AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

MARKING GUIDELINES

PAPER 2
 QUESTION 2 (AGRICULTURAL MARKETING)
2.1 Line graph showing the relationship between the number of lambs sold and the months of the
year
2.1.1
Relationship between the number of lambs
Number of lambs

sold over a six month period

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb

Time (Months)

Criteria/rubric/marking guidelines
 Correct heading ü
 Y - axis –Correct labelled (Number of lambs) ü
 X - axis –Correct labelled (Sept. - Feb.) ü
 Correct calibrations of X and Y axe ü
 Accuracy ü
 Line graph ü (6)
2.1.2 Month with the highest income
November üü
2.1.3 Marketing strategy
 Use of a breeding season/planning for marketing stage ü
 Supply most of their animals during the festive season/December ü
 Promotion/advertising/market research ü
Market animals when the price is the highest ü (Any 1)
2.1.4 Calculation of the price per lamb for
(a) October: 27kg x R81/kg ü
= R2 187 ü
(b) December: 27kg x R110/kg ü
= R2 970 ü
2.1.5 Economic reason for a decrease in supply
 Drop in price in January for lambs ü
 Biggest demand is over/festive season is over/withholding stock/speculating for a higher price
ü
 Scarcity of money after the festive season ü
  The farmer ran out of stock/no stock available ü (Any 1)

2.2 Marketing strategies

2.2.1 Marketing system for group 2
Free marketing/direct system ü
2.2.2 TWO reasons to justification the choice in Question 2.2.1
 Sold vegetables from door to door/sell at any place/no middleman ü
 Individuals responsible for their own marketing ü
 Sell at their own price ü
2.2.3 Group's marketing strategy
(a) Group 1 ü
(b) Group 2 ü
2.2.4 Reason for a pool marketing system
 Sold at a fixed price/price control ü
 Vegetables were combined/stockpile ü

2.3 Broiler production

2.3.1 FOUR marketing elements
 Product/service
 Pricing
 Placement/distribution of product 
 Promotion/advertising
 Human resource
2.3.2 FOUR aspects of farm management
 Planning/ 
 Co-ordination/organising
 Decision making 
 Control /monitoring 
 Motivation
 Market research/market survey 
2.3.3 THREE characteristics of successful entrepreneur
 Creativity and innovation 
 Risk orientation 
 Leadership and good human relations/management oriented
 Positive attitude 
 Perseverance
 Commitment/motivation
  Reward/market driven
 Decision maker

2.4 Demand and Supply of fruits

2.4.1

2.4.2 Demand
2.4.3 The lower the price 
The higher the quantities of fruits that will be demanded/purchased and vice versa 
2.4.4 • The greater the buying power 
• The greater the demand for a product 
• Increase in quantities demanded 
• Influences the price

2.5 Demand graph for spinach

2.5.1 Demand curve
2.5.2 R15,00
2.5.3 The demand for spinach will rise/be higher 
There might be less quantities to sell 
The higher demand will increase the price
2.5.4 The point where the supply of an agricultural commodity 
is equal to the demand for that commodity 
2.6 Demand curve
2.6.1 Heading: The graph for the prices compared to quantities for Products 1 and 2

110

90 Product 2

70
Price (R)

50
Product 1
30

10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

2.6.2 Any values between 33 and 36

2.6.3 45 – Value in 2.6.2 = Any values between 9 and 12
2.6.4 The higher the demand for an agricultural product, the higher the price 
The higher the price the larger the supply would become
2.6.5 (a) Quality
High quality products will be highly demanded 
Lower quality will be less demanded 
(b) Tradition
Certain products will only be demanded  during the festive periods making the demand higher
during these periods

2.7 Free marketing of agricultural products

2.7.1 Directly to consumers 
Food processing factories 
Wholesalers 
Retailers 
Through intermediaries
2.7.2 Surplus/shortage/quantity 
Real income of consumers
2.7.3 Average prices guaranteed 
Protects against variation 
More time for farming activities 
Direct contact with consumers/Feedback from consumers

2.8 Agricultural products

2.8.1 Graph on agricultural products and prices between 2010 and 2011
 Plant products and prices between 2010 and
2011
3500
Price (Rand per ton)

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500 2010
0
White maize Yellow Wheat Soya neans 2011
maize

Products

Criteria Yes:1 Mark No: 0 Mark

1 Bar graph 1
2 X axis correctly labelled 1
3 Y axis correctly labelled + unit 1
4 Correctly plotted for 2010 1
5 Correctly plotted for 2011 1
6 Correct heading 1

2.8.2 Highest price range:

White maize 
2.8.3 Trend of crop and animal product prices
 The prices for animal products showed smaller increases
 and even decreases over this period 
 Prices for plant products showed large increases over this period 
2.8.4 Wheat prices on poor households
 Bread price will go up/food becomes more expensive
 Poor households will not afford to buy/affecting poor households badly due to affordability 
 More poverty/hunger/malnutrition
2.8.5 Measures by the farmer to deal with decreasing pork prices
 Improve on the quality of pork produced 
 Value adding 
 Broaden pork product range 
 Quota system/controlled marketing/reduce quantity of pork produced 
 Set up a business survival strategy 
 More control over demand and supply 
 More effective promotion/advertising. 
 Reduce running costs/production costs/use cheaper rations/reduce expenses 
2.9 Cotton export trends
2.9.1 May 
2.9.2 From 250 - 280 tons 
2.9.3 There would be a surplus of cotton / the price for cotton would decrease / export would be
performed at a loss 
2.9.4 Factors determining supply:
 Price of cotton
 Production costs/profit margin of the product 
 Other competitive products 
 Nature/weather/climate 
 Technology 
 Possibility of increasing the supply of goods and products 
 Knowledge 
 Fashion 
 Demand for the product 
 Period of production
 Stability of product 
2.10
2.10.1

2.10.2 Increase in the quantity demanded for the product will lead to an increase in the price 
the supply remained the same and the demand increased which led to a shortage at the market for
the product
2.10.3
• Distance to the markets/transport is expensive
• Most products are perishable/need cooling/ need preservative measures
• Many products are very bulky/difficult to transport
• Many products are seasonal/prices vary during the year due to changes in supply
• Products are linked to specific production areas
• Products are difficult to standardise/biological products

2.11 Sugar cane plantation

2.11.1 Heading: The graph that represents the relationship between the price of
sugar cane from 2015 to 2018

2.11.2 Demand
Supply
2.11.3 There was a surplus/oversupply/supply larger than demand 
That results in a lower increase in the price of sugar cane 
Lower profitability 
2.12
2.12.1 Reaction of farmers
 Farmers increased their supply as the prices increased and continued to supply at high
levels
2.12.2 TWO factors influencing increased demand
 Number of consumers 
 Festive period/large sporting event
 Income of consumers 
 Taste and preference of consumers
2.12.3 THREE measures to overcome surplus
  Processing of meat/Value-adding 
 Preserving surplus meat
 Lowering of price
 Lowering the supply/control the supply 

