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Probability Minimum Learn Material

The document provides an overview of basic probability concepts including experiments, trials, events, and sample spaces. It explains how to calculate the probability of events, including complementary events, and includes a series of questions to apply these concepts. The document serves as a foundational guide for understanding and calculating probabilities in various scenarios.

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vij1805
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11 views6 pages

Probability Minimum Learn Material

The document provides an overview of basic probability concepts including experiments, trials, events, and sample spaces. It explains how to calculate the probability of events, including complementary events, and includes a series of questions to apply these concepts. The document serves as a foundational guide for understanding and calculating probabilities in various scenarios.

Uploaded by

vij1805
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBABILITY
CONCEPT:

EXPERIMENT: An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes, is known as an


experiment.

TRIAL: Performing of an experiment is called Trial. For


example: Tossing a coin, throwing a dice.

EVENT: The outcomes of an experiment are called events. For example, getting a head or tail tossing a
coin is an Event.

EQUALLY LIKELY EVENT: Outcomes of trial are said to be equally likely if taking into
consideration all the relevant evidences, there is no reason to expect one in preference to the others. For
example,

(a) In throwing an unbiased die, all the six faces are equally likely to come.

ELEMENTARY EVENT: An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event.

REMARK: The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.

SAMPLE SPACE: The set of all possible outcomes in a trial is called sample space. For

instance:

(i) If a fair coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes, namely head (H) & Tail (T).
Sample space S = {H, T}

(ii) In unbiased die is thrown; S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6)

(iii) When two coins are tossed; S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}

FAVOURABLE CASES: If we toss a coin, the number of favorable cases for a head is 1 i.e., (H) and
total number of equally likely cases =2 i.e., (T, H)

PROBABILITY: Mathematically, Probability of an event E, is defined as,


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P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = No. of outcomes of favorable cases to E / Total No. of possible outcomes

The probability of an event E is a number between 0 and 1 inclusive i.e., 0 ≤P(E)≤1

(i) If P(E) = 0, then the event cannot possibly occur. An event that cannot occur has
0 probability; Such an event is called impossible event.
If P(E) = 1, then the event is certain to occur. An event that is certain to occur has
probability equal to one and is called a sure event.

PROCEDURE FOR FINDING SIMPLE PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT

(i) Count the total number of outcomes in the sample space i.e., n(S);

(ii) Then count all possible outcomes of the event E + e — n(E).

(iii) Substitute these values in the below given formula for probability of event E.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S)

COMPLEMENTARYEVENT

Let E denote the event ‘E does not occur’. Then P(E)

= n(E) / n (S)

= n(S) – n(E) / n(S) = 1 – n(E) / n(S)

P(E) = 1— P(E) P(E) + P(E) = 1

i.e. P(E) + P (not E) = 1

Thus P (not E) = 1— P (E), this event is said to be a complementary event.


Answer the following questions:
Q1. A coin is tossed. Find the probability that a head is obtained.

Q2. Find probability of throwing 5 with an ordinary


dice.
Q3. Probability of winning a game is 0.4. What is the probability of losing the game?

Q4. A person is known to hit the target in 3 shots out of 4 shots. Find the probability that
the target is not hit.

Q5. Tickets numbered from 1 to 20 are mixed together and a ticket is drawn at random.
What is the probability that the ticket has a number which is multiple of 3 or 7?
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Q6. A bag contains 100 identical tokens, on which numbers 1 to 100 are marked. A token
is drawn at random. What is the probability that the number on the token is:
(a) an even number
(b) an odd number
(c) a multiple of 3
(d) a multiple of 5
(f) a multiple of 3 and 5
(g) a multiple of 3 or 5
(h) a number less than 20
(i) a number greater than 70
(j) a perfect square number
(k) a prime number less than 20.

Q7. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of cards. Find the probability that
the card drawn is:
(a) a queen
(b) a king bearing diamond sign
(c) a black card
(d) a jack
(e) black and a queen
(f) either black or a queen
(g) a red card
(h) a face card
(i) a diamond or a club
(j) neither heart nor a jack
(k) a 2 of diamond
(l) an ace of hearts
(m) a face card of red color
(n) 10 of a black “suit”

Q8. In a simultaneous toss of two coins, find:


(a) P(2 tails)
(b) P(exactly one tail)
(c) P(no tails)
(d) P(at most one head)
(e) P(one head)

Q9. A coin is tossed successively three times. Find probability of getting exactly one
head or two heads.

Q10. Three coins are tossed once. Find probability of:


(a) 3 heads
(b) exactly 2 heads
(c) at least 2 heads
(d) at most 2 heads
(e) no tails
(f) head and tail appear alternatively
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(g) at least one head and one tail

Q11. A dice is thrown once. Find:


(a) P(number 5)
(b) P(number 7)
(c) P(an even number)
(d) P( a number greater than 4)
(e) P( a number less than or equal to 4)
(f) P(a prime number)
Q12. A bag contains 10 white, 6 black and 4 red balls. Find probability of getting:
(a) a white ball
(b) a black ball
(c) not a red ball
(d) a white or a red ball

Q13. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find:


(a) P(an odd number as a sum)
(b) P(sum as a prime number)
(c) P(a doublet of odd numbers)
(d) P(a total of at least 9)
(e) P( a multiple of 2 on one die and a multiple of 3 on other die)
(f) P(a doublet)
(g) P(a multiple of 2 as sum)
(h) P(getting the sum 9)
(i) P(getting a sum greater than 12)
(j) P( a prime number on each die)
(k) P( a multiple of 5 as a sum)
Q14. Find the probability that a leap year at random contains 53 Sundays.

Q15. Two black kings and two black jacks are removed from a pack of 52 cards. Find
the probability of getting:
(a) a card of hearts
(b) a black card
(c) either a red card or a king
(d) a red king
(e) neither an ace nor a king
(f) a jack, queen or a king

- The End -
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- The End -

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