classmate 5aL J WL _ structured query _Lanquag 3 DatLa— collection of meani ngfull information —# Database -(08) = ee ——=-eolNection of meaningful information that can be _| i Stored_im__one_place_is_catied as _dotabase u Tk_is melecronic form, C computerised foxrn)} ———saved_in computer = coord, excel, notepad, Pdf, natett a pams_ =—Dota_Base Management system -——_=|-_Sitre__the data in the firm of Fil Bay cai vests “Be Ants steel -| There is _na_-velobion bla _t.30_table ae | gpams — Relotional —Dota Base _Maragement Syste =.—Large volume of dota stowed t! ——= Steve the _dota__in_the form__of table . | + =| there: (aod Wee” could -nct_he elation b/w table B_ Properties of RDSMS_ . ‘ f —Doto insert _,delete_, update based _on specific ___| condition } Accept tine _SQL__queries. ~._ tvansaction control —_ Ddota_s\naxing——________— Slo chich fellow this properties _\s__Glied RDBMS _| : — | eae oracle. 2> MySQL 3>_ sybase. Ss 4) _Sevver 5>—dba s>_Mssal_ Scanned with CamScannerP el Sau a Sevustured_ “query Language sion cated [= || aye _oviginal ver. of San (Standard 2 query —tanguage}—} Ss _ SEQUEL (Structured English | quay language) = sei isa langusge —eshich _is used im RDAMS fo | “commnuniciies dente [=] Se. statements are used tn _petform—tasiss_—sutt et ata on a __d@__or_setvive dota —_ | form de ex manipulate data al rabies __-t+' -ig= Geol. lecdinn data column _( field Atbibutt. Row _C Records ov _fuple + ©. Rewrd or “Tuple _sy “roan + gach rows _ of table called as record ox} ol Field_, column name__oy attribute ¢ e] _— Table having acon _called Fiel adtribute. : — | column_( field) = st” related i 1 | Scanned with CamScannerSQu_—_Statements_+_ _select_ = | Insert _update. _4)| Delete. S Types of Sal Stoterent = | ODL + Data_definition language _DmML+_Data_manipulakion. — Langage |_ycL+ Transaction contol _stadefpot Language — =4 -pefine__stracture 2 _gchi iy}cxeate = tx eat nec table in—an_existing dB. | “column, _yename _toble_,—data_type 4 size _changy |_ to medify structure. t iy Drop _= 4 Dap. | tabie. toternent carn used tn_xemavesl defete o_| | ___tyurncade, _quiers —cremees OL\_-rocoS__freen_ioble. _ without lagging the individual _sraca deletions _ Cro delete permanently ) > 3 _pename + change __the table name. i Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner= Me opade = update existing data _colthin oo 4oble_ 2 melete. - delete all__yecords from a_table, the | spate fe tne _xecords remain —_|_ 4) select - xetvieve data frm the de the seled statement is _used te_-foxm ____queries__fox_extyatting infomation out | of the d@ S>_ merge - _upsert _opexotion _C insert ox update) IE 6) c ALL, coll_a Pl | SaQl_or Java __subprogram.—_| _#_Aecls Toble = contre) _concurveng 32 De _= _‘Doka control Language __Grant__-__1o_inke give _pexmissioy = ____}_- — = Sives__user's__acceSS__privilege te dB_ | Tape |) Revoke._=_ssithtraso use S__aqccess___pyivileges __}- | Sven —by—asing —the— sgattl—cammand TCL = transaction Control Language —__— commit = tt__saves__all__transaction te __the 4 —_stnce__+he last __commT__ox_Reilpacky aA RoliBackk — Tt undo the transaction that have iE not been __rmcdlified _tin_the da. + Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner5 | owt Dar “pata_yetrieval_language_/Data_query laogusse| | Yekrieve. data _-from __d6 server. | at is a set commands __sahich_are —used_to—__— | perspose {ike aggregate function. _____—__ 3k. manipulates the Asta te de@__for_displsy p= “ty oat DeL_, for accessing the_dota_it_uses —_ _—_|_ the _pmi__command thot i ELECT, 0. select ~ select command alincos _dB__usevS_to __rebvieve the specific {information they desire. |__ ftom __an operational dB. I : i s£LecT__clause has__rnany__optionsl__clauses__are_a: | Follows | clause Description FROM [at is _used for electing a table. mame ina —_d@__ | WHERE ZL specifies Ghich yeas to yvetrieve __| group py | Th is used to arrange _the_data into ~ Groups... fn nae ——__|_ Having __] at_-selects among tne groups defined _| — 2 by__the GROUP BY clause. | ee {ORDER BY [ah_specifies an_oxdey_in ahich tn schon] | __|_tine x00. re Kf AS | ah provides an alias whith can be used. 4p temporarily vename tobles oy column Scanned with