2.13 Marketing system

2.13.1 Product for free marketing system
 Product A and
 Product A shows price fluctuation as a feature of free marketing system
2.13.2 TWO outlets of a free market system
 consumers/public/farm gate sales 
 wholesalers 
 retailers 
 factories 
 Municipal markets/auctions

2.14 The demand and supply graph

2.14.1
 As the quantities supplied increases 
 the demand for the product will decrease 
 As the quantities demanded increases 
 the supply of an agricultural product would decrease 

2.14.2
 A point where the amount demanded by the market and the amount supplied  are equal 
or
 Supply = demand
2.14.3
 Equilibrium price high at supply (before) and low at supply (after)/the supply described as
before had an equilibrium price that was higher 
 Compared to the situation after 
2.14.4 Factors
Increase income
Positive change in consumer’s preference
2.14.5
 Graph B 
 The demand was higher after the promotion 
2.15
2.15.1 Represent all activities / processes of an agricultural product 
From the production on the farm to the purchase of the final product by the consumer
Includes processes like the preparation of soil, care of crops and animals , processing, packaging
and marketing
2.15.2 (a) livestock / cattle / sheep / vehicle / lorry 
(b) fences / sheds / broiler units / orchards and fields / land 
2.15.3 Fixed / permanent labour used throughout the year 
Seasonal labour used during peak periods (e.g. harvesting / pruning) 
Casual labour used to erect a fence or fix a road or building 
2.15.4
 Good infrastructure / roads
 Good utilisation of resources 
 Diversification lowers the risk / animals and crops are produced 
 Farm is neat / good fences / animal look healthy / in good condition 
 Good spacing of crops / trees in orchard 
2.16 Agribusiness chain
2.16.1 Chain store 
2.16.2 Miller 
2.16.3 Consumer 
2.16.4 Maize producer 
2.16.5 Miller/chain store 

2.17.1 Ensure that produce is sold/income for the farmer 

At the highest/best price 
Awareness is created about this agricultural product 
Costs of selling product is minimised 
2.17.2 Farm gate sales 
Local area sales/village marketing/communal marketing 
Factory contracts/direct marketing/contract marketing
2.17.3
 Farmers can take advantage of less fluctuation in prices 
 Factory contracts normally give a larger sum of cash/money/ returns 
 The contract is for a longer term 
 Volumes of sales are guaranteed 
 Marketing margins could be reduced 
2.17.4 Bakkie trade
2.18
2.18.1 Advantages of the project
 Opportunities of being employed will be created
 Processing of their products for free
 Readily available markets for their produce
 Possibility of tourism
2.18.2 Reasons for ground peanut butter
 Increase the value of their produce
 Increase source of income/earn more income
 Spread risk/less risk
 Increase the size of the market for their produce
2.18.3 Processing/Value adding/Grading/Advertising/Storage
2.18.4 Value for money/low prices/lower cost of living
• Rural area/Natural beauty
• African environment
• Processing plant

2.19 Marketing system

2.19.1 Free marketing. The vendor is selling directly to the consumer
2.19.2 TWO possible risks
 Theft/safety concerns
 Fluctuating prices/supply and demand
 Perishability
 Lack of storage
 Lack of transport
 Lack of market/product does not sell
 Weather conditions
 Regulatory changes
 Competition
 Health of vendor
2.19.3 THREE disadvantages of free marketing system
 Exploitation by consumers
 Price fluctuations
 Lack of cooperation between producers and consumers can lead to oversupply and lower
prices
 Marketing costs are high 
 Complicated system to manage
 Expert knowledge is needed for this marketing/highly specialised
  Producer spent more time on marketing
 Producer has less bargaining power
 Producer runs a greater risk
 Highly competitive
2.20 Route from farmer to consumer: Maart 14

2.20.1 (a) Consumer price

• R30 + R2 + R14,50 
• = R46,50 

(b) Percentage of profit

• R14,50 – R5 = R9,50 
• 9,50 x 100

14,50 
• 65,5% 
2.20.2 (a) Processer: Abattoir/butchery 
(b) Retailer: Butchery 
(c) Producer: Farmer 
2.20.3 Agri-business chain marketing channel 
2.20.4 Costs are added to the raw product
• Product cannot be bought directly from the producer 

2.21 Diagram of the marketing procedures for an agricultural product

2.21.1 Identification of marketing function
A: Distribution/transport/delivery ü
B: Processing/value adding ü
C: Packaging ü
2.21.2 Differentiation of the price of Product:
A - Raw product with a lower price ü
D - Processed product with a higher price ü
2.21.3 TWO aspects of a SWOT analysis
  Strengths ü
 Weaknesses ü
 Opportunities ü
 Threats ü
2.21.4 TWO aspect to be included in feasibility study
 Demand for the final product/market research ü
 Availability of skilled labour ü
 Capital investment needed/availability of capital ü
 Support structures needed/resources/storage facilities ü
 Distance to/from markets/accessibility ü
 Operation of plant during the off season ü
 Profitability ü
 SWOT analysis ü
2.22.1 Aspects represented by the four P’s
 Productü
 Pricingü
 Placementü
 Promotionü
2.22.2
 Marketing is time consuming/less time for production aspectsü
 Marketing is costly/cost factor/promotion has a cost/not enough capital to pay for promotion
materialü
 Lack of experienceü
 Competition between these small scale farmers might ariseü

2.23.1 Marketing chain/distribution networkü

2.23.2 Consumer Cü
Motivation ü
The most intermediaries are used/the product has been value added ü

2.23.3 (a) Consumer Aü

(b) Consumer Dü
(c) Consumer Cü
2.23.4
• Perishability ü
• High marketing costs ü
• Uncertainty in production due to climate ü
• Seasonal fluctuations ü
• Variation in quality/standardisationü

2.24
2.24.1 THREE activities in the following order:
 Planning for production ü
 Soil preparation and planting ü
 Grading ü
 Storage ü
 Distribution ü
 Sales to consumers ü
2.24.2 TWO problems with the distribution during marketing of agricultural products
 Poor infrastructure/bad roads ü
 Transportation/wide distribution and distances to markets ü
 Accidents/theft can cause losses ü
 High transportation cost ü
 Spoilage of products in the market chain/perishability ü
 Products not properly handled/stored ü
2.24.3 Activities related to the standardisation of agricultural products
Grading ü
2.25
2.25.1 Entrepreneur – a person who sees opportunities for a businessü and uses them for profitü
2.25.2 Sell the brood chambers ü
Hire hives out with swarms of bees ü
Produce candles ü
Produce propolis (natural antiseptic cream) ü
2.25.3 Planning ü
• Training of more entrepreneurs ü
• Finding a market ü
• Lack of equipmentü
2.25.4 General overview of the business ü
• Marketing information ü
• Details of staff ü
• Financial details ü
2.26
2.26.1 Characteristics of entrepreneurs
 Commitment/Hard-working ü
 Financially proficient ü
 Innovation/Creative ü
 Organisational characteristics ü
 Leadership/Motivation characteristics ü
 Human relations characteristics ü
2.26.2 Keep a comprehensive record of income and expenditure ü
They are losing money because their records are mixed up and not up to date ü
It will show records of the money spent and earned (traceability of income and expenses) ü
2.26.3 They could account for their profit and loses ü

