Execute the Ladder Diagrams with model applications
(i) DOL starter
(ii) Star- Delta starter
4 Execute Ladder diagrams with model applications
(i) Stair case lighting
(ii) Traffic light controller

5
 Experiment No: 01

1. AIM-Switching Characteristics of Transistor.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. Apparatus Specification Quantity

1 CRO 0-20MHz (Dual 1No.

Channel)
2 Function Generator 1Hz– 1 MHz 1No.
3 Resistor 1Kῼ-100Kῼ 1No. each
4 Transistor BC l07 1No.
5 D.C Power Supply 0-30V 1No.
6 Connecting wires - As required
7 Bread board - 1No.

Theory:

The Transistor can act as a switch. To operate the transistor as a switch, it has to be
operated in saturation region for ON state and to be operated in cut off region
for OFF state.

Power BJT has 3 terminals — collector, base and emitter. It is a current controlled
device. It is the base current that controls the device

Power Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) has 3

terminals — Drain, Source and Gate. It is a voltage controlled device. It is the gate
voltage that controls the device.

6
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) has 3 terminals — Collector, Emitter
and Gate. It is also a voltage controlled device. It is the gate voltage that controls
the device.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the above figure.

2. Apply the Square wave of 4 Vp-p at frequency of l KHz.
3. Observe the waveforms at Collector and Base of the transistor and plot it.

CONCLUSION:

Hence, we verified the above experiment.

7
 Experiment No: 02

1. AIM: Study of V-I characteristics of SCR

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI.No Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 SCR Kit 1
2 Voltmeter 0- 50V DC 1
3 Ammeter 0-500 mA DC 1
4 Ammeter 0-25mA DC 1
5 Resister 100omh 1
6 Patch cards - As per required

3. THEORY:

An elementary circuit diagram for obtaining static V-I characteristics of a thyristor

is shown in Fig. (a). The anode and cathode are connected to main source through
the load. The gate and cathode are fed from a source Es which provides positive
gate current from gate to cathode.
8
Fig. (b) Shows static V-I characteristics of a thyristor. Here Va is the anode voltage
across thyristor terminals A, K and Ia is the anode current. Typical SCR V-I
characteristicshown in Fig. (b) reveals that a thyristor has three basic modes of
operation; namely, reverse blocking mode, forward blocking (off-state) mode and
forward conduction (on-state) mode. These three modes of operation are now
discussed below:

Reverse Blocking Mode: When cathode is made positive with respect to anode
with switch S open, Fig. (a), thyristor is reverse biased. Junctions J1 J3 are seen to
be reverse biased whereas junction J2 is forward biased. The device behaves as if
two diodes are connected in series with reverse voltage applied across them. A
small leakage current of the order of a few mill amperes (or a few microamperes
depending upon the SCR rating) flows. This is reverse blocking mode, called the
off-state, of the thyristor. If the reverse voltage is increased, then at a critical
breakdown level, called reverse break-down voltage VBR, an avalanche occurs at
J1 and J3 and the reverse current increases rap-idly. A large current associated with
VBR gives rise to more losses in the SCR. This may lead to thyristor damage as
the junction temperature may exceed its permissible temperature rise. It should,
therefore, be ensured that maximum working reverse voltage across a thyristor
does not exceed VBR. When reverse voltage applied across a thyristor is less than
VBR, the device offers high impedance in the reverse direction. The SCR in the
reverse blocking mode may therefore be treated as an open switch.

Note that V-I characteristic after avalanche breakdown during reverse blocking
mode is applicable only when load resistance is zero, Fig.(b). In case load
resistance is present, a large anode current associated with avalanche breakdown at
VBR would cause substantial voltage drop across load and as a result, V-I
characteristic in third quadrant would bend to the right of vertical line drawn at
VBR.

