SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND

SOCIETY
STAS111 AY. 24-25 - 1ST SEMESTER – PROFESSOR : CATHERINE JOYCE

interconnected with media of the Secondary

Information Age.
FINALS

THE EVOLUTION TIMELINE

F THE INFORMATION AGE
I. Pre- Industrial Age
(GUTENBERG TO SOCIAL MEDIA) II. Industrial Age
III. Electronic Age
Johannes Gutenberg IV. Information Age
(Born Feb 3, 1468)
- a German blacksmith and inventor of the THE PRE-GUTENBERG WORLD
printing press. ● In early times, books were created manually by
Gutenberg Principle - distribution of hand. They were transcribed through clay,
information becomes possible, but expensive and yet papyrus, wax and parchment.
institutionalized. ● In 1440, the first printing press was built
through Johannes Gutenberg which heralded
PRINTING PRESS the start of mass communication.
● a device that allows for the mass production of ● Many investment appears to serve and create
uniform printed matter, mainly text in the opportunities with e-commerce as the major
form of books, pamphlets and newspapers. new web-based phenomena.
● The Gutenberg Bible is the first great book
printed in Western Europe from movable
metal type.

Gutenberg Revolution
● is a term used to express democratizing
effects of the invention of the printing press
among society.
● Democracy was born through the invention of
the printing press and the effects it had on
society.
THE POST-GUTENBERG WORLD
Early Developments of Information Age ● In 1920, the radio broadcasting was introduced.
● 1945 - Fremont Rider described the ● In the 1970's, the Information Age accelerated
miniaturized microform analog photographs, global communication. Microprocessor began
which could be duplicated on-demand for in use.
library patrons and other institutions. ● In the early times of the internet, it still follows
● 1965 - Moore’s law was formulated. It is an Gutenberg Principle.
observation that the number of transistors in a
dense integrated circuit doubles about every Many investment appears to serve and create
two years. opportunities with e-commerce as the major new
● Early 1980 - production of the smaller and less web-based phenomena.
expensive personal computers allowed for
direct access to information. PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (Before 1700's)
● 1995 - Nicholas Negroponte published his - smoke signals, stone carvings,
book, Being Digital, the similarities and cave paintings stone tools,
differences between products made of atoms plant extract, clay tablets
and bits. ● Sumerians
● Primary Information Age - newspaper, radio, ● Egyptians
television.
● Secondary Information Age - Internet, INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700's to 1930's)
satellite television and mobile phones Telegraph - any device or system that allows the
● Tertiary Information Age - emerged by media transmission of information
of the Primary Information Age by coded signal over distance.

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Some forms of media used during Industrial Age ● voice, image, sound and data are digitalized.
● Printing Press - Johannes Gutenberg
● Typewriter - Christopher Latham Sholes There are Three distinct historical periods for this
● Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell revolution of information technology (Washington,
● Telegraph - Samuel Finley Breese Morse DC.) Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense
● Phonograph - Thomas Alva Edison (OASD), Command & Control Research Program
(CCRP), 1997)

The first modern information

revolution began in the
mid-nineteenth century and includes
telegraph, telephone and radio.

ELECTRONIC AGE (1930's to 1980's) Improved communication and have by

passed even further the second
Transistor - John Bardeen, William Shockley, and modern information revolution
Walter Brattain followed the first one and extended
- a semiconductor that amplifies or switches until the mid-20TH century and
electronic signals. includes television, early generation
computers, and satellites.
EDSAC - Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator: 1st stored program electronic computer The third modern information revolution probably
ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and began in the 1980's and has surpassed the two other
Computer: 1st electronic general purpose digital revolutions.
computer This age which includes our time is now called as the
UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer: line of "knowledge revolution"
electronic digital stored-program computers
According to Stacy (2008), the development of
internet in our world, changed 2 major expansion:
First, uploading and downloading of different forms
of media, such as image, videos and audios were now
possible through internet access.
Second, Spreading and publishing of information
were now much easy because of different tools.

SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS IMPACT TO THE SOCIETY

● According to Brown (2018), among the three
billion people around the world, 40% uses
online social media. Social media users spend
an average of two hours everyday tweeting or
liking posts in different platforms.
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS OF INFORMATION AGE ● According to Merriam-Webster (2016), Social
(1900's to 2000's) media is defined as a form of electronic
● Portable Computers (laptops) (1980) communication wherein the users share
● Tablets (1993) information, ideas and even videos by creating
● Smartphones (1994) online communities.

Information age
● Advanced the use of
microelectronics with
the invention of
personal computers,
mobile devices, and
wearable technology.

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★ Social media made the society less

individualistic and traditional groups more
reinforced.
★ In education, including informal learning,
social media served as an important catalyst.
★ Selfie shared in social media send different
messages worldwide.
★ In the world of social media, online equality is
different from offline equality.
★ Not the company, but the people who uses
social media define its functionality.
★ The public social media can be viewed as
traditionalist or conservative.
★ Posted photos and use of emoji's in social
YouTube media has shifted human communication
● created by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and ★ The world became less homogenous because
Jawed Karim. It is an online of social media.
● video-sharing platform. ★ Personal commerce has been greatly
● allows users to view, upload, share, report, promoted with the help of social media.
subscribe and comments ★ Group-communication arise because of social
● on videos. media.
Facebook ★ Social media, for some, served as their online
● founded by Mark Zuckerberg and his fellow "homes"
roommates and students ★ Gender Relations has been profoundly
● popular global social networking website. affected by social media.
offers other products and services such as ★ Human conversations and relationships are
Facebook Messenger, now polymedia.
● Facebook Watch and Facebook Portal. ★ Memes in social media served as moral police
MacBook that has set the standards of normal behavior
● discontinued Macintosh portable computer among the general public.
developed and sold by ★ Social media is a privacy threat, but notsfort
Apple Inc. users.
● includes a Retina display, fanless design and a
shallower butterfly
● keyboard and a single USB-C port for power
and data.
Google LLC BIODIVERSITY AND HEALTHY SOCIETY
● based on multinational technology company
that specializes in "We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as
● internet-related services and products, priceless while we learn to use it and come to
● include software, hardware, online advertising, understand what it means to humanity."
a search engine and cloud computing - Edward Osborne Wilson, 1992
Microsoft Corporation
● develops, manufactures, licenses, supports "If we pollute the air, water and soil that keep us alive
and sells computer and well, and destroy the biodiversity that allows
● software, consumer electronics, personal natural systems to function, no amount of money will
computers and related services. save us."
- Suzuki David, 1936
Mark Schaefer (2011), an author, blogger and Social
Media Marketing consultant cited a summary in his BIODIVERSITY: PERCEPTION AND HISTORY
blog how the world has changed because of social BIO logical DIVERSITY
media. ● variety of living things making the world
beautiful and fascinating place to live.