2.26.4
 Two-way radio ü
 Cellphone (SMS) ü
 Computer technology/Internet ü
 Fax ü
 Telephone (land line) ü
 Letters ü
2.26.5 TWO important skills of a successful entrepreneur
 Marketing skills ü
 Financial skills ü
 Organisational skills/conceptual skills ü
 Human relation skills/humanitarian skills ü
 Leadership skills ü
 Technical skills for the enterprise ü

2.27
2.27.1 Storage of wine ü
2.27.2 Skin had been replaced with plastic ü
Waxed cardboard carton ü
 Fitted with a tap ü
2.27.3
Marketing skillsü
Creative / Innovative skillsü
Financial skills ü
2.27.4
The tap does not allow air into the wineü
No bacteria and air into the wineü
No oxidation possible (skin collapses as wine is poured) ü
Greater efficiency when storing this wineü
Packaged wine is easier to transportü
2.28
2.28.1 Yes ü and Recognise a business opportunity üWilling to take a risk to start this business
venture ü
2.28.2
 Buy new equipment ü
 Built more storage facilities ü
 Retraining of labour ü
 Development of a market for wood ü
 Sell old dairy equipment ü
 Sell cattle ü
 Rent out his pastures ü
2.28.3
 Chipped and sent for paper production ü
 Compressed wood ü
 Changed into charcoal ü
 Cut for construction / mining ü
 Bark extract for leather production ü

2.29 Cellphones beat stock thieves

2.29.1 TWO reasons for investing in high-tech anti-stock theft security systems
 For the fight against stock theft 
 Indication of the time when mating takes place 
 Indication of the bull and cow that were involved in mating 
2.29.2 TWO important entrepreneurial skills of the manufacturers
 Creativity - involve new ideas that are put to test 
 Innovation  - the systems are of a high-tech nature 

2.30
2.30.1 Motivation 
2.30.2 Punctual 
2.30.3 Appreciation 
2.30.4 Leadership 

2.31 Business planning

2.31.1 TWO questions to ask before starting a business
 Is there a market for the goods or services you want to offer? /Is the type of product
feasible/viable? /Do you have consumers?
 Do you have skills you need to start and run the business?
 Do you have the resources (human/capital/time) necessary or can you acquire resources to
start a farming business? 
2.31.2 FOUR main areas of a good business plan
 Name of business/partners/partnership
 Summary of business plan/ strategy
 Production plan
 Management plan/time management plan 
 Sales and marketing plan
 Financial plan
 Reasons for success of business
2.31.3 Reason for including a business plan
 It indicates all the financial details i.e. how much is needed for the business, how it will be
spent and its income
 Provision for possibilitiesprofit/repayments /level of possible risk
 Viability
 Details of the business budget over a period of time is indicated
 Production factors
QUESTION 3

1
3.1.1 (a)  Borehole with a wind mill ü

 Farm shed ü (2)

(b)  Tractor ü

 Bakkie(Farm van) ü (2)

3.1.2 THREE sources of capital

 Commercial Bank 

 Land Bank 

 Development Finance Corporation Ltd. 

 Insurance companies ü (Any 3) (3)

3.1.3  Net worth is the difference between 

 the value of your assets 

 and the value of your liabilities  (3)

3.1.4  Provides space 

 Provides raw materials 

 Provides food for humans and animals 

It is a source of minerals used as fertilisers  (3)

3.2
3.2.1 Land/soil is subject to the law of diminishing return  (2)
3.2.2 Once the land has reached maximum point of production, (2)
the increase in yield is not proportional to increase in input 
3.2.3 • The rate of production increase between 5-10(b) is more than (2)
that between 10-15(c)  OR
• The rate of production increase at b is more than that at c 
• Applying crop rotation  (2)
• Mulching 
• Addition of organic material 
• Scheduled irrigation/water provision

3.3.1 Economic characteristic shown by the data in the table

 The law of diminishing returns ü (1)
3.3.2 Relationship between fertilizer input and yield
 Potato yield will increase with an increase in fertiliser input
until optimum production is reached ü
 A further increase in fertiliser input result in a decreasing
increase of potato yield ü
 After that production of potatoes will stabilise/remain
(2)
constant ü (Any 2)

3.3.3 TWO measures a farmer can employ to the land in order to be

more productive
 Scientific/precision farming methods/fertiliser/manure/
correct cultivation methods/crop rotation ü
 Consolidation of small/uneconomic units ü
 Restoring land potential/resting the land/correct land
utilisation ü
 Responsible application chemicals/pesticides/herbicides ü
(2)
 Irrigation/permanent water supply ü (Any 2)

3.4 Farmer A √
Farmer A has good technical skills √
The humanitarian skills are low compared to Farmer B but not that
bad √
Conceptual skills will assist Farmer A in managing workers √
NOTE: If Farmer B is chosen with a correct explanation the learner
will be credited (Farmer B because he has more humanitarian
capabilities and would run his labour force more effectively)
(4)

3.5 (a) Economic conditions

 Provide incentives for workers √

 Higher salaries √

 Extra bonuses √

 Partnership deals √

 Medical and pension support √

 Farm products at reduced prices √ (Any 2)

(b) Environmental conditions

 Improved working conditions/adequate leave √

 Provide free transport √

 Better housing √

 Provide sports facilities √ (6)

 Provide special protective clothing √

  Provide water, food and energy (wood) √ (Any 2)

(c) Educational conditions

 Training of farm workers √

 Retraining of workers √

 Skills development programmes √

 Specialisation of workers √

 Free schooling to children of farm workers √

(Any 2)

3.6 Production factors

3.6.1  Land/soil √
(2)
 Labour √

3.6.2  Capital √
(2)
 Management √

3.6.3  Capital – loans from the government/Land Bank/

commercial banks/grants from the Department of Land
Affairs (DLA) √

OR

 Management – take part in a skills development

programme √

 Support from the officials (extension officer) from the (1)

Department of Agriculture √

 Training programme √ (Any 1)

3.7
3.7.1 Improvement of the lives of farm workers and dwellers.  (1)
3.7.2 Human Rights Commission (2)
3.7.3 (a) Workers will be exposed to basic education and skills (3)
development
(b) A policy to govern burials on farms will be developed
(c) Comprehensive health care programmes will be expanded
3.7.4 • Better living conditions will result in increased  (2)
• Productivity of farm workers and the profitability  of farms can
be expected to increase. 
3.8

3.8.1 The productivity will decrease because experience and (3)

knowledge are lost with ultimate loss of skilled labour and
agricultural production 
3.8.2 FOUR actions to be included in a strategic plan (2)
• Aids awareness campaigns 
• Access to condoms 
• Access to treatment for sexually transmitted infections 
• Access to anti-retroviral drugs 
• Education on morally acceptable behaviour