Forward Blocking Mode: When anode is positive with respect to the cathode,
with gate circuit open, thyristor is said to be forward biased. It is seen from this
figure that junctions J1, J3 are forward biased but junction J2 is reverse biased. In
this mode, a small current, called forward leakage current, flows. In case the
forward voltage is increased, then the reverse biased junction J2 will have an
avalanche breakdown at a voltage called forward break over voltage VB0. When
forward voltage is less than VBO, SCR offers high impedance. Therefore, a
thyristor can be treated as an open switch even in the forward blocking mode.
9
Power Supply Module
This module is used to provide the required power to the whole PLC system. It converts
the available AC power to DC power which is required by the CPU and I/O module. PLC
generally works on a 24V DC supply. Few PLC uses an isolated power supply.

CPU Module and Memory

CPU module has a central processor, ROM & RAM memory. ROM memory includes an
operating system, drivers, and application programs. RAM memory is used to store
programs and data. CPU is the brain of PLC with an octal or hexagonal microprocessor.
Being a microprocessor-based CPU, it replaces timers, relays, and counters. Two types of
processors as a single bit or word processor can be incorporated with a PLC. One bit
processor is used to perform logic functions. Whereas word processors are used for
processing text, numerical data, controlling, and recording data.

CPU reads the input data from sensors, processes it, and finally sends the command to
controlling devices. DC power source, as mentioned in the previous discussion is
required voltage signals. CPU also contains other electrical parts to connect cables used
by other units.

Input and Output Module

Input devices can be either start and stop pushbuttons, switches, etc and output devices
can be an electric heater, valves, relays, etc. I/O module helps to interface input and
output devices with a microprocessor. The input module of PLC is explained in the below
figure.

The output module of PLC works similarly to the input module but in the reverse process.
It interfaces the output load and processor. So here the first section would be logic
session and the power section comes next. The working of the output module is shown in
the below figure
 PLC Output Module

Determine the No. of digital I/O & Analog I/O

Basically, PLC inputs and outputs are classified as follows:

 Digital Input – DI
 Digital Output – DO
 Analogue Input – AI
 Analogue output – AO
Apart from this, there are various other I/O types which are not discussed in this
article.Difference between DI, DO, AI and AO

Digital Input – DI
Digital inputs are binary inputs (0 or 1) that are applied to the PLC. Binary inputs are
basically voltages, varying from 5V to 230V depending upon the type of card used. In
simple words, any push-button, switches or sensors produces digital inputs to a PLC.
Digital inputs are used to check the status of any devices whether it is ON or OFF. For an
Input module of 24Vdc, 0Vdc acts as OFF state (Binary 0) and 24Vdc acts as ON state
(Binary 1).

Digital Output

Digital outputs are binary outputs (0 or 1) from the PLC. It is a processed control output
from the PLC to the field. It is used to ON or OFF any piece of field equipment. DO is
like a contact of a relay when the preprogrammed conditions are satisfied the contacts are
closed. DO can be used to operate solenoid valves, relays, indicating lamps or as a
command to any other devices.

Analog Input – AI

Analog input is a continuous input from the field to the PLC. Unlike digital signals, is not
a constant voltage signal. It can vary depending on the field conditions. The commonly
used analogue signals are 4-20mA signal and 0-10Vdc Signal. Depending on the field
conditions the input signal can vary between 4-20mA or 0-10Vdc. For Example, if you
are monitoring a pressure of water flowing through a pipe using a pressure transmitter of
range 0-10 Bar, the transmitter will give a signal between 0 and 10V proportional to the
pressure in the pipe.

Analog Output

Analogue output is a continuous output from PLC to the field devices. For example, if
you have a variable frequency drive and you want to give a speed reference signal to it
you can use analogue output. Otherwise, if you are measuring the pressure using
analogue input as explained above and you would like to display it on an analogue meter
you can use an analogue output of PLC.
Execute the different Ladder Diagrams
 Execute Ladder diagrams for different Logical Gates

Aim: Study of various logic Execution in ladder diagram.

Equipment

1) Computer with SIMATIC software.

