Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport

College of Engineering & Technology

Construction and Building Engineering Department

Assoc. Prof. Elsayed Galal

 Equipment Production

Production = (Volume per cycle × Cycles per hour)

Or
Production = (Volume / Time)
Volume per cycle:
Average volume of material moved per equipment
cycle.
Cycles per hour:
Number of cycles actually achieved (or expected to
be achieved) per hour.

Cost per unit of production (Unit Cost) =

Assume we have a 10 m3 truck. It takes 10 minutes to move soil from one location
to another. How do you fit these numbers into the equation?
 Equipment Production

Job efficiency factor

Job efficiency factor = number of working minutes per hour / 60

0.57

Example:
A loader cycle time for loading a truck is 12 minutes. Each load is 3 m3. Estimate
loader production assuming poor job conditions and fair management conditions

• Solution:
Production = (Volume per cycle × Cycles per hour × Job efficiency factor)
Production = 3 m3 x (60/12) x 0.57 = 8.55 m3/hr
 EXCAVATORS

Hydraulic power is the key to many

Excavators.
 EXCAVATORS
EXCAVATORS TYPES:

Hydraulic front Shovels are used predominantly for hard

digging above track level and for loading haul units.

Hydraulic Hoe-type excavators are used to excavate below the

natural surface of the ground on which the machine rests.

The loader is a versatile piece of equipment designed to

excavate material located at or above wheel/track level. Unlike a
shovel or hoe, a loader must maneuver and travel to position the
bucket to load or dump.

A Dragline Excavator is especially useful when there is need for

extended reach in excavating or when material must be
excavated from underwater. The greatest advantage of a dragline
over other machines is its long reach for digging and dumping.

Clamshell Excavators provide the means to excavate vertically

to considerable depths. The clamshell bucket is designed
specifically to excavate material in a vertical direction.
 EXCAVATORS
EXCAVATORS TYPES
EXCAVATORS MOUNTING TYPES

Wheel mountings use a Truck and wheel

single operator's station to mountings provide greater
control both the carrier and Crawler mountings are mobility between job sites
the excavating mechanism. widely used for drainage and but are less stable than
trenching work as well as for crawler mountings and
rock excavation. require better surfaces
over which to operate.
 EXCAVATORS
EXCAVATORS TYPES
EXCAVATORS MOUNTING TYPES
 EXCAVATORS
EXCAVATORS TYPES
There are two types of excavators:
1- Hydraulic Shovel:
To excavate usually in levels higher than the ground level.
2- Hydraulic Hoe:
To excavate usually in levels lower than the ground level.
 EXCAVATORS
EXCAVATORS TYPES
Why do we have to know the differences
between them?
Hydraulic Shovel VS Hydraulic Hoe
• Because
• Different equipment cope with different conditions and tasks.
• Time and effort (efficiency) needed to do tasks will be affected.

With respect to Functional differences

Back hoe:
• Excavate or dig materials below its standing level.
Front shovel
• Dig or ditch material from ground and up to above.
 EXCAVATORS
EXCAVATORS TYPES
Why do we have to know the differences
between them?
Hydraulic Shovel VS Hydraulic Hoe
With respect to Operation method (When dig, load, haul and dump)

Front shovel Backhoe

 Position the bucket  Position the bucket
 Swing about its center pin  Swing about its center pin

 Do not required to travel when  But, when hauling, it need to move up

moving the bucket from loading to to ground level first.

dump position.
 EXCAVATORS
EXCAVATORS TYPES
Which equipment is suitable for the site?

If we need to dig the If materials below

sides of the site, just operation needed to
like be excavated out.,

It is better to use a front Back-hoe is more suitable

shovel to be used.
 SHOVELS
SHOVELS ,FACE SHOVELS ,FRONT SHOVELS
Main Use: is to excavate Loose Soil above track level
Secondary Use: Moving rocks – Spreading of material

Applications:
1- Excavation
2- Loading trucks.
3- Operating in cut and fill.
4- Wide area excavation.
5- Forming heaps.
6- Trench Excavation. (Back-hoe is better)
7- Loading soils. (Dragline and clamshell is better)
8- Excavate under ground level. (Back-hoe is better)
 SHOVELS
Components of a hydraulic Front Shovel
Boom
Engine
Stick

Bucket

swing

Digging action of a hydraulic Front Shovel

 SHOVELS
Size Rating of Front Shovels
The size of a shovel is indicated by the size of the bucket,
expressed in cubic yards (cy) or cubic meters (cu m or m3).
• Hydraulic shovels for construction work range in capacity from
3 to 14 cy.
• while Hydraulic shovels for mining applications typically range
from 28 to 68 cy.

Bucket
Mining Class
 SHOVELS
Bucket

Front Dump Bottom Dump

 SHOVELS
Bottom Dump Bucket

Shovel Two-Piece
Bottom Dump Bucket
 SHOVELS
OPTIMAL EQUIPMENT POSITION
(1) Frontal Approach
(2) Parallel Approach

Hydraulic Front Shovel approach methods

 SHOVELS
WORKING RANGES
 SHOVELS
Selecting a Front Shovel
When selecting a front shovel for project work consider two fundamental factors:
(1) cost per cubic yard of material excavated and
(2) Job conditions under which the shovel will operate.