3.9 Passage on managerial principles

3.9.1 TWO managerial principles

 Planning ü
 Organization/co-ordination ü
 Decision making ü
 Control ü
 Motivation ü
 Communicationü
 Leading and directionü
 Monitoringü (2)
 Implementationü (Any 2)

3.9.2 TWO external forces

 Legal/legislation/politics ü
 Economic/marketing environment ü
 Capital /funding ü (Any 2) (2)

3.9.3 Types of essential farm records

(a) List/record ü of assets/all the machinery/equipment/
livestock/other moveable items on the farm ü (2)
(b) A record of all the breeding stock ü that is used in a
particular breeding program and their activities ü (2)

3.1 Implementation of land reform policy

0

3.10.1 TWO challenges of land reform implementation

 Delays in finalizing claims 

 Inappropriate principle of willing buyer willing seller 

(2)
 Land claim beneficiaries opted for money instead of land 

 Lack of support to new beneficiaries on how to farm  (Any 2)

 3.10.2 TWO most appropriate land reform programmes
 Redistribution 
(2)
 Restitution 

3.10.3 THREE reasons for implementing land reform programme

 To correct injustices of the past apartheid era 

 The need for land ownership to also reflect more the composition
of the population 

 It forms part of the need for Black Economic Empowerment 

(3)
 It is part of the transformation initiatives for South African society

 To alleviate poverty in rural communities 

 It is a driving force for rural development  (Any 3)

3.10.4 TWO aims of equity scheme

 To improve the working and living conditions of participants 

 To improve financial returns of participants 

(2)
 To increase job security 

 To improve tenure security  (Any 2)

3.11 Labour legislation

3.11.1 (a) The labour Relations Act (1995)

 It governs labour relations at workplace 

 It governs the involvement of workers in decision making 

 It governs procedures for labour disputes  (Any 1) (1)

(b) Occupational Health and Safety Act (1993)

 It deals with the safety of workers in the workplace 

 It makes the farmer responsible to ensure that the working

environment is safe 

 It holds the farmer responsible to provide protective clothing

to workers 

 It holds the farmer responsible to train workers on operating

machinery or equipment  (Any1)

(1)

3.11.2 The Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act  (1)
3.12 Contract between an employer and an employee

3.12.1 Type of worker signing a contract

 Permanent/fixed/full time worker ü (1)
Justification with reason
 Long term employment/1 February 2011 - retirement üü
 Entitled to some benefits, e.g. annual leave üü (Any 1) (2)

3.12.2 Labour legislation

(a) Basic Conditions of Employment Act.
(Act Number 75 of 1997)
 Duration of contract: 01 February 2011 - retirement or till
the contract ends ü
 Remuneration/Amount ü
 Terms of employment/leave/working hours: ü (Any 1) (1)

(b) Occupational, Health and Safety Act.

(Act 85 of 1993) (1)
 Protective clothing: ü

3.12.3 Aspect that contributes to scarcity of labour:

 Remuneration of R2 500 ü
 The industry pay more for skilled labour ü
Or
 Working hours from 06h00 to 17h00 ü
 Industry is shorter working hours ü
Or
Leave: One week paid leave per annum ü
Longer/paid leave period is given to workers in industry ü
Or
 Protective clothing: None ü
(2)
 Dangerous working conditions ü

3.12.4 HIV impact on the productivity of a farming business

 Worker would be sick and absent from work ü
 Lower productivity/worker will work slowly/shorter hours ü
 Labour shortages/difficult to complete tasks ü
 Extra financial/cost burden/support on the farmer ü
 Planning/running the farm becomes more difficult ü
 Loss of skills/experience ü (Any 2) (2)

3.13 Production factors: labour

13.1 Thorny issues from the report

 Evictions √

 Failure to adhere to legislation √

(3)
  Farm safety √

 Poor social life on farms √

(Any 3)

3.13.2 One malpractice experienced by women and children on farms

 Abuse √

 Excessively long working hours √

 Very low salaries √

 Poor living conditions √

(1)
 No maternity leave √

 No sick leave √

 Child labour practices √

(Any 1)

3.13.3 TWO solutions for evictions

 DLA (Dept. of Land Affairs) must make provisions like
shelters for evicted farm workers √

 More clear legislation in this regard √

 Goodwill promoted between farmers and workers √

 Officials to ensure law enforcement √

 Perpetrators must be prosecuted or highly fined √

 Housing subsidies for farm workers √

(2)
 Development of Agricultural Villages (Agri-villages) through
partnership between the farmer, government and the farm
worker √

 Farmers to comply with prevention of illegal evictions and

unlawful occupation of land. √ (Any 2)

3.13.4 Health and Labour Acts

 The Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1993 √ (1)

3.13.5 Legislation/Act to resolve differences

 Labour Relations Act of 1995 √
(1)
 Basic Conditions of Employment Act of 1997√ (Any
1)

3.13.6 Unskilled labour solution

 Taking part in the skills development fund √
  Taking labourers for training with accredited training
institutions/AgriSETA √
(2)
 Retraining labourers on the farm √

 Recruiting labourers from other sectors √ (Any 2)

3.14 Farm worker equity schemes

3.14.1 Scheme launched

 Farm Worker Equity Scheme  (1)

3.14.2 Benefits of the scheme:

 Labourers are now shareholders 

 Qualify for grants 

 Attend training / Skills development 

 Team building skills 

 Financial skills  (Any 2) (2)

3.14.3 Lack of skill/unskilled labour force/lack of training (1)

3.14.4 Corresponding Act

 Skills Development Act  (1)

3.14.5 Skills needed for management

 Management skills 

 Human relation skills/Interpersonal skills / Team building

skills

 Financial skills  (Any 2)

(2)

3.14.6 Labour legislation

 Basic Conditions of Employment / Labour relations Act  (1)

3.14.7 Type of labourers at Leliefontein

 Permanent / fixed / full time labourers – they live on the

farm / employed full time basis / only permanent labour are
shareholders / qualify for grants 
(2)
3.15
3.15.1 Candidate 1 or Candidate 2 (any male) √
Candidate 3 (female) √ (3)
The farmer needed to appoint a candidate from each gender and
therefore a male and female candidate as indicated √
3.15.2 Basic Condition of Employment Act √√
(2)
3.15.3 Parties involved: (4)
Farm Owner (Employer): ………………………………………… √
Farm Worker ((Employee): ……………………………………… √
Description of Conditions of employment / including remuneration /
termination of contract √
Date: …………………………………………….. √

3.15.4 Training / skills development program √

Financial incentives / extra bonuses / access to produce at lower (2)
prices (staff prices) / production bonuses / partnerships in
enterprise / housing subsidies etc. √
3.15.5 Report this matter to the relevant authorities / police services √
Assist her in counselling program / medical treatment √ (1)
Upgrade security/ security guards / lights / fences √

3.1 Labour in farming

6

3.16.1 TWO characteristics of a permanent farm labourer:

 Employed on a long term basis 

 Has an employment contract with the farmer 

(2)
 All the basic conditions of employment are known to the labourer 

 Lives mostly on the farm/accommodation on the farm  (Any 2)