2) Siemens S7-1200 PLC.
3) LEDs.
4) Switches.
5) Connecting wires.
Theory: The majority of PLC manufacturers use the ladder logic diagram
programming language to program their programmable logic controllers (PLCs).
Some manufacturers prefer using logic gate circuits or Boolean expressions to
program their PLCs. Therefore, it is beneficial to know how to convert one type of
PLC programming language to the other. In this practical, you will learn how to
create logic gate circuits from ladder logic diagrams and vice versa. You will
review the functions associated with the combinational logic gates. These gates are
the NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates. You will learn how to
create PLC ladder logic diagrams that emulate the functions of these gates.

1. NOT GATE
In electronics, NOT GATE is also called an ‗Inverter‘ or ‗Buffer‘.
Working: NOT gate works as inversion. It takes one input and gives one output.
When the input is high then the output is low and vice-versa.

Logic Gate Truth Table for NOT Gate:

Input Output
(I1) (Q1)

0 1

1 0
 NOT Gate in PLC programming:

In the case of PLC ladder, there will be a push button to provide input. When (I1)
is pressed then the coil (Q1) is on. And when Input (I1) is released then coil( Q1 is
off.
Symbolic Representation.

2. AND GATE

Working: In AND Gate, when both inputs (I1 and I2) are high then the output
(Q1) will be high. For all other inputs, output (Q1) will be the low.

Logic Gate Truth Table for AND Gate:

Input Input Output
(I1) (I2) (Q1)

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

AND Gate in PLC programming:

Using Ladder diagram programming, we are connecting two switches (I1 and I2)
as input and coil/lamp (Q1) as output.
 In the case of both switches (I1 and I2) are closed, the lamp (Q1) will glow. In
another case, if any of the switches (I1 or I2) are open then lamp (Q1) will not
glow.

Symbolic Representation as,

3. OR GATE

Working: If both inputs are low in the OR gate, then the output will be low. For
all other cases, the output will be high.

Logic Gate Truth Table for OR Gate:

Input Input Output
(I1) (I2) (Q1)

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

OR Gate in PLC programming:

In case both or anyone inputs (I1 and I2) are closed then coil (Q1) will on.
 Symbolic Representation as,

In the above circuit diagram, switch (I1) is pressed then the coil (Q1) will be
energized. After releasing switch (I1), the energizing coil (Q1) is providing supply
to switch (I2). Then switch (I2) will become automatically activated.

4. NAND GATE
NAND gate is operated as an AND gate and followed by the inverter.

Working: In NAND Gate, the output will be low when both inputs are high. For
all other cases, the output will be high.

Logic Gate Truth Table for NAND Gate:

Input Input Output
(I1) (I2) (Q1)

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

NAND Gate in PLC programming:

If both switches (I1 and I2) or anyone switch (I1 or I2) are closed, the lamp will be
glow. In the case, both switches are open then the lamp will not be glow.
 Symbolic Representation as,

5. NOR GATE
NOR Gate is operated OR Gate followed by the NOT Gate.

When both inputs are low then the output will be high. Otherwise, the low output
will occur if both inputs are high.

Logic Gate Truth Table for NOR Gate:

Input Input Output
(I1) (I2) (Q1)

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

NOR Gate in PLC programming:

The Coil (Q1) will be activated if both inputs are closed. Coil (Q1) will be
deactivated if anyone or Bothe the inputs are open.

13
 Symbolic Representation as,

6. EX-OR GATE

Working: If both inputs are high or low, the output will become low. For any
other input condition, the output will be high.

Logic Gate Truth Table for EX-OR Gate:

Input Input Output

(I1) (I2) (Q1)

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

EX-OR Gate in PLC programming:

In the function of EX-OR Gate, the lamp will be on if one switch is closed and
another switch is opened.

14
 Symbolic Representation as,

7. EX-NOR GATE

Working: When both inputs (I1 and I2) are high or low then the output will high.
If anyone input is high or low then the output will become low.

Logic Gate Truth Table for EX-NOR Gate:

Input Input Output

(I1) (I2) (Q1)

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

EX_NOR gate in PLC programming:

The function of EX-NOR Gate, the lamp (Q1) will be on if both switches (I1 and
I2) are open or closed. The lamp (Q1) will not be on if anyone switches (I1) is
activated and another switch (I2) is deactivated.