In estimating the cost per cubic yard, consider

the following factors:

1. Size of the job: a job involving a large quantity of

material and mobilization costs of a large shovel.
2. Mobilization cost: cost of transporting the machine
to the project (a large shovel will involve more cost
than a small one).
3. Drilling and blasting cost: cost may be reduced by
the use of a large shovel, because a large machine
will handle more massive rocks than a small one. Drill
and blast cost is typically 15% of the total cost to
excavate and haul rock.
 SHOVELS
Selecting a Front Shovel
When selecting a front shovel for project work consider two fundamental factors:
(1) cost per cubic yard of material excavated and
(2) Job conditions under which the shovel will operate.

The following job conditions should be considered in selecting a shovel:

1. If the material is difficult to excavate, the bucket of the large shovel exerts
higher digging pressures and will handle the material more easily.

2. If blasted rock is to be excavated, the large-size bucket will handle larger

individual pieces.

3. The size of available hauling units should be considered in selecting the size
of a shovel. If small hauling units must be used, the size of the shovel should be
small, whereas if large hauling units are available, a large shovel should be
used.
 SHOVELS
Actual Production of Shovel
The actual production of a shovel is affected by numerous
factors, including:

1. Type of material.
2. Height of the shovel arc.
3. Height of cut, the bank face.
4. Angle of swing.
5. Operator skill.
6. Condition of the shovel.
7. Haul-unit exchange.
8. Size of hauling units.
9. Handling of oversize material.
10.Cleanup of loading area.
 SHOVELS
Actual Production of Shovel

How to increase Production:

1. Certified Driver
2. Equipment in Good Condition
3. Minimize cycle time
4. Minimizing swing angle
5. Use big size buckets
6. Maximize efficiency.
 SHOVELS
Calculating Shovel Production
There are four elements in the production cycle of a shovel:
• Load bucket (digging): Move bucket to the bank, fill, and raise bucket
clear of the bank.
• Swing with load: When bucket is full, raise to dump height and swing over
the haul unit.
• Dump load: Open bucket to dump while controlling dump height.
• Return swing: Swing upper frame back to the bank and lower bucket to
start next cycle.

Typical cycle element times

under average conditions, for
3-to-5–cy size shovels, are
 SHOVELS
Actual Production of Shovel
Production (LCM / h) = C × S × V × B × E
C = Number of cycles per hour Cycles per hour
S = Adjustment for Swing No unit
V = Bucket heaped capacity Cubic meter
B = Bucket fill factor No unit
E = Efficiency No unit

The capacity of a bucket is based on its heaped volume, which would

be loose volume. To obtain the bank-measure volume of a bucket when
considering a particular material, the average loose volume should be
divided by 1 plus the material’s swell.
 SHOVELS ,FACE SHOVELS ,FRONT SHOVELS
Actual Production of Shovel
Production (LCM / h) = C × S × V × B × E
C = Number of cycles per hour Cycles per hour
S = Adjustment for Swing No unit

C = Number of cycles per hour

S = Adjustment for Swing

 SHOVELS ,FACE SHOVELS ,FRONT SHOVELS
Actual Production of Shovel
Production (LCM / h) = C × S × V × B × E
V = Bucket heaped capacity Cubic meter

Struck capacity: defined as the volume enclosed by the bucket with no

allowance for the extension of the bucket teeth.
 SHOVELS ,FACE SHOVELS ,FRONT SHOVELS
Actual Production of Shovel
Production (LCM / h) = C × S × V × B × E
B = Bucket fill factor No unit

Note: means that = × (directly).

 SHOVELS ,FACE SHOVELS ,FRONT SHOVELS
Actual Production of Shovel
Production (LCM / h) = C × S × V × B × E
E = Efficiency No unit

0.57
 SHOVELS ,FACE SHOVELS ,FRONT SHOVELS
Actual Production of Shovel
Example:
A 3-cu yd (2.3 m3) capacity bottom-dump hydraulic shovel is being used to load well-
blasted rock into trucks. The shovel’s average swing angle is 120, job conditions are
good, and management is excellent. Estimate the shovel’s hourly loading production in
bank measure. Assume soil swell equals 0.5.

Solve:

Production (LCY [LCM] / h) = C × S × V × B × E

C = 170 from table ( 3-3 )
S = 0.94 from table (3-3 )
V = 2.3 x (1+swell) = 2.3 x (1+0.50) = 3.45 3

B = 0.8 from table ( 3-2 )

E = 0.78 from table ( 2-1 )
Production (LCM/hr) = 170 ×0.94 ×3.45 ×0.8 ×0.78 = 344 LCM/hr
Production (BCM/hr) = 344/(1+swell)=344/1.5= 229 BCM/hr
 SHOVELS ,FACE SHOVELS ,FRONT SHOVELS
Actual Production of Shovel
Example 2 :
Observations indicate that an excavator carries an average bucket load of 3 LCM
per cycle. The soil’s load factor is 0.80. Average cycle time will be 0.4 minutes.
Job conditions are rated good, while management conditions are rated as poor.
Estimate the hourly excavator production in bank measure.
Solve:
Production (LCY [LCM] / h) = C × S × V × B × E
Average cycle time will be 0.4 minutes.
C = Number of cycles per hour …..Then C = 60/0.4 = 150 cycles per hour
Assume swing angle = 90……. Then S = 1.0 From Table (3-3)
Average bucket load = V x B = 3 LCM per cycle
E = 0.65 From Table (2-1)
P = 150 x 1.0 x 3.0 x 0.65 = 292.5 m3/hr (LCM/hr)
Load factor = (1/1+swell)  0.8 = (1/1+swell)
Swell = 0.25
P = 292.51 /(1+0.25) = 234 m3/hr (BCM/hr)
THANKS