3.16.2 TWO causes of loss of farm labour to industries

 Poor working conditions/long working hours

 Poor wages/no incentives

(2)
 Extreme exposure to harsh weather conditions

 Lack of career opportunities for workers (Any

2)

3.16.3 TWO ways of retaining farm labour

 Better working conditions/ reasonable working hours/replacement of
part of manual labour by machinery 

 Better wages/incentives (2)

 Better education and training opportunities (Any 2)

 3.17.1 • Borehole √ (3)
• Reservoir √
• Land √
• Homestead √
• Pig and broiler housing √
3.17.2 • Intercropping systems / scientific methods of farming √ (2)
• Irrigation system √
• Diversification adopted / intensive production √
3.17.3 Diversification √– risk is spread to different enterprises √ (2)
Irrigation √– less dependence on rainfall and unpredictable
climate√
Scientific practices√ – more precise way to measure inputs√(Any 2)
3.17.4 • Organic fertilisation / farm manure / chicken or pig manure / (2)
compost √
• They farm organically and would not use any inorganic
fertilisers √

3.18

3.18.1 A√
Value decreases over time / wear and tear on movable capital (2)
items decreases their value √

3.18.2 Tractors √
Harvesters √ (2)
Trailers √
Planters √
Implements √
Fertilisation equipment √
Spray equipment √

3.18.3 The value of these assets increase over time / investment become
more valuable over time √ (2)
The value of these assets does not decrease like the value for
assets in graph A √
These assets are not subjected to wear and tear √

3.18.4 Overcapitalisation occur when too much capital is invested in an (2)

enterprise √ and
The value of the asset as a whole will not increase with the same
 value as that which has been invested √
The wheat farmer may have invested too much capital into his/her
fixed assets and the value of his/her farm did not increase with the
same value √

3.19.1 Planning √
(1)

3.19.2 Floral shops √

Nurseries √ (3)
Fertiliser / Compost retailers √

3.19.3 Total returns – Total cost = Total Profit

R477 500 √ – R143 565.30 √ = R333 934.80 √ (3)

3.19.4 Access to loan √ (2)

Access to support and advisory services √
Access to land √
Access to training programs √

3.2 Family farming enterprise

0

3.20.1 THREE forms of capital

Fixed Movable capital Working/floating
capital  capital
Land Livestock/tractors/truck/irrigation Pesticides/fertilisers
system  (6)

3.20.2 TWO sources of capital for family farming enterprise

 Grant

 Pension payout/government payout (2)

 Own savings (Any 2)

3.20.3 The total value of assets:

R189 000,00 – pension/land
+R80 000,00 – grant/tractor + irrigation + production items
R269 000,00 (R58 000) (R7 000) (R15 000) (2)

3.20.4 Net value of enterprise:

 the difference between the total value of assets 
(2)
 and total value of liabilities 

3.21 Financial statements in egg production

3.21.1 Farmer A Profit: = Income – Expenditure

= R37 300 – 33 500

= R3 800 
 Farmer B Profit: = Income – Expenditure

= R32 200 – 33 500 (4)

= - R1 300 

3.21.2 Farmer A– made profit (2)

3.21.3  Income – sales of livestock

 Expenditure – operating expenses (layers, feeds, electricity,

gas, egg trays, veterinary care, maintenance) 

 Profit – gain or loss 

(3)

3.22 Processing of agricultural produce

3.22.1 Capital is expensive/interest is payable/ high risk 

Capital is scarce  (1)

(Any 1)

3.22.2 (a) C  (1)

(b) B  (1)

3.22.3 Better price for your product/higher income 

More sustainable market/consumers use this product 

Because of value adding 

Perishability is being reduced / increased shelf life 

Introduces variety / more choice is added  (Any (1)

1)

3.23 Financial record keeping

3.23.1 Importance of keeping financial records

 To manage the capital of a farm ü

 To analyse past and current performance ü

 Plan for the future of the farm ü (Any 2) (2)

3.23.2 Total transport cost

 R80,00 + R40,00 + R80,00 ü = R200,00 üü (3)

3.23.3 Profit = income – expenses ü

= R 2 058 – R 1 093 ü

= R 965 üü (4)

3.23.4  Farm workers receive eggs for freeü

 4 dozen eggs were given to workersü (2)

3.23.5 Creation of capital

 Productionü – created when more eggs are produced and then

offered to generate capitalü

 Capital needed to start a business is obtained by means of

creditüsupplied by financial institutionsü

 Savingsü – farming profits are allowed to accumulate in the

bankü (Any 2 x 2)

(4)

3.2 Commercial farming

4

3.24.1 THREE production factors in the case study

 Land 

 Capital 
(3)
 Management

 Labour  (Any 3)

3.24.2 Tabulation of forms of assets

LIFE SPAN FORMS OF ASSETS
Short term Floating/working(money/savings/payments/
crops
/vegetable sunflower) 
Medium term Movable(equipment/tractor/planter) (3)
Long term Fixed(land/plot/farm)

3.24.3 Capital is expensive or interest/capital is scarce – lease

arrangement/savings/own savings/hiring of equipment (2)

3.24.4 TWO ways of creating capital

 Through savings/ /worked in motor vehicle industry 

 Produced vegetables/sunflower production  (2)

 Hired/rented out equipment/contractor (Any 2)

3.25

3.25.1 Examples of capital

(a)Fixed capital items
• Land (2)
• Windmill  (2)
• Tank/dam(Any 2)

(b) Movable capital items

• Cattle 
• Sheep

3.25.2 TWO sources of fixed capital (2)

• Own savings 
• Credit 
• Trust companies 
• Money lenders 
• Grant 
• Co-operatives 
3.25.3 Identified problem (1)
• Over-capitalisation
and
• More capital with little return
• If too much capital is invested in relation to other production
factors, a farm is overcapitalised and the profit will drop
• more capital implies more interest for no extra profit

3.2 Record keeping

6
3.26.1 Financial statement
Balance sheet/asset liability statement
3.26.2 Purpose of financial statement
It indicates the summary of financial status/liquidity of a farm at a specific
point in time/particular date or time
3.26.3 Definition of net value
 The value that remains when all the debt is deducted from total assets in
the farm at a time. 