15
 Symbolic Representation as,

Procedure:

 Connect two switches to the digital input module.

 Connect one LED to the digital output module.

 Write down the ladder diagram to implement AND-logic function

using SIMATIC Manager software.
 Download the program to the PLC.
 Repeat steps 1 through 4 to implement OR-logic function.
 Repeat steps 1 through 4 to implement Parallel NOT-logic function.

Conclusion:

This is all about different logic gates using PLC ladder programming. As well
as PLC programming rules and programming instructions are also important for
writing the program.

Execute Ladder diagrams using timers & counters

AIM: To differentiate the usage of the timer and counter in Ladder Diagram.

Equipment
16
 1) Computer with SIMATIC software.
2) Siemens S7-1200 PLC.
3) LEDs.
4) Switches.
5) Connecting wires

THEORY

TIMERS

On-Delay Timer The On-Delay Timer (TON) instruction counts time when the
enabling input is ON. When the current value (Txxx) is greater than or equal to the
present time (PT), the timer bit is ON. The On-Delay timer current value is cleared
when the enabling input is OFF. This timer continues counting after the Preset is
reached, and it stops counting at the maximum value of 32767.

The timer shown in figure will delay for 1000*1ms= 1000ms = 1 second then it
will be activated ON. Here when you activate the input I0.0, the timer T37 starts
delaying time, until it reaches 1000ms, then T37 bit turns ON, hence Q0.0 will be
ON. As a result Q0.0 will be activated after 1 second activating I0.0.

Ladder logic diagram for on-delay timer. the

timing diagram

17
Off-Delay Timer
The Off-Delay Timer (TOF) is used to delay turning an output OFF for a
fixed period of time after the input turns OFF. When the enabling input turns
ON, the timer bit turns ON immediately, and the current value is set to 0.
When the input turns OFF, the timer counts until the elapsed time reaches the
preset time. When the preset is reached, the timer bit turns OFF and the current
value stops counting. If the input is OFF for a time shorter than the preset
value, the timer bit remains ON. The TOF instruction must see an ON to OFF
transition to begin counting.

18
 (Ladder logic diagram for off-delay timer. The timing diagram)

COUNTER

Count Up Counter
The Count Up (CTU) instruction counts up from the current value each time

19
 the count-up input CU makes the transition from off to on. When the current
value (Cxxx) is greater than or equal to the Preset Value (PV), the counter bit
(Cxxx) turns on. The counter is reset when the Reset (R) input turns on, or
when the Reset instruction is executed. The counter stops counting when it
reaches the maximum value (32,767).
Counter ranges: Cxxx=C0 through C255

Count Down Counter

The Count Down (CTD) instruction counts down from the current value of
that counter each time the countdown input CD makes the transition from off to
on. When the current value Cxxx is equal to zero, the counter bit (Cxxx) turns
on. The counter resets the counter bit (Cxxx) and loads the current value with
the preset value (PV) when the load input (LD) turns on. The Down Counter
stops counting when it reaches zero, and the counter bit Cxxx turns on.
Counter ranges: Cxxx=C0 through C255

20
 PROCEDURE:
1. Turn the PC ON.
2. Turn the PLC ON.
3. Start V4.0 STEP 7 Micro WIN SP5.
4. Select View>>Ladder.
5. Form Bit Logic double, click the normally open contact.
6. Click on the red question marks, and rename the normally open contactor with
a physical input name, I0.0- I0.7 or I1.0-I1.5, let us say I0.0.
7. Now from the Bit Logic, double click the output, and name it with a physical
output name, Q0.0-Q0.7 or Q1.0-Q1.1, let us say Q0.0, the result rung will be
as shown in the next figure.
8. Select PLC>>Compile All; make sure that the "Total Errors" is zero.
9. Select PLC>>STOP to place the PLC in the stop mode.
10. To download the ladder diagram to the PLC, click download (shown to the
right), the window for downloading appears then click to download.
11. Now place the PLC in the run mode, by selecting PLC>>RUN.
12. Now the PLC is ready for use performing the function of the ladder diagram
that you have drawn.

