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Coding and Non Coding

The document discusses coding and noncoding DNA, highlighting that coding DNA constitutes only about 1.5% of the human genome while noncoding DNA makes up over 98%. It also explains repetitive sequences in DNA, categorizing them into tandem and interspersed repeats, which play significant roles in genetic stability, diversity, and regulation. Additionally, the document introduces COT curves as a method for measuring DNA complexity based on renaturation kinetics.

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Bhargavi T
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Coding and Non Coding

The document discusses coding and noncoding DNA, highlighting that coding DNA constitutes only about 1.5% of the human genome while noncoding DNA makes up over 98%. It also explains repetitive sequences in DNA, categorizing them into tandem and interspersed repeats, which play significant roles in genetic stability, diversity, and regulation. Additionally, the document introduces COT curves as a method for measuring DNA complexity based on renaturation kinetics.

Uploaded by

Bhargavi T
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CODING AND NON CODING DNA

CODING AND NON CODING REGIONS


REPETITIVE SEQUENCES:
REPETITIVE COT
SEQUENCES :COT CURVES,LAW
CURVES.
OF DNA CONSTANCY,C VALUE
PARADOX,GENOME SIZE
23MSMB105
BHARGAVI.T
INTRODUCTION
• The DNA sequences in the genome that transcribe and translate into proteins
are known as coding DNA.
• Coding sequences are found within the coding region of the genes. The coding
region is composed of sequences known as exons.
• Exons are portions of genes which have the genetic code for the production of
specific proteins.
• Exons are interspersed within the noncoding sequences known as introns in the
genes.
• In humans, coding DNA accounts for a small percentage. Only about 1.5 % of
the entire genome length corresponds to coding DNA which translates into
proteins.
• This coding DNA has more than 27000 genes and produces all the proteins
which are essential for cellular processes.
NON CODING REGIONS
NON CODING REGIONS
• The DNA sequences of the genome that do not encode for proteins are known
as noncoding DNA.
• They are components of an organisms’ DNA. The major part of the genome
of an organism is comprised of noncoding DNA.
• It accounts for more than 98% length of the genome. The total amount of
genomic DNA varies among the organisms.
• The proportions of coding and noncoding DNA also vary between organisms.
• The amount of noncoding DNA differs greatly among species as well.
However, in each species, only a small percentage is responsible for coding
DNA; the rest is noncoding DNA.
• This is the opposite in prokaryotes. In prokaryotic genome, coding DNA is the
majority DNA while only 20% is accounted for noncoding DNA.
REPETITIVE SEQUENCES
REPETITIVE SEQUENCES
REPETITIVE
REPETITIVE SEQUENCES
SEQUENCES

• In DNA, repetitive sequences refer to segments of DNA that are repeated


multiple times within a genome. These repetitive sequences can be classified
into two main types:
• Tandem Repeats: These are sequences of DNA where a short sequence of
nucleotides is repeated one after the other. Tandem repeats are often used in
DNA profiling and forensics. Examples include microsatellites and
minisatellites.
• Interspersed Repeats: These are repetitive sequences that are dispersed
throughout the genome rather than being in tandem. Interspersed repeats
often include transposons or retrotransposons, which can move around the
genome and cause genetic variation.
SIGNIFICANCE
SIGNIFICANCE
• Repetitive sequences of DNA have several significant roles in genetics and
genomics:
• Structural stability: Repetitive sequences, like telomeres and centromeres,
provide structural stability to chromosomes and ensure proper chromosome
segregation during cell division.
• Genetic diversity: Repetitive elements, such as transposons, can cause
genetic mutations and contribute to genetic diversity. They can also promote
genomic rearrangements.
• Regulatory elements: Some repetitive sequences serve as regulatory elements,
influencing gene expression, and controlling various cellular processes.
COT CURVES

• It is a technique for measuring the complexity (size) of DNA or genome. The technique was
developed by Roy Britten and Eric Davidson in 1960. The technique is based on the
principle of DNA renaturation kinetics.
• Principle:
• The rate of renaturation is directly proportional to the number of times the sequences are
present in the genome.
• Given enough time all DNA that is denatured will reassociate or reanneal in a given DNA
sample.
• The more the repetitive sequence the less will be the time taken for renaturation
• Given enough time all DNA that is denatured will reassociate or reanneal in a given DNA
sample.
• The more the repetitive sequence the less will be the time taken for renaturation.
• COT VALUE
• The renaturation depends on the following
factors DNA concentration, reassociation
temperature, cation concentration and
viscosity.
• Cot=DNA Concentration (moles/L) X
renaturation time in seconds X buffer
factor (that accounts for the effects of
cations on the speed of renaturation).
• Cot:Co=Concentration of DNA and t=
time taken for renaturation
• Low cot value indicates more number of
repetitive sequences
• High cot value indicates more number of
unique sequences or less number of
repetitive sequences.
THANK YOU

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