OR
 The difference between the value of your assets and the value of your
liabilities 

3.26.4 Net value calculation

187 300 – 96 600 = 90 700
3.26.5 Distinction between loan and grant
 Loan: money borrowed from a financial institution and repaid with
interest

 Grant: money given for free by funders and not to be paid back
3.27 Information on assets and liabilities on a farm

3.27.1 Table and calculation of the net worth of the farm

ü Assets Rand Liabilities Rand

Farm 3 500 000 Tractor loan 365 000
Vehicles 275 000 ü Overdraft 150 000 ü
Cash 50 000 Bond 4 200 000
Buildings 650 000
Total 4 475 000 ü Total 4 715 000 ü
Net worth R 4 475 000 – R 4 715 000 = R – 240 000 or
(R240 000 deficit) üü

Mark allocation/marking guidelines/rubric:

 Redrawing the table with the correct headings

 Assets sorted correctly
 Total of assets
 Liabilities sorted correctly
 Total of liabilities
 Net worth

(7)

3.27.2 Viability of the farming business

 Not viable ü (1)

Justification with reason
 Loss/deficit of – R240 000/insolvent/bankrupt/liabilities are
greater than the assets ü

(1)

3.28.1 Cash Flow Budget (1)

3.28.2 Budget summary for:

(a) (opening balance) = -R6 800
(b) (total income) = R33 000
(c) (profit/loss) = R27 500
(d) (closing balance) = R20 700
(4)

3.29 Diagram representing capital forms

3.29.1 Types of capital represented by:

A - movable capital ü
 C - fixed/immovable/movable capital ü (2)

3.29.2 TWO examples of floating capital in the farming operation

 Feeds ü
 Medication/chemicals ü
 Cleaning/sanitation substances ü
 Electricity ü
 Fuel ü
 Wages/salaries/cash ü
 Fertilisers/manure ü
 Stationery ü
 Seedsü (Any 2)

(2)

3.30.1 Calculation of profit (4)

Farmer A: Income – Expenditure= profit
= 37 600.00 – 33 500.00
= 4 100.00
Farmer B: Income – Expenditure= profit
= 32 200.00 – 34 300.00
= – 2 100 (loss)
3.30.2 Farmer making more profit (2)
Farmer A and
Reasons:
• Sells chicken litter/manure/generate an extra income 
• Spends less money on feed than farmer B
3.30.3 • Sell manure as a feed to the feedlot industry or livestock (2)
farmers/to the community as manure for crop production 
• Reduce the cost of feed by buying in bulk or at alternative
cheaper suppliers
3.31.1 • Land √ (2)
• Management √
• Capital √
3.31.2 • The law of diminishing returns √ (1)
• The production potential of land differs √
3.31.3 • Availability / scarcity of agricultural land √ (1)

3.31.4 • Water provision through irrigation systems √ (3)

• Consolidation of uneconomical units through environmental
management √
• Used improved methods of agriculture through careful use of
the fertilizers √
3.31.5 • Slope √ (3)
• Climate √
 • Topography √

3.32

3.32.1 (4)

3.32.2 No √ (2)
The production of this farmer is constantly below the average for
that district √
3.32.3 Farmer: 10 000 x 82/100 (3)
= 8 200 eggs √
District: 10 000 x 88/100
= 8 800 eggs √
Difference: 8 800 – 8 200
= 600 eggs per day √

3.3 Different farming enterprises

3

3.33.1 TWO risk management strategies and justification

 Diversification - the farmer has a number of different
enterprises that is, crop, livestock and fodder production in order
to spread the risk 

 Hedging - the farmer made future contracts/agreement with (4)

supermarket 

3.33.2 FOUR management principles

 Planning 

 Organisation 

 Co-ordination 
  Motivation  (4)

 Decision making 

 Control 

 Leadership  (Any 4)

3.34 Farm management

3.34.1 Factors that need to be combined in farm management

 Production/physical resources / Environment / Land 
 Staffing/human resources / Labour 
 Finances / Capital 
 Marketing  (4)
3.34.2 Planning / Monitoring / Control  (1)
3.34.3 External influences that may affect the farm as a business
 Political environment/politics 
 Global economic environment/economy 
 Social environment/society/Effect of HIV/AIDS/Culture /
Religion/lifestyle choices 
 Legal environment/law/legislation/justice
 Natural disasters/Extreme climatic conditions 
 Profitability 
 Ethics 
 Environmental sustainability 
 Competition from other sectors 
 Technological forces  (Any (2)
2)

3.34.4 THREE economical characteristics of land

 Can be bought and sold 
 Appreciates over time (good investment) 
 Has a production potential which influences the market
value 
 Is indestructible / 
 It is connected to the law of diminishing returns 
 Good land is limited 
 Different production capacities / restrictedness 
 Is durable / soil is permanent / long lasting 
 Limited to a specific environment / economic situation / fixed 
 Availability of agricultural land is limited  (Any 3)
(3)

3.35 Vacancies

3.35.1 CANDIDAT QUALIFICATIO MANAGEMEN TECHNICA

E N LEVEL T SKILLS L SKILLS
A 3 / good  3 / good  1 / weak 
B 1 / weak  1 / weak  3 / good  (6)
 3.35.2 (a) A – have good qualifications and management skills
(b) B – good in technical skills (4)

3.35.3 Candidate A (1)

3.36 Approaches to management

3.36.1 Farmer A:
 Sound financial management 
 Neatness/orderly/caring towards labour 
Farmer B:
 Money saving approach 
 Savings(worthiness record)/cash operation  (Any 2) (2)
3.36.2 Farmer A 
and
Built new homes for workforce/water and electricity to workers  (2)
3.37
3.37.1 B (1)
3.37.2 A (1)
3.37.3 D (1)
3.37.4 E (1)

3.3 Production factors

8
3.38.1 Production factor
Management – coordinates production activities/management task/
planning (2)

3.38.2 TWO ways of improving productivity of land

 Water provision/irrigation 

 Adapting to scientific methods of production/pooling of resources

like machinery, acquisition of fertilizers chemicals – weed or pest)

 Applying indigenous knowledge systems (organic/biological farming (2)

practices)

 Consolidation of uneconomical/small farm units (Any 2)

3.38.3 Efficient planning

(a) Day-to-day planning must be done:
so that each worker knows exactly what is required from him/her on
a particular day/motivates workers
(2)
avoid overloading and crisis situations/even distribution of tasks

(b) Efficient mechanisation should include:

 the replacement of labour by a capital investment

 provision of more technology for strenuous work

(2)
 faster completion of tasks

 more growth opportunities for workers/technology skills and

 knowledge gained by labourers (Any 2)

3.38.4 TWO strategies to apply for awareness against HIV/Aids

 Exposure to information/ talk shows/media

 Conduct HIV/Aids awareness workshops and training

 Create access to treatment for sexually-transmitted infections

(2)
 Access to anti-retroviral drugs/get tested/government
programmes

 Access to condoms (Any 2)

3.3 Steps in decision making

9

3.39. Steps in correct order

1  Identify the problem with regard to its importance

 Analyse possible alternatives 

(4)
 Evaluate alternatives 

 Choose and follow the best solution 

3.39. TWO factors influencing effective decision making

2  Speed with which decisions are taken 

 The degree of accuracy with which decisions are taken 

 The acceptability of the decision

 Business sense

 Social views/ethics (2)

 Economics

 Profitability

 Environmental sustainability  (Any 2)

3.40

3.40.1 Crop production / Farming industry / irrigation enterprises √ and

The largest part of the pie diagram is represented by this industry √
Irrigation and crop production is water intensive √ (Any 1) (2)
3.40.2 Capital: Dam / Wind pump / crops / livestock / irrigation equipment /
Buildings / Orchard √
Labour: Man working √
Land: Cropping fields / pastures √ (3)
3.40.3 Irrigation / crop rotation / spacing of crops √ (1)
SECTION B SOLUTIONS