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● It is a measure of the number of species on the ● It is an integral part of culture and identity.
planet or in a specific area (Cunningham and ● It provides raw materials like lumber, food,
Cunningham, 2013). medicine
● The diversity of life on Earth, from genes to
ecosystems, as well as ecological and Threats to Biodiversity
evolutionary processes, are what keep it alive Extinction - the elimination of species, can be a
(Bynum, 2012). normal process of the natural world as species
out-complete or kill off others or as environmental
CONCEPT OF BIODIVERSITY AND conditions change such as during the Ice Ages.
ITS COMPONENTS
Three (3) Levels of Biodiversity The BOTTLENECK effect occurs when a population's
1. Genetic Biodiversity - size is reduced.
measure of variety of versions ● Undergoing a bottleneck can greatly reduce
of the same genes within the genetic variation in a population
individual species.
○ the variety of genes within a species. Human Threats to Biodiversity
2. Species Biodiversity - describes the number - Edward Osborne Wilson
of different kinds of organisms within H - abitat destruction / -
individual communities or ecosystems. I - nvasive species
○ variety of species found within a P - ollution
region. P - opulation of humans, &
3. Ecological Biodiversity - specifies the number 0 - verharvesting
of niches, trophic levels, and ecological
processes that capture, sustain food webs and Threats to Biodiversity
recycle materials within this systems. 1. Environmental Pollution
● the variety of ecosystems or 2. Over-exploitation/ Over-hunting/
communities found in a particular Over-harvesting/ Over-fishing
location. 3. Habitat Loss / Habitat destruction/ Habitat
BIOSPHERE is defined as the region on, above, and altération
below the Earth's surface where life exists. 4. Climate Change
5. Invasive species or Non-native species
ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY
PROCESSES Environmental Pollution
● The result of the interaction ● Domestic agriculture and industrial wastes are
between organisms and their poorly treated and are often discharged into
environment. the sea, and to other bodies of water, such as
● The biosphere is created by rivers and lakes.
the interaction of biodiversity ● Pollution can lead to diseases and pollution
with ecological and stresses, such as coral bleaching on reefs.
evolutionary processes Over-Exploitation/Over-Hunting/Over-
Harvesting/Over-Fishing
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY ● Commercial logging, community logging,
a. Biodiversity provides food and medicines timber poaching, and kaingin (slash and burn
- Human food supplies agriculture).
b. Biodiversity can aid ecosystem stability ● In mangrove ecosystem, the extraction of fuel
- Essential in existence of other species and construction materials leads to habitat
c. Aesthetic and Existence values are important destruction and the loss of critical coastal
- Provides job opportunities, cultural protection.
value, and can be emotionally uplifting Habitat Loss/Habitat Destruction/Habitat Alteration
● In coral reefs, coastal development,
● It supports healthy ecosystems. aquaculture, agriculture, and land-cover
● It is an essential part of the change increasing sediments and nutrients
solution to climate change. outflow onto reefs, and the muro-ami fishing
● It is good for the economy. technique.
● The development of fishponds (aquaculture) in

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mangrove forest.
Climate Change
● Drastic changes in the atmosphere can have
catastrophic effects such as increase
concentration of greenhouse gases and
destruction of forest.
Invasive Species/Non-native Species
● Invasive species are greater threat to native
biodiversity than pollution, harvest, and
disease combined (Simberloff, 2000).
● It can cause alterations either within species
groups or within the environment.

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
Conventional Breeding is the process of developing
new plant cultivars without the use of futuristic
molecular breeding technologies.
● does not violate the natural law of inheritance.
● a selective breeding methodology where
plants are selected based on superior Summary of the Benefits of GM Crops
performance on selected characters.
● the required characters are attained from
closely related individuals and incorporated
into new cultivars using hybridization
(Al-Khayri et al. 2016).

2. Crops as edible vaccine

● desired plants and transgenic pesticide/
herbicide/ insecticide-resistant insects are
given the desired genes
3. Biopesticides
● microbial sources are used for the control of
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) various insects
- Directly modity the genome of the crop. 4. Biological control pests
- It is also known as "genetic engineering", ● defend the environment and crons from harm
where in selective bred of plants were being
enhanced with the genes if another plant. The Impact of GMO to Biodiversity and Environment
- Can produce higher number of yields than - provide the means to feed the world's hungry
usual. - well established increase of the crop yield

1. Genetically Modified Organisms

● boost the production and nutritional value of GMO’s
several crops
● Genetically Modified (GM) crops BENEFITS RISKS

Improving the growth Promote the

characteristic and yield development of
of agriculturally pesticide resistant
available crops. (Klug, pests. (Dle, Clarke &

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2012) Fontes, 2002) Richard Feynman

