Class-XII Economics Project

(Aggregate Demand and its Components)

What is Aggregate Demand?

The word aggregate in the Aggregate Demand means ‘Total’, therefore, Aggregate Demand indicates the
total demand of an economy. Aggregate Demand refers to the total demand for finished goods and services
in the economy over a specific period. It also refers to a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) demand.
Aggregate demand is also known as Aggregate Expenditure (AE) as AE is the total expenditure incurred by
all the sectors of the economy. The aggregate demand includes factors such as personal consumption,
investment, government demand, and net exports. An economy’s aggregate demand increases when the
variables’ sum increases.

Note: Aggregate Demand is not the same as Market Demand. The former is the total demand for goods and
services in an economy; however, the latter is the demand for one commodity in the market.

Table of Content
• Components of Aggregate Demand
• Important Points About Aggregate Demand
Components of Aggregate DemandComcocccc

Components Of Aggregate Demand:

The Aggregate Demand of an economy is typically a sum of four components; viz., Government
Expenditure (G), Consumption Expenditure (C), Investment Expenditure (I), and Net Export (X – M).

1. Government Expenditure (G):

Government Expenditure is the total expenditure made by the government on the acquisition of public goods
and social services to satisfy the need of the overall economy. The government expenditure includes all the
consumption (C) and investment (I) expenditures like infrastructure, investments, defence and military
equipment, public sector facilities, healthcare services, government employees, etc. The government
expenditure, however, does not include transfer payments like pension plans, subsidies, and aid transfers to
other countries. The level of Government Expenditure of an economy is determined by the government’s
policy which is usually guided by social welfare.

2. Private (Household) Consumption Expenditure (C):

Consumption Expenditure or Private/Household Consumption Expenditure refers to the total spending of an
individual or a household on the purchase of goods and services in an economy during an accounting year.
Even though the spending of a consumer is affected by several factors like disposable income, per capita
income, debt, consumer expectations of future economic conditions, and interest rates; disposable income
plays a major role in it. It refers to the total income a household spends on savings and the purchase of
goods and services. The spending of the households is majorly affected by disposable income as when the
income of the consumer increases, the expenditure increases and vice-versa. The consumption expenditure;
however, does not include spending on residential structures.

3. Investment Expenditure (I):

Investment Expenditure refers to the company’s total expenditure on acquiring new capital goods and
services like machinery and equipment, changes in inventories, and investments in non-residential and
residential structures. The spending depends on factors such as interest rates, future expectations of the
economy, and incentives of the government, such as tax benefits or subsidies.

4. Net Export (X – M):

The term total export refers to the demand for the products that are produced by domestic producers but are
sold to the rest of the world, while total import refers to the demand for the products that are manufactured
outside the domestic boundaries of the country but are imported to the country. Therefore, Net export refers
to the difference between the Total Export (X) and Total Import (M) of the country.

Aggregate Demand in a Two-Sector Model (AD = C + I)

Although Aggregate Demand has four elements or components, the two-sector model of aggregate demand
focuses on only two components; i.e., Investment Expenditure and Consumption Expenditure. According to
this,
Aggregate Demand = Consumption + Investment
Or
AD = C + I.
Diagrammatic Representation of AD
The Aggregate Demand depends on the income and expenditure of an economy. Generally, when the
income of an economy rises, the expenditure also rises, and vice-versa. Considering this, it can be stated
that income and expenditure have a positive relationship.
(Amount in ₹ Crores)
Income Consumption Investment AD
(Y) (C) (I) (C + I)

0 30 30 60

100 110 30 140

200 190 30 220

300 270 30 300

400 350 30 380

500 430 30 460

 Important Points About Aggregate Demand
1. Aggregate Demand is the measure of the aggregate income and expenditure of an economy, i.e., AD = C
+ I.
2. There is always a minimum level of consumption irrespective of the income level, i.e., the consumption
always remains positive irrespective of the income of the buyer/user. For example, in the above case,
even though the Income is 0, there is a minimum level of consumption of 30. This consumption is known
as Autonomous Consumption (OS). It is because people need some basic goods and services even at
0 Income to sustain themselves.
3. The consumption expenditure curve in the aggregate demand represents that the consumption slope is
always increasing. However, after reaching a certain level, i.e., the equilibrium point (300 in this case),
the consumer starts saving a certain amount of their income.
4. The investment expenditure curve remains constant and is assumed to be independent. For example,
in the above case, the investment remains constant at ₹30 crores and the level of autonomous
investment is indicated by OR.
5. The AD Curve never starts from the base value, i.e., 0 as there is always a minimum level of
consumption.
6. The AD Curve represents that there is a positive relationship between income and expenditure as when
the income of the economy rises, the expenditure also rises, and vice-versa.