QUESTION 4

ACTIVITIES
4.1 Dihybrid crossing on horns and hair colour

4.1.1 The genotype of individual number 11 and 14

(a) 11 - aaBB√ (1)

(b) 14 - Aabb√ (1)

4.1.2 The phenotype of individual number 6 and 12

4.1.2.1 6 - Red and polled/no horns√ (1)

4.1.2.2 12 - Black and
horned√ (1)

4.1.3 Phenotype of the offspring between number 6 and 16:

Ab Ab

Aabb Aabb

Aabb Aabb

Mark allocation/marking guidelines/rubric

• Punnet square√
• Parent 1 gametes√
• Parent 2 gametes√
• Genotype of offspring√ (4)
73
 4.1.4 Phenotype of the crossing in QUESTION 1.1.3

• Red and polled/no horns √ (1)

ACTIVITY 2
4.2 Representation of a cross between a black cow and a white bull
4.2.1 Identification of the genotype

4.2.1.1 Parent black cow - Bb √ (1)

4.2.1.2 Parent white bull -

bb √ (1)
4.2.2 Determination of the F2 offspring

4.2.2.1 Phenotype - white √ (1)

4.2.3 Punnet square

B Bb bb

1 mark for Punnett square with information

ACTIVITY 3
4.3 Crossing parents with TWO characteristics
4.3.1 Identification of the crossing

Dihybrid cross √ (1)

4.3.2 Determination of characteristics received by each offspring

• Offspring 1 - Colour √ (1)

• Offspring 2 - Shape √ (1)

• Offspring 3 - Shape √ (1)
4.3.3 Indication of the dominant characteristics

4.3.3.1Square shape √

White colour √ (2)

74
 4.3.4 Indication of the percentage of genes received
50%/each received 50% genes from both parents√ (1)

ACTIVITY 4
4.4 Breeding systems and technologies

4.4.1 The breeding methods:

A. Bb √√

B. Bb √√ (4)

4.4.2 1 Brown√3 Brown√ (2)

4.4.3 50%√√ (2)

ACTIVITY 5
4.5 Type of breeding system

4.5.1.1 Upgrading √

4.5.2 Inbreeding √

4.5.3 Crossbreeding √ (3)

4.5.4 C/A√ (1)

4.5.5 TWO disadvantages of inbreeding

• Loss of vigour/performance/inbreed depression √

• Loss of fertility √
• Smaller genetic variation √
• Increase of lethal genes which can result in death√

• Reduced vitality √
• Fixation of undesired genes √
• Expert knowledge required √
• Less resistance to diseases √
• Poorly adapted to the environment √
• Deformed animals √ (Any 2) (2)

4.5.6 Upgrading/A√ (1)

75
 ACTIVITY 6
4.6 Type of breeding system

4.6.1 Cross breeding √ (1)

4.6.2 Parents that produced calves with highest average daily gain

Hereford bulls and Brahman cows√ (1)

4.6.3 TWO reasons for better performance of these calves

• Offspring have hybrid vigour/heterosis√

• Are better adapted to poor veld conditions/more hardy√

• Have a better feed conversion rate√ (Any 2) (2)

4.6.4

Criteria/rubric/marking guidelines

• Correct heading √

• X axis - correctly calibrated and labelled (number crossing) √

• Y axis - correctly calibrated and labelled (ADG) √

• Correct units (g/day) √

• Accuracy √

• Bar graph √

ACTIVITY 7

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 4.7 Crossing of plants with red (R) flowers and plants with white (W) flowers
4.7.1 I n d i c a t i o n of the parent with red flowers

4.7.1.1 Female √ (1)

Reason

4.7.1.2 RR is for red flowers/genotype is RR √ (1)

4.7.2 Determination of the phenotype as percentages in the F2

4.7.2.1 25% white √ (1)

4.7.2.2 50% pink/white and red √ (1)

4.7.2.3 25% red √ (1)

4.7.3 Identification the type of dominance indicated by this crossing

Incomplete dominance/co-dominance √ (1)

4.7.4 Justification of the answer in QUESTION 4.7.3
The offspring is neither white nor red/pink/intermediate colour /white and red, (1)

incomplete dominance/co-dominance √ (1)

ACTIVITY 8
4.8 Inheritance
4.8.1 The phenomenon in QUESTION 8.1

Atavism √ (1)
4.8.2 Reason
4.8.2.1 A recessive gene for red which was switched off and not expressed√
4.8.2.2 In the phenotype in the past is now switched on and expressed√ (2)
4.8.3 Alternative term for atavism

Throwback √ (1)
Scenario on variation
ACTIVITY 9
4.9 A passage on GM's

9.1.1 Identification of the year Farmer B changed to GM crops

4.9.1.1 2012√ (1)
Reason
4.9.1.2 Increase in production/from 10,6 - 12 started in 2012√ (1)
9.1.2 ONE advantage that Farmer B got from using GM maize

Yields improved for 2012/improved progressively more from2012 - 2015 √ (1)

9.1.3 THREE characteristics of GMO maize to Farmer B

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 • Resistance to herbicides √

• Not affected by insecticides √

• Crops have lower water requirements √

4.9.1.3 Better adapted to the region √ (Any 3)
9.1.4 Main reason for the resistance against the use GM's

• Health risks √

• Environmental risks √ (Any 1) (1)

ACTIVITY 10
4.10
MODERN METHOTHS TRADITIONAL METHODS
Fast Slow√
Precise Not precise
Plants and animals can interbreed Plants and animals can’t interbreed

ACTIVITY 11
4.11.1
A – Electro-poration√
B – Micro Injection√
C – Agro-Bacterium Tumenefeciens√ (3)

4.11.2 Three potential benefits of GMOs√

 More productive with higher yields√

 Resistance to pests and diseases √
 Reduced needs for chemical sprays√
 Labour saving√
 Cost effective√
 Resistance to herbicides√
 Tolerance to adverse environmental conditions √
 Longer shelf life √
 Better flavour√, colour√, texture and nutritional value.
(any3) (3)

4.11.3 Negative impact of GM crops√

4.11.4 Environmental impact of GM crops√

4.11.5 Genes from GM crops could spread to other plants like weeds to form herbicide resistant super
weed√
4.11.5.1 Beneficial insects as well as pest could be killed when they feed on GM crops. √
4.11.5.2 Not much research has been done on the impact of weeds on the environment √
(any 2) (2)
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 ACTIVITY 12
4.12 Patterns of inheritance
4.12.1 Linking of the statements
4.12.2.1 Incomplete/partial dominance √
4.12.2.2 Co-dominance √

4.12.2.3 Complete dominance √

4.12.3 Indication of the genetic phenomenon of inheritance
Prepotency√ (1)
4.12.4 TWO other patterns of inheritance
• Polygenic √
• Multiple alleles √
• Atavism √