- introduced the concept of nanotechnology in
Increasing the GM crops express 1959.
nutritional value of concerns about - Father of Nanotechnology
crops. (Klug, 2012) allergenicity. (Lehrer & ● presented a lecture entitled "There's Plenty of
Bannon, 2005) Room at the Bottom" at the California Institute
of Technology (Caltech).
Providing crop GM crop can be both ● considered the father of modern
resistance against expensive and time nanotechnology
insect and viral pests, consuming.
drought and herbicides (Ramadwami et al., Norio Taniguchi
(Klug, 2012) 2012) ● A professor at Tokyo Science University
● Nanoparticles
● He coined the term at the international
conference on industrial production in 1974 to
IDENTIFIED ENDEMIC SPECIES
describe work on semiconductor processes.
★ Rafflesia manillana - world’s largest flower.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
★ Vanda sanderiana (waling-waling) - world’s
● The branch of technology that deals with
largest orchid species.
dimensions and tolerances of
★ Pithecophaga jefferyi (monkey-eating eagle)
less than 100 nanometers,
- largest bird
especially the manipulation of
★ Rhyncodon typus - largest fish
individual atoms and molecules.
★ Tridacna gigas (giant clam) - largest seashell
● The National Nanotechnology
★ Pandaka pygmea (dwarf goby) - smallest
Initiative (NNI) in the United
freshwater fish
States define Nanotechnology
★ Tarsius syrichta (tarsier) - smallest primate
as "a science, engineering, and technology
★ Tragalus nigricans - smallest hoofed mammal
conducted at the nanoscale (1 to 100 nm),
★ Tylonycteris pachpus (bamboo bat) -
where unique phenomena enable novel
smallest bat
applications in a wide range of fields, from
★ Pisidum - tiniest shell in the world
chemistry, physics and biology, to medicine,
★ Connus gloriamaris - most expensive shells in
engineering and electronics"
the world
★ Cervus alfredi - most endangered deer
History of Nanotechnology
★ Bubalus mindorensis (tamarau or dwarf
water buffalo) - top ten most endangered
● 1959 - Richard Feynman, an American
species in the world and the largest
Physicist discussed, “There’s Plenty of Room at
endangered animal.
the Bottom”.
● 1960 - Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng
THE NANO WORLD fabricated the first MOSFET (metal
–oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor)
with a gate oxide thickness of 100nm, along
NANOSCIENCE with a gate length of 20μm.
● is the study of phenomena and behaviors in ● 1974 - Norio Taniguchi, a Japanese scientist of
materials with typical diameters between 1 Tokyo University of Science coined the term
and 100 nm. "nanotechnology” to describe semiconductor
processes such as film deposition and ion
NANO - as a unit of measurement of length, is an beam milling exhibiting characteristic control
analogous entity like meter. on the order of a nanometer.
● 1981 - The invention of Scanning Tunneling
NANOS = Dwarf Microscope, an instrument used for imaging
surfaces at the atomic level. It was invented by
NANOSCALE - the size of the nanomaterials or Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich
nanostructures (between 0.1 and 100 nm). (Nobel Prize in Physics).

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 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND
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● 1985 - The discovery of fullerenes, an allotrope Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) provides

of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon opportunities and technical services to local
atoms connected by single and double bonds industries by Nano Lab.
so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh,
with fused rings of five to seven atoms. Recipients of Project Funding
● 1986 – Publication of the book Engines of ● National Institute of Molecular Biology
Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology ● UPLB BIOTECH
by Eric Dexler.
● 1991 - The discovery of carbon nanotubes by Variety of Applications
Sumio Lijima ➢ Drug delivery
● 2006 - The discovery of 3nm MOSFET, the ➢ Tumor and pathogen detection
worlds ‘smallest nanoelectronic device was ➢ Tissue engineering
created by Korean Researchers from the Korea ➢ Diagnostics
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ➢ Vivo fluorescent dye imaging
and the National Nano Fab Center. ➢ Biosensors

