STATEMENT & CONCLUSION

BASIC CONCEPTS

• In statement-conclusion, a paragraph or a statement is given to us

and based on that we must derive certain conclusions.

• Now what is a conclusion? So, a conclusion is a judgement or a

decision which is derived after sufficient reasoning. In our context,
conclusions are logical facts that are derived or inferred from the
passage.
 IMPORTANCE OF THIS TOPIC

• This is one of the most important topic in logical reasoning.

• It is a very important topic for GATE.

• Questions from this topic are asked in almost all the examinations like
IT Placements, CAT, NMAT, SNAP, MAT, CMAT, CET etc.
 STEPS TO SOLVE

• Read the passage or given statements thoroughly.

• Analyze each statement individually.

• Draw a logical conclusion based on the given statement.

 SOME IMPORTANT POINTS

• Conclusion and Inference are one and the same thing.

• Do not use your general knowledge.

• Conclusion should only be as per the given statement, so we do not need to

find a conclusion which is true in general, but we do need to find a statement
which is true for the given statement.
 TIPS AND TRICKS

Statement: Teacher scolded Ram in front of all the students.

Conclusion: The teacher disliked Ram

TIP No. 1 : DO NOT ASSUME

Only Make those assumptions that can be drawn or inferred from the given
passage or statements. Do not assume anything which is not related to the
passage.

Statement: Teacher scolded Ram in front of all the students.

Conclusion: The teacher disliked Ram

Explanation: Here, given statement is the teacher scolded Ram but no specific
reason is mentioned. It can be because Ram was late to attend the class or
Ram did not complete his homework. So just by assuming that the teacher
disliked Ram and so she scolded him is totally wrong. So, avoid such
conclusions.
 TIPS AND TRICKS

Statement: With the increase in consumption of petroleum

products, it is feared that petrol will be a rare commodity in near
future.

Conclusion: Petroleum Products should be used efficiently.

 TIP No. 2 : ADVICE OR RESULT
If a given conclusion is in advice form or a certain
result can be deduced out of it then such a conclusion
will always be true. But of course, the conclusions should
be related to the given statement.

Statement: With the increase in consumption of petroleum products, it is feared

that petrol will be a rare commodity in near future.

Conclusion: Petroleum Products should be used efficiently.

Explanation: Here the given conclusion is in advice form. So such a conclusion

is always true.
 TIPS AND TRICKS

Statement: Many people have been admitted in the hospital. It is

assumed that junk food is poisonous.

Conclusion: Junk food is always poisonous.

 TIP No. 3 : AVOID PRE-ASSUMPTIONS

If a given conclusion contains a "Pre-Assumption"

then such a conclusion is always wrong.

Statement: Many people have been admitted in the hospital. It is assumed that
junk food is poisonous.

Conclusion: Junk food is always poisonous.

Explanation: Now as per the given conclusion, it is very clear that we are trying
to make a "Pre-Assumption" based on the unhealthy effects of junk food. So,
such "Pre-Assumed" conclusions are always wrong.
 TIPS AND TRICKS

Statement: Many Medicines contain Fish oil.

Conclusion:
1. All the vegetarians are also Pescatarians.
2. Some vegetarians consume such medicines
to cure their diseases.
 TIPS AND TRICKS

Statement: Many Medicines contain Fish oil.

Conclusion:
1. All the vegetarians are also Pescatarians.
2. Some vegetarians consume such medicines
to cure their diseases.
TIP No. 4 : DO NOT GO BY MORALS / ETHICS

For certain questions, when you go by the options

for finding out an appropriate conclusion, sometimes
it may happen that the answer option may not be morally
correct, still that will be the correct answer. So, if an option
is related to the statement and if you find it to be it logically
correct then that option should be selected even if it is morally incorrect.

Statement: Many Medicines contain Fish oil.

Conclusion:
1. All the vegetarians are also Pescatarians.
2. Some vegetarians consume such medicines to cure their diseases.
 TIP No. 4 : DO NOT GO BY MORALS / ETHICS

Statement: Many Medicines contain Fish oil.

Conclusion:
1. All the vegetarians are also Pescatarians.
2. Some vegetarians consume such medicines to cure their diseases.

Explanation: Correct option is 2nd one. So even if the option is not morally
correct as vegetarians should not consume fish but to cure certain diseases it is
necessary to consume such medicines. So, some conclusions like the one
given above are correct even if they are morally incorrect but are logically
correct and are related to the given statement.
Q. Statement: An advertisement of TCS NQT –
"If you are a software engineer we want to hire you".

Conclusion:
1. TCS hires no person with other qualification.
2. TCS is in need of software engineers.

(A) If only conclusion 1 follows

(B) If only conclusion 2 follows
(C) If either 1 or 2 follows
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 follows and
(E) If both 1 and 2 follow.
Q. Statement: An advertisement of TCS NQT –
"If you are a software engineer we want to hire you".