Conclusion:

This is all about different timer and counter using PLC ladder programming.
As well as PLC programming rules and programming instructions are also
important for writing the program.

…………………………………………………………………………………

21
 Execute the Ladder Diagrams with model applications (i) DOL starter
(ii)Star- Delta starter

AIM: Execute the Ladder Diagrams with model applications (i) DOL starter
(ii)Star- Delta starter

THEORY
Star Delta Motor Starter
The following figure shows the winding connections in star and delta configuration
one by one.

It can be seen that in star connection, one end of all three windings are shorted to
make star point while other end of each winding is connected to power supply.
In delta configuration, the windings are connected such that to make a close loop.

The connection of each winding is shown in above figure. In actual motor the three
phase connections are provided in the following order as shown

22
 So in order to make winding connection in star and delta style in practical motor,
the connection is shown above.

Main contractor is used to supply power to the windings. It must be turned on all
the time. Initially the star contactor is closed while delta contactor is open It makes
the motor windings in star configuration.

The contactors are controlled by using PLC. The following section of PLC
tutorial will explain the ladder programming for star delta motor starter.
PROCEDURE

PLC program for star delta motor starter:

23
PLC Ladder Logic

Rung 1 Main contactor :

The main contactor depends upon the normally open input start push button (I1),
normally closed stop button (I2) and normally closed overload relay.

It means that Main contactor will only be energized if start button is pressed, while
stop is not pressed and overload relay is not activated. A normally open input
named (Q1) is added in parallel to the start button I1.
By doing so, a push button is created which means that once motor is started, it
will be kept started even if start button is released

24
Rung 2 Star contactor:

Star contactor depends upon main contactor, normally close contacts of timer (T1),
and normally close contacts of output delta contactor (Q3).
So star contactor will only be energized if main contactor is ON, time output is not
activated and delta contactor is not energized.

Timer T1:

Timer T1 measures the time after which the winding connection of star delta starter
is to be changed. It will start counting time after main contractor is energized.

Rung 3 Delta contactor:

Delta contactor will be energized when main contactor (Q1) is energized, timer T1
is activated and star contactor (Q3) is de-energized.

Also see Programming of push button and other requirements for simple motor
starter is explained in PLC Tutorial: Motor starter

DOL Starter Ladder Diagram

The ladder diagram of the dol starter.dol (Direct-On-Line) starter is used to start
the motor by applying full line voltage to the motor. Dol starter is used for the
motors having rating up to the 05HP. Figure shows the control diagram of the dol
starter.

25
 PROCEDURE
 START push button for starting of the starter
 STOP push button to stop the circuit
 CONTACTOR for holding

When START push button is pressed contactor will be ON and it starts until the
STOP push button is not pressed. When we have pressed the start push button the
contactor NO behind the start push button holds the circuit. STOP push button is
pressed the CONTACTOR will be OFF untill START button is not pressed again.
We can also made this program using latching here is the ladder diagram of dol
starter using latching.

CONCLUSION:
This is all about the Ladder Diagrams with model applications (i) DOL starter
(ii)Star- Delta starter.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

26
Execute Ladder diagrams with model applications (i) Stair case lighting (ii)
Traffic light controller

AIM: Execute Ladder diagrams with model applications Stair case lighting.

Equipment:
 I0.0 & I0.1: Input toggle switches.
 Q0.0: Output signaling device.

THEORY;

This ladder logic of stair-case wiring works on the X-OR logic i.e.Y is (A.B^) +
(A^. B)
Suppose initially only I0.0 is pressed and I0.1 remains open physically as shown
then the upper branch of rung 1 goes TRUE and Q0.0 gets energized.