NANOTECHNOLOGY EXAMPLES NANOTECHNOLOGY CAN PROVIDE SOLUTIONS TO

1. Sunscreen THESE BASIC NEEDS IN RURAL AREAS
2. Clothing ★ Cheaper and readily accessible solar cells
3. Furniture based on quantum dots
4. Adhesives ★ Clean water using nanocatalysts or
5. Car Paint nanoporous membranes that will filter off
6. Sports Equipment impurities
7. Computers ★ Enhanced agricultural productivity assisted by
8. Medicine nanotechnology
9. Food ★ Medical care using portable medical
10. Fireproofing diagnostic kits using nanotech
★ Advances in ICT in computations and
NANOTECHNOLOGY OF THE PAST telecommunications may bring education
● Even long before the "nanoera" people were effectively.
engaged in different processes and used these
into practice in small scale subconsciously. Nanotechnology Projects supervised by DOST-ITDI
1. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND SEMICONDUCTORS
● Fermentation process on nano level: making ● nanowires
bread, wine, beer, cheese
● Nanoparticles of galenite (lead sulfide): hair 2. SOLAR CELLS
dyeing process ● Dye sensitized-based solar cells (DSSC)

ANCIENT ROME 3. AGRICULTURE

● Lycurgus cup: 4th Century AD (British ● Facilitate gene transformation and
Heritage) possess unusual optical properties expression
(bowl is green in natural light and red if 4. FOOD
illuminated from within). ○ Biodegradable packaging food
MIDDLE AGES
● Stained glass windows have been admired in 5. ENVIRONMENT
Europe because of close to perfection. ● water purification by nanofilters

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION OF
● Through the effort of NANOTECHNOLOGY
the Department of
NANOTECHNOLOGY EXAMPLES
Science and
APPLICATIONS
Technology- Industrial
Technology and

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EARTH'S NATURAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT

1. Water treatment ● Nanomembranes for
● SUN - principal source of heat and energy of
and purification water purification,
desalination and and the earth
purification ● Natural greenhouse gases
detoxification
● Nanosensors for the ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT
detection of ● due to human activities
contaminants and ➔ burning fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas
pathogens ➔ agriculture and land clearing
● Nanoporous zeolites,
nanoporous polymers
and attapulgite clays for GREENHOUSE GASES
water purification ● According to the
● Magnetic nanoparticles Environmental Protection
for water treatment and Agency (EPA)
remediation ○ 81% Carbon dioxide
● TiO2 nanoparticles for (CO2)
the catalytic ○ 10% Methane (CH4)
degaradation of
○ 7% Nitrous Oxide
pollutants (Source:
Salamanca-Buentello (N20)
et.al 2005) ○ 3% Fluorinated Gases

2. Environmental ● Zero-Valent Iron SOURCES OF GREENHOUSE GASES

remediation Nanoparticles for ★ Electricity Production
The removal of Abatement of ★ Transportation
contaminants and environmental ★ Industry
pollutants of from the pollutants (Li, Elliot, and ★ Commercial and Residential
environment (ex: Zhang 2006)
★ Agriculture
contaminated soil and ● Nanoscale iron particles
ground water or (Zhang 2003)
★ Land Use and Forestry
surface water)

