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The document discusses various concepts related to waves, sound, light, and sensors, including the behavior of sound waves in air, the properties of polarized light, and the advantages of data loggers over conventional meters. It explains phenomena such as the Doppler effect, the emission of laser light, and the principles of wave superposition and interference. Additionally, it covers the behavior of electrons in response to light intensity and temperature changes in metals, as well as the optical properties of diamonds compared to glass.

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alamirahdesigns
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0 views

Text

The document discusses various concepts related to waves, sound, light, and sensors, including the behavior of sound waves in air, the properties of polarized light, and the advantages of data loggers over conventional meters. It explains phenomena such as the Doppler effect, the emission of laser light, and the principles of wave superposition and interference. Additionally, it covers the behavior of electrons in response to light intensity and temperature changes in metals, as well as the optical properties of diamonds compared to glass.

Uploaded by

alamirahdesigns
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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U2

When describing transverse or longitudinal waves, use the terms propagation,


vibrate, oscillation

When polarized light is passed through a filter and filter is rotated.x2


1. Light transmitted when oscillations are in same direction as direction
of polarization of filter
2. Light is not transmitted when oscillation direction at 90° to the
direction of the polarization of filter (blocked)

Explain how sound waves travel in air.


1. Sound waves are longitudinal waves, and they travel in a series of rare
fractions(min pressure) and compressions (max pressure)
2. Their oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer
3. They cause vibrations of air particles

When moving towards an observer- x2


frequency increase, wavelength decreases
When moving away from an observer-
frequency decreases and wavelength increases. Wavelength and frequency are directly
proportional.

Why sensors connected to data loggers is better than conventional meters? x2


1. Can be logged over a long time period, taking continuous and more
readings than a person could
2. Can take readings simultaneously & automatically, also avoiding timing
errrors.
3. Data logger also stores and processes results
4. Data logger can plot a graph and curve which will be more accurate as
there will be smaller increments between readings.

Explain why reversing sensor would not work if it used audible sound rather than
ultrasound?
1. Ultrasound have a shorter wavelength
2. Which gives high resolution
Why sensor won’t detect a sloping object? /
1. Sound reflected away from the sensor (onto the ground)

Photon- quantum packet of electromagnetic energy


Work function: minimum amount of energy required to eject an electron out of the
metal surface.

Why spectrum of hydrogen only has a number of specific visible wavelengths of


light?
1. atoms have discrete energy levels
2. Light emitted when electron is de-excited to lower energy level
3. Difference in energy levels= photon energy
4. On certain transitions are possible

Explain why laser light is emitted in pulses


1. So pulse can return before next one being sent
2. So we can distinguish which reflection comes from which emission.

Why laser is more suitable than ultrasound for measuring distance to an object one
meter away?
1. Due to diffraction, waves would spread out too much in ultrasound
2. Reflected signal would have too low intensity
3. Sound would reflect off other objects and little sound would be in
correct direction.

What is meant by excited?


Electrons gain energy and move to higher energy levels.

What is meant by superposition of waves?


When two waves meet, the resultant sum of displacement is the vector sum of
displacement caused by each wave.

Why interference pattern is not seen when speaker is playing music? X2


1. Music has a lot of changing frequencies
2. And it’s phase relationship (difference) is not constant at all
particular point.
3. So the waves are not coherent

Intensity of light decreases, frequency remains the constant, explain the change in
electron emission
1. Less photons released per second
2. Less photons interact with electrons so less no of photoelectrons
released.
3. As lower intensity of light would provide less energy to release
electrons at a lower rate.

Why using a regular meter ruler to measure a small strip is a bad idea?
1. Length being measured is the same length as the scale division
2. This will lead to greater percentage uncertainty

Why resistance of metal increases when temperature increases?


1. Increased vibrations of lattice ions so there are more frequent
collision of electrons with ions.
2. So drift velocity decreases
3. As I=nAve the current is less so R=V/I will also be less

Why diamonds sparkle more than glass?


1. Diamonds have a much lower critical angle
2. So light with smaller incident angles will be internally reflected, so
more light is reflected.

Which quantity doesn’t change when entering a glass block


Amplitude, frequency,speed,wavelength
-frequency doesn’t change

Rare fractions are points where pressure is minimum, compressions are points where
pressure is maximum. There is zero displacement for both.

-All points between two nodes are in phase. As there is zero phase difference.
-the net energy transfer along a stationary wave is zero

Phase difference = 2 x pie x path difference / wavelength

How ultrasound reflection shoes that a metal contains an air gap?


1. Ultrasound reflected from boundaries due to change in density
2. Measure time taken or time delay for signal to return
3. Calculated expected time for pulse to return if no air gap
4. If time for pulse to return is less than time calculated, air gap is
present

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