Conclusion:
1. TCS hires no person with other qualification.
2. TCS is in need of software engineers.

(A) If only conclusion 1 follows

(B) If only conclusion 2 follows
(C) If either 1 or 2 follows
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 follows and
(E) If both 1 and 2 follow.

Correct Option: (B)

Option no 1 is not appropriate as nothing is mentioned in the statement about TCS not
hiring people from any other profession.
Q. Statement: India is a democratic country.

Conclusion:
1. No other country in the world is democratic.
2. There are many other countries in the
world that are democratic.

(A) If only conclusion 1 follows

(B) If only conclusion 2 follows
(C) If either 1 or 2 follows
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 follows and
(E) If both 1 and 2 follow.
Q. Statement: India is a democratic country.

Conclusion:
1. No other country in the world is democratic.
2. There are many other countries in the world
that are democratic.

(A) If only conclusion 1 follows

(B) If only conclusion 2 follows
(C) If either 1 or 2 follows
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 follows and
(E) If both 1 and 2 follow.

Correct Option: (D)

Neither 1 nor 2 follows. This is because in the statement, nothing is mentioned
about other countries. The statement only talks about India.
Q. Statement: Shyam is one of the probable
students for securing 1st rank in the class.

Conclusion:
1. Shyam will secure 1st rank.
2. Shyam will not secure 1st rank.

(A) If only conclusion 1 follows

(B) If only conclusion 2 follows
(C) If either 1 or 2 follows
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 follows and
(E) If both 1 and 2 follow.
Q. Statement: Shyam is one of the probable
students for securing 1st rank in the class.

Conclusion:
1. Shyam will secure 1st rank.
2. Shyam will not secure 1st rank.

(A) If only conclusion 1 follows

(B) If only conclusion 2 follows
(C) If either 1 or 2 follows
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 follows and
(E) If both 1 and 2 follow.

Correct Option: (C)

Either 1 or 2 follows. As the statement says, only 2 possible outcomes are possible.
One Shyam will be 1st in his class or he won’t be. But both the things cannot happen
simultaneously. Hence option C is appropriate.
Q. Statement: An advertisement-
"50% off on all Electronic Goods up till 31st January".

Conclusion:
1. After 31st January, no discount will be provided.
2. No sale of electronic goods after 31st January.

(A) If only conclusion 1 follows

(B) If only conclusion 2 follows
(C) If either 1 or 2 follows
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 follows and
(E) If both 1 and 2 follow.
Q. Statement: An advertisement-
"50% off on all Electronic Goods up till 31st January".

Conclusion:
1. After 31st January, no discount will be provided.
2. No sale of electronic goods after 31st January.

(A) If only conclusion 1 follows

(B) If only conclusion 2 follows
(C) If either 1 or 2 follows
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 follows and
(E) If both 1 and 2 follow.

Correct Option: (D)

Data till 31 January is given, nothing after 31 January is mentioned.
Q. Statement: Due to recession,
Company X has fired its 200 employees.

Conclusion:
1. Company X is well known for firing people.
2. All other competitors of Company X are also
affected because of recession.

(A) If only conclusion 1 follows

(B) If only conclusion 2 follows
(C) If either 1 or 2 follows
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 follows and
(E) If both 1 and 2 follow.
Q. Statement: Due to recession,
Company X has fired its 200 employees.

Conclusion:
1. Company X is well known for firing people.
2. All other competitors of Company X are also
affected because of recession.

(A) If only conclusion 1 follows

(B) If only conclusion 2 follows
(C) If either 1 or 2 follows
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 follows and
(E) If both 1 and 2 follow.
Correct Option: (D)
Neither 1 nor 2 follows. Company X has fired its employees because of current recession. Nothing is
mentioned about the history of the company X. So, option 1 is false.
The competitors may or may not be affected because of recession. We are not aware of that fact.
So, option no 2 is also false.
STATEMENT & ARGUEMENT
STATEMENT & ARGUEMENT
Q. Statement: Should Military training be
made compulsory in our country?

Arguments:
1. Yes, every child should go through this training.
2. No, it is not compulsory in USA.

(A) If only argument 1 is strong

(B) If only argument 2 is strong
(C) If either 1 or 2 is strong
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 is strong
(E) If both 1 and 2 are strong
Q. Statement: Should Military training be
made compulsory in our country?

Arguments:
1. Yes, every child should go through this training.
2. No, it is not compulsory in USA.

(A) If only argument 1 is strong

(B) If only argument 2 is strong
(C) If either 1 or 2 is strong
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 is strong
(E) If both 1 and 2 are strong
Q. Statement: Should abortion be legalized in India?

Arguments:
1. Yes, it is legal in many countries.
2. No, Abortion is also a kind of murder.