Now, if I0.0 is also pressed then it will make its interlock N-C contact I0.1 to go
open and as a result Q0.0 de-energizes .
Again, if switch I0.0 is pressed it will also make its interlock contact I0.0 in
parallel branch to go again N-C, which in turn makes the parallel branch logic true
and Q0.0 again energizes but if the I0.1 input is also pressed again the logic goes
FALSE and Q0.0 again de-energizes. This is the basic concept of an X-OR logic
gate.

27
 PROCEDURE:

 For this application, we used S7-1200 PLC and TIA portal software for
programming.
 In above program, we have added two NO contacts of SW 1 (I0.1) and SW 2
(I0.2) in series and NC contacts of SW1 (I0.1) and SW2 (I0.2) in parallel of
this series SW1 & SW2 NO Contacts.
 If the status of the bottom switch (SW1) and status of the top switch (SW2)
are same then lamp will be ON. And if either status of the bottom or top
switch is different from other then lamp (Q0.0) will be OFF.
 When lamp (Q0.0) is OFF then user can ON the lamp by changing status of
any switch. Also user can turn OFF the lamp by changing the status of one of
the two switches.

List of inputs/outputs

Digital Inputs

 SW1 : I0.1
 SW2 : I0.2
Digital Outputs

 Lamp : Q0.0

PLC Ladder diagram for two ways switch logic

28
Runtime Test Cases

CONCLUSION:

The above PLC Logic provided for basic idea about application of PLC for Stair
case lighting Two Way Switch Logic.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

29
 AIM: PLC Program to Control Traffic Lights

Equipment:
1) Computer with SIMATIC software.
2) Siemens S7-1200 PLC.
3) LEDs.
4) Switches.
5) Connecting wires

THEORY:

We most often come across four way traffic jam in our city. This PLC
ladder logic gives the solution to control city traffic using
programmable logic control.
4 Way Traffic Light Control

30
List of Inputs and Outputs

S.no Address Name Input/Output

1 I:0/0 Start Input

2 I:0/1 Stop Input

3 B3.0 Memory Memory

4 O:0/0 East Green Output

5 O:0/1 North Red Output

6 O:0/2 West Red Output

7 O:0/3 South Yellow Output

8 O:0/4 East Yellow Output

9 O:0/5 North Yellow Output

10 O:0/6 North Green Output

11 O:0/7 East Red Output

12 O:0/8 West Yellow Output

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13 O:0/9 West Green Output

14 O:0/10 South Yellow Output

15 O:0/11 South Green Output

Sequence of Operation

Below tabular column gives the Steps or sequence of outputs to turn ON the traffic
system lamps (RED, GREEN, YELLOW)

32
 PLC Ladder Logic

Runtime Test Cases

33
 PROCEDURE
 RUNG000 again here is for Master Start and Stop the process.
 File; #N7:0 and File length is 10, hence output sequence is varied
from N7:0 to N7:10 with each input.
 Destination is set to O:2 hence with each transition, N7:0 to N7:10
are moved to O:2 with masking.
 O:2/0 to O:2/5 are used as the output address to Traffic Lights and
hence Mask has value 003Fh which means data flow of
N7:0/0…N7:10/0 to N7:0/5…N7:10/5 is passed and the remaining
N7:0/6…N7:10/6 to N7:0/15…N7:10/15 are blocked.
 Control parameters are assigned to register R6:0.
 Sequence of traffic lights to be operated are stored in the registers
from N7:0 to N7:10 as following
 Time base is set to 4secs, hence after every 4secs, output sequence
is changed to its next register pattern outputs which is then
transferred to O:2 and O:2/0 to O:2/5 are energized accordingly.
 As we can see, from N7:1 to N7:4 have the same bit pattern. So,
these bits are set to 1 for 4 cycles that is 16secs. These bits are
used for South-North Green light and East-West Red light.
 Similarly the entire sequence is followed.
 When Stop I:1/1 is pressed, Position is reset to 0 and all the
outputs are de- energized.

Conclusion:

The above explained 4 ways traffic light control using PLC is for
example only. It may vary from real time. We can use this example
program to understand the working of timers and Interlocking function in
PLC.

34