Epistasis √ (any2) (2)
ACTIVITY 13
4.13Di-hybrid crossing
4.13.1 Traits that are being investigated

Hair colour √ (1)

Length of hair √ (1)
4.13.2 Genotype of a bull
b√ l √(2)
ACTIVITY 14
4.14 A Genotype√

B Feeding/ Nutrition√

ACTIVITY 15
4.15 Selection
4.15.1 Definition of selection

Process of choosing/identifying specific individuals √

For their desired characteristics/traits√ (2)

4.15.2 Type of selection in nature

Natural√ (1)
4.15.3 THREE characteristic selected for in animal production

Growth √

Health/Disease resistance √

Fertility√ (3)
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 4.15.4 Aspects to be improved through selection
4.15.4.1 Breeding the best animals with outstanding characteristics√ (1)
4.15.4.2 Breeding animals that can adapt/produce in a specific area √ (1)

ACTIVITY 16
4.16 Variation

4.16.1 Indication of the genetic phenomenon

Variation√ (1)
4.16.2 Definition of the genetic phenomenon
The difference that occurs amongst individuals √ of the same species √

Difference in the genotype and phenotype √of the same species √(Any 1) (2)

4.16.3 THREE environmental factors

Soil factors √
Temperature √
Light intensity √
Diseases and pests √
Moisture/water content √
Topography √
Nutrition √ (Any 3) (3)

4.16.4 Scientific term for the improvement

Heterosis/hybrid vigour √ (1)

4.16.5 The type of breeding system

Cross breeding √ (1)
ACTIVITY 17
4.17 Bt cotton in KZN
4.17.1 Bollworm resistant plants/insect resistant plants/ pest resistant plants/reduced
spraying√ (1)
4.17.2 Agrobacterium/ chemical and electroporation√/micro-injection√/gene gun√ or bio ballistics.
√ (Any 2) (2)
4.17.3 More productive with higher yields√
4.17.4 Resistance to pests and diseases√
4.17.5 Reduced needs for chemical sprays Labour saving√
4.17.5.1 Cost effective√
4.17.5.2 Resistance to herbicides√
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4.17.5. Tolerance to adverse environmental conditions√
4.17.5.3 Longer shelf life√
4.17.5.4 Better flavour, colour, texture and nutritional value. √ (Any 2) (2)

4.17.6 Negative impact of GM crops

Environmental impact of GM crops
• Genes from GM crops could spread to other plants like weeds to form herbicide
resistant super weed√
• Beneficial insects as well as pest could be killed when they feed on
GM crops.√
• Not much research has been done on the impact of weeds on the environment. √
(Any 2) (2)
Health risk
 People with allergies could be harmed if they consume food with foreign genetic material√
 Very new science√
 Can cause cancer (Any 1) (1

4.17.7 Ethical issues

• Implications to vegetarians√
• Poor developing countries cannot afford. √ (Any 1) (1)
ACTIVITY 18
4.18 Nguni cattle with a distinct colourpattern
4.18.1 Identify this type/mechanism of heredity

Co-dominance √ (1)
4.18.2 Explanation of colour combination

Both white and red hair fibres are present √

The offspring has the phenotype of both parents√

No intermediate/mixture of colour is formed √ (Any 2) (2)

4.18.3 Difference between incomplete and co-dominance

Incomplete dominance

Offspring has a phenotype that is in-between those of the parents √

Co-dominance
Offspring has the phenotype/colour of both parents√ (2)
ACTIVITY 19

4.19 Lean meat beef

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 Rubric

Criteria 0 mark 1 mark

Accuracy No scale Correctly plotted√
Headings No heading Correct heading√
Indicators No indicators Correct indicators√
Neatness Untidy Ruler used ( correct lines) √

19.1.2. Drop/ decrease/ decline√

19.1.3.
 Consumer√ demand√
 Supplier is now aware of eating/ consumer√

 Behaviour/ needs
19.1.4 For health reasons (reducing cholesterol) √

ACTIVITY 20
4.20 Normal distribution curve used in the selection of animals
20.1.1 Deduction of the animal group to be selected

•C √ (1)
20.1.2 Reason
• Their performance is superior to animals in A and B/ genetically

superior/improve vigour √ (1)

20.1.3 Method of selection used for the breeding programme

82
 • Mass selection √ (1)
20.1.4 Difference between selection and variation:
Selection

• Choosing individuals with superior characteristics √

• for breeding purposes √ (2)

Variation

• Differences in characteristics √

• between individuals of the same species/breed √ (2)

20.1.5 Selection method used

(a) Family selection √ (1)

(b) Progeny selection√ (1)

ACTIVITY 21
4.21.1 Post weaning weight√, high heritability %√ (2)
4.21.2 It is not effective√, it has the very low percentage of heritability (17%) which is influenced by
environmental factors√

ACTIVITY 22
4.22 Techniques to change DNA of tomato plant
4.22.1 TWO other methods

Micro-injection √

Gene gun/biolistic √

Agro-bacterium tumefaciens √

Electroporation √

Recombination DNA √

Calcium phosphate precipitation √

Gene silencing √

Gene splicing √
Lipofection√ (Any 2) (2)

4.22.2 TWO disadvantages of DNA modified tomatoes

4.22.2.1 Health concerns/allergies √

83
 4.22.2.2 Not enough research has been done √

4.22.2.3 Expensive √

4.22.2.4 Super weeds develop from tomato pollen √

• Religious beliefs√ (Any 2) (2)

4.22.3 GMO’s

4.22.3.1 Definition of genetic modification

• Technique of changing the characteristics of an organism √

by inserting genes from another organism into its DNA √

OR
• Process of manipulating characteristics and functions of the original

gene of an organism √

By introducing foreign DNA √ (2)

4.22.3.2 THREE advantages of G Mcrops

• Environmental benefits/fewer insecticides/pesticides used √

• Health benefits/improve taste/nutritional value of plants √

• Economic benefits/yields are higher/mature quicker √

• Resistant to insects/herbicides √

• Can tolerate harsh environmental conditions √

• It is a faster process √

• More precise √

• Not limited to crossing of species that can interbreed √

• Produce pharmaceutical crops √

• Prolongs shelf life√ (Any 3) (3)
4.22.3.3 TWO potential risks of GM crops

• Environmental risks √

• Health risks/cancer/diseases √
• Socio-economic risks√ (Any 2) (2)
4.22.3.3 Reason for modifying maize, rice and potatoes
• Sustained provision of food to promote food security/staple food for

developing countries √ (1)

4.22.3.4TWO techniques used in the genetic modification of plants

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 • Bacterial/agro-bacterium tumefaciens viral carriers √

• Biolistics/gene gun √

• Calcium phosphate precipitation √

• Electroporation √

• Gene silencing/splitting √ (any 2) (2)

ACTIVITY 23
4.23 Heritability of the characteristics in sheep

4.23.1 TWO reasons the post-weaning weight gain cannot be recommended for breeding purposes
Environment has a huge influence in the outcome of the characteristics √

Low heritability/33% heritable√ (2)

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