3. Green Nano ● Starch based-nano PROJECTED HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Composites composites 1. Increase malnutrition and consequent
Materials having eco ● Cellulose based-nano disorders;
friendly attributes that composites 2. Increase in the number of people dying and
are technically and ● protein based-nano suffering from disease and injury due to
economically feasible composites heatwaves, floods, storms, fires, and droughts;
while minimizing the
3. Continue to change the range of some
generation of pollution
(Khalil, Bhat and Yusra
infectious disease vectors;
2011) 4. Have mixed effects on malaria;
5. Increase the burden of diarrheal diseases., and;
6. Increase cardio-respiratory morbidity and
mortality associated with ground-level ozone.
CLIMATE CHANGE, ENERGY CRISIS &
CLIMATE CHANGE ACTIONS AND RESPONSE
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
● Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC)
CLIMATE CHANGE AS A RESULT OF GLOBAL IPCC reported the following:
WARMING 1. Global Warming of 1.5 degree Celsius (October
● Continuous dependence on fossil fuels. 2018)
● Increased of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit of the 2. Released the 2019 Refinement to the 2006
average temperature of the Earth over the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
past 130 years Inventories (May 2019)
● Global Warming - rapid increase in the Earth's 3. Climate Change and Land (August 2019)
average temperature. 4. The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing
. Climate (September 2019)

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5. may result to political concerns

ENERGY CRISIS
SHOULD WE WORRY ON EXPERIENCING ENERGY CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE
CRISIS? PHILIPPINES
● PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES 1. Air Pollution
○ petroleum, natural gas, coal, 2. Plastic Pollution
renewable energy, nuclear electric 3. Marine Pollution
power 4. Sea Level Rise

WHAT ROLE FOR OCEANS IN CLIMATE CHANGE?

● Absorb CO2
● CO2 solubility decreases with increasing
temperature

WHAT ARE SOME POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF A

PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGE?
● The projected change in the earth's climate
Causes of Global Energy Crisis during this century could have severe and
1. Overconsumption long-lasting consequences, including
2. Overpopulation increased drought and flooding, rising sea
3. Poor infrastructure of energy plants levels, and shifts in locations of agriculture and
4. Unexplored renewable energy options wildlife habitats.
5. Delay in commissioning of power plants POTENTIAL SEVERE CONSEQUENCES
6. Wastage of energy ● Rapid projected temperature increase
7. Poor distribution system ● 2 C° inevitable
8. Natural calamities and major accidents ● 4 C° possible
9. Wars and attacks ● Effects will last for at least 1,000 years
10. Miscellaneous factors
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
THE OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION ● Excessive heat
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES ● Drought
● Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Basics ● Ice and snow melt
● Rising sea levels
OTEC - a process that can generate electricity by using ● Extreme weather
the heat energy stored in the Earth's oceans. ● Threat to biodiversity
- invented by Georges Claude (1920's) ● Food production may decline
● Change location of agricultural crops
● Types of OTEC Systems ● Threats to human health
a. Closed-cycle or Anderson OTEC Cycle
b. Open-cycle or Claude OTEC Cycle WHAT CAN WE DO TO SLOW PROJECTED CLIMATE
c. Hybrid system CHANGE?
● To slow the rate of projected climate change,
Advantages of OTEC Technology we can increase energy efficiency, sharply
1. produces clean, and green renewable energy reduce greenhouse gas emissions, rely more
2. produces no chemical pollution on renewable energy resources, and slow
3. does not involve burning fossil fuels population growth.
4. provide potable water
5. produce fuels REDUCING THE THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
6. can be used for aquaculture, refrigeration, and ● Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel
air conditioning use
Disadvantages of OTEC Technology ● Shift from coal to natural gas
1. only suitable in tropical areas ● Improve energy efficiency
2. electricity produced is costly ● Shift to renewable energy sources
3. construction requires great amount ● Transfer appropriate technology to developing
4. construction may damage coral reefs countries

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● Reduce deforestation
● Sustainable agriculture and forestry
● Reduce poverty
● Slow population growth
● Decrease CO2 emissions
● Sequester CO2 (-Plant trees - Agriculture -
Underground - Deep Ocean)
● Repair leaking natural gas lines
● Reduce methane emissions from animals

IS CAPTURING AND STORING CO2 THE ANSWER?

● Global tree planting
● Restore wetlands
● Plant fast-growing perennials
● Preserve natural forests
● Seed oceans with iron to promote growth of
phytoplankton
● Sequester carbon dioxide underground and
under the ocean floor

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