(A) If only argument 1 is strong

(B) If only argument 2 is strong
(C) If either 1 or 2 is strong
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 is strong
(E) If both 1 and 2 are strong
Q. Statement: Should abortion be legalized in India?

Arguments:
1. Yes, it is legal in many countries.
2. No, Abortion is also a kind of murder.

(A) If only argument 1 is strong

(B) If only argument 2 is strong
(C) If either 1 or 2 is strong
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 is strong
(E) If both 1 and 2 are strong
Q. Statement: Should Disarmament Policy
be adopted by India?

Arguments:
1. Yes, it will promote peace and would encourage
other countries to do the same.
2. No, it will pose a security threat to India.

(A) If only argument 1 is strong

(B) If only argument 2 is strong
(C) If either 1 or 2 is strong
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 is strong
(E) If both 1 and 2 are strong
Q. Statement: Should Disarmament Policy
be adopted by India?

Arguments:
1. Yes, it will promote peace and would encourage
other countries to do the same.
2. No, it will pose a security threat to India.

(A) If only argument 1 is strong

(B) If only argument 2 is strong
(C) If either 1 or 2 is strong
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 is strong
(E) If both 1 and 2 are strong
Q. Statement: Should the private sector be
allowed to participate in development of railways?

Arguments:
1. Yes, this is one of the ways to provide
better services to the public.
2. No, there will be exploitation and fares may also increase.

(A) If only argument 1 is strong

(B) If only argument 2 is strong
(C) If either 1 or 2 is strong
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 is strong
(E) If both 1 and 2 are strong
Q. Statement: Should the private sector be
allowed to participate in development of railways?

Arguments:
1. Yes, this is one of the ways to provide
better services to the public.
2. No, there will be exploitation and fares may also increase.

(A) If only argument 1 is strong

(B) If only argument 2 is strong
(C) If either 1 or 2 is strong
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 is strong
(E) If both 1 and 2 are strong
Q. Statement: Should more big industries
be started in urban areas?

Arguments:
1. Yes, it will create job opportunities.
2. No, it will increase population and pollution.

(A) If only argument 1 is strong

(B) If only argument 2 is strong
(C) If either 1 or 2 is strong
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 is strong
(E) If both 1 and 2 are strong
Q. Statement: Should more big industries
be started in urban areas?

Arguments:
1. Yes, it will create job opportunities.
2. No, it will increase population and pollution.

(A) If only argument 1 is strong

(B) If only argument 2 is strong
(C) If either 1 or 2 is strong
(D) If neither 1 nor 2 is strong
(E) If both 1 and 2 are strong
STATEMENT & ASSUMPTION
Q. Statement: Liquid soap should be used in
place of soap bars to wash hands.

Assumption: Soap bars are harsher to

skin than liquid soaps.

(A) Only assumption 1 is implicit

(B) Only assumption 2 is implicit
(C) Either 1 or 2 is implicit
(D) Neither 1 nor 2 is implicit
(E) Both 1 and 2 are implicit
 RULES

1. Words like EVERY, EACH, NONE, ALL, ONLY

etc will always lead to FALSE Assumption.

2. Any assumption which is not sticked to statement is FALSE.

3. Any assumption which talks about past or future is FALSE.

4. Any assumption which goes against the given statement is FALSE.

5. If statement is generalised and assumption is specific or vice-versa, then

assumption is FALSE.
 RULES

1. Words like EVERY, EACH, NONE, ALL, ONLY

etc will always lead to FALSE Assumption.

2. Any assumption which is not sticked to statement is FALSE.

3. Any assumption which talks about past or future is FALSE.

4. Any assumption which goes against the given statement is FALSE.

5. If statement is generalised and assumption is specific or vice-versa, then

assumption is FALSE.
Q. Statement: Liquid soap should be used in place
Of soap bars to wash hands.
Assumption: Soap bars are harsher to skin than
liquid soaps.

Q. Statement: Electric Vehicles produce less air pollutants.

Assumption: Electric Vehicles will be the only means of transportation in future.
Q. Statement: Warning – “Cellphone use is prohibited beyond this point”.
Assumption: This warning is not necessary.
Q. Statement: Warning – “Paper will get wet because of water”.
Assumption: Water will not make the paper wet.
Q. Statement: Seats allotted for only physically disabled people.
Assumption: Only females who are physically disabled can occupy such seats.
Q. Statement: Liquid soap should be used in
place of soap bars to wash hands.
Assumption: Soap bars are harsher to
skin than liquid soaps.

Q. Statement: Electric Vehicles produce less air pollutants.

Assumption: Electric Vehicles will be the only means of transportation in future.

Q. Statement: Warning – “Cellphone use is prohibited beyond this point”.

Assumption: This warning is not necessary.

Q. Statement: Warning – “Paper will get wet because of water”.

Assumption: Water will not make the paper wet.
Q. Statement: Seats allotted for only physically disabled people.
Assumption: Only females who are physically disabled can occupy such seats.