CamScanner[Tear cmmands | J _t Dal oML [Daa query Data mani puteieon Language, Language Select |_,tnsext L>U pdote_______|._ Revoke. > Delete © pact Plan. ! > lock Toble Ql ‘What oe cee -1>_SQL__can_execute queries _against__a_d@ ty. SQL_can create, insert, updote records. i Sal mab sebiee Aide ee dp i WW). sQu_carn Creade _Stered procedure — exes aes in do— __v).. SQL_ com Sek permission om ishles , Procedure views: Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanneri syntax. -_ CREATE TABLE _emp_(. eid number cs), | ——ename__vyarchar_(20)., emob_varchar 414), | joe sal vay thar C63, ecity_vardhax 253} _ =|, The _syntax__create_an_table ‘ermp" that contain. But |S column __eid, ename, emeb;-esals ectye =._Where _eid__is_of type number | integer 4 coil | held __avy___integer. LE =| he ename,emob_ esol, ecity are columns || are of type vaychar 4—il\__Inold characters _ | £__the max. length of these field 1S 2014,¢25. ——= | The empty "erp" table will ee Jteok like _ 1__this. 1 erp | [eid ename [| emob | esal | ecity == Scanned with CamScanner4p pescrtee folement _use_far_desibe—the list || sa Desc —s colurnn dee” _fonr__speci: fied table. | __yoe_can—_Use— | amne result otlh__are __retureo. 0 —_— = wiakement tn get —Solinssing —infa : T ____ = || pesofibe — SS ot uy) H colurnn jii)__ Datatype —ef —columo- __ lh) __ with _do_size precision £6 —puimenic __| 1 * dissntsee __senle: __-syntox:—_Dese erp saa\ename ‘ ~_ either Desc sr —SESr jhe _Stateres! ] Tatler desc. table emp —it_is_tesks (ike thi em Seale] PK | wulleie Wate] ommrent: 1 re ___ [rable calummn | atakype_[lensth Precision umber - Ss eid emp = ename| varcher2 | 2° = h——|~emeb | varchar. | 4 = : . pesod varchar] z : = 1 eekty | varchar] 25 = = = Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerINSERT__INTo —‘he insert inte _stalement _is_used de insert ness] “tors ima table cana ing satay — insert _into_ Peseta -, 2Sal ,ecity, }—Vvalues C1, ‘mchinit,scoo., coceo pune) insext _into_emp (eid, ename jemeb esol, ecits values _(2, ‘Rupali' s4i2 , sooo ,£ ys ——insext__into_emp (eid ename,emeb, esal, ecity) values (3, ' pyiti’ , 39900 | ¢o000) wwsext _into_emp. volues C4, mobini!, sc00, gonoo , ‘Pune! |_After_inserting dota ___the_emmp table eo | tins emp eid | ename Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanneri “iatiename | = shis__syotax__seletk al\_the Fields available in the! | tobe. ~—__= | flex execoting this — syntax coe get result __ emp | [eid ename | emob | esol ecity | 1 mohini BGeo Goose pune I 2 gapali | eae = mun | {| [3 pith gace | ceooe | pune =| x ose want _ts_sulett particular data or + |__-powticulay column __we use follosing syntax} syntax _+:_select__enlyrn_—_ename , H fyom___emp. —- 4 b _=|_aAftex executing this syntax ae _geb ~esulk + | enaqme mohini Rapals pity | AAU y | ern Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerchissmate Oz—O0 oa (i CL —The_ahere _chuse is used to filter _yecords. __ } =| The sheve clause 18 used to _ extyad__enly __] tinese records thet ful \fill_ a _spedfied = condition. a yotox + elect _ename , ecity sory ___ermp ————_}-_____—ssheve ide ae Hl =}, After executing this _syntax_oe get result t (Su)ee eid | ewame fecity | i ’ 2 | Rupali | mam | L Samtax + elect ok from __emp where esol = Go000 emp_toble [ed |] enome | emob | esal | ety [eed mohini | 8600 | cores | pune LL priti gee | eee] pune | hele. + )-the here _clause_is_net_onty used ‘yn __Select__stotement_, jt is also used ___in__updodte_,_Deleke__staterment etc. ____ 2) rh can not_be used in _Aggiegate funtion Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerr Te | “#_peveTe aS = ae delete _stalement is used tn delete _ Siig, records in__a_—_table =. Sample__Table+ | emo. - eid | ename | emo | ecity peas 1 A 37 pune socee | S000 F z = B 98 mam | gooce | ooo . Soe 33 paki | 700°] 000 ] «| D go | aah | nay GooO _=| =o dbiele 1 whole _table{tse Use syntax ase ____syntax_+ delete _from__emp =) his syntax deletes all ~rooss im emp toble __ without deleting the. _toble. a eid [eran emeb | ecity| esol [etre | = 7 4 = | [ [ey __To delete particular _‘yecords fren _tohble we | use the syntax as fellow |__syntax: delete from emp chere _ecity = ‘pune’ t seen — — ename | emob ecity e@sal | 33 nun Goeoee | = Deihi 7§0€9 | Gooo b "Scanned with CamScannerEL Update. ae ——=;The__updade _ staternent ———}—£xisting _ vecerds \ syntox_s__Updote emp _——_}—_Set__esal_= gonoo_ | —__a@heve__emob = 99 _syntax: update emp = | P - I ek ___ecity_= ‘pune! | | colheve _ename = ‘8 | 7 - j T | —_By—exenting this query ce geb the vresul | | a || emp | i eid [ emame [ emcb | ecity | esal i 1 A 97 | pune | So0ee Il 2 8 98 Fane | Gocco I ac 93 Delhi goooo ais go pane | ait ot Ts sult I L __syntax! update _emp = {} et esol = 7ooeo caheve__esah_i. [ed | ename [_emeb [ eaty | esat [emoen pane | 200° | sos° mum | Goose | Goce Delhi 75000 4000 pane Toove | Gooo Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerNot_null i syntax_+ update emp set__esal = 70099 ohexe _esal_ is not null aid | ename | emeb] ecity [esol [emarm | 1 A 97 pune | 7ooco | S900 2 ep | 3% mam | 700°0 | Goo i 3 c oS Delhi | ooo. | 4000 e Oo OO 1 4 D go | Pun oOo" Gor I I == Operators 17 Ayithmetic 35> _comparisioy >| Sai _prithmatic apevotors {| operator ‘Desri prion | it + |Add | = substrac * multi Ply 7 Divide | __syntax_+ select C_esa\ 4 _eincre Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner| total ~ sal 55000 66000 — {| 79000 | G00 e.. substract trom, syntax: select_Cesol - eincre)}_as emp Sok Sal i 45000 55000 j10c0 | 6000 Multiply ermultt QS50 000 000 3eo 000 68S 3000 050 600 @e0o Divide frm iia Soe Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner2) Logical Operator | i operator | Description I & AND | \ OR | Not | cord) | cond’: [ANDER] ORC] = a o a mes ia t a F F +I F aie F T | 5 F FE e { | i cond” stan , | T F = | re a i I @ | AND syntax > Seleck t from emp colbeye _ename = A amd _esal = Sagoo | Result: LI etd | ename | emo ecity | esay | e\noern {| 1 | A 37 | pune | Some | Sova Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner|_—— —_ Syntax: seler £0 __emp cher _ename=A oR —_esal= 50000 ;__ ‘Result: eid| ename | emob | aity | esal | eincers | 4 A 3ST pune| soece| Scoo | |,_NOT- syntax: elect a #xorn__ernp. clnexe__not__Cesal_ = Socee) 5 | Result. | eid | erame] emct] ecity [esal [eincre 1 8 32 | mum | ce | coo 3 © | 93 | Derhi | 75080 | ove 4 D go pune} null eoo JI ae Comparison _Opevokny aes. © Totos | Description = Equal to > Greater than < __ Less than >= Greosey than ov equal to a= Less than or equal to in j mot 19 a Between not Betdeery Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner———|_ syntax :- selech ae xem _ ep. = iL here __eid = 3 3 Result: : [eid ename emob ecity esal__eIncrer 3 < 95 Delhi 75900 {O00 = ol Guenter than (23 syntax: selech Ae L fom erp ia I ober eid ams | Results I eid fMame emob ecity esal eincre 4 D 30 pane all 6000 lee oe ere oe _|-syntax+: _select_ae from emp cohere eid < | Result: I [eid [ename [ emos | eaty | esat incre, [ ay A 37 | pune a || 2 | B | 38 | mun | Goce Goso | 3 & 33 satis ceo | Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerGreoler_than or_euicl in (72). oa “syntax selec a = ! jo ror erp where eid >=] 5 Result: . a eid | ename | emob | ecity | esal | etnac i A a | punt | sSoose Seso 2, & 38 ‘mum | coos Geos 3 | «. |..99..| dam [W520] 7 Gore < D go pane nu Gooo a Less_ than or ~ equal __|_ syntax + Sereck_# y | From __erp. ohere eid <= 2 3 qj 1 =< - | __Resalts 7 Teid | ename | emob | ecity | esol | eincee I 1 A 37 __|_pune | Sere | Soee I 2 eo as mary L Soest. Ggooe oll Tn + It displays pasticular seb _n€ values. Of chal 1 syntaxs select a J from emp _ esinere esol JH (S0000 » Cocco) + | || Results : eid Jename | emeb | ecity | esol sUancre, a 1 4 A 31 pune | Soro gece g008)| Gore 2 ai a Ee, Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner——;-syetaxs_seled ——— where esa net. i__Cs00°o , COCO. from emp | Result T Ted [ename | emoe| ecity | esol eimcre | I 3 q D ge pave [| ull Gooe | c 33 meni | TSO00 qooe | * | Between - possible range _of value. “syntax g “select i fom emp _oshere, esol between Ge0e0 and _7ooosi} eso4 elncre, A 97 pune So0co seco 6 93 mut Geeee] Goeo ename| ened | ecity | esat | wince] 7s000 [| dove Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerS@.__ Operator Whe Like _operaiay is used in a _1aHel te__search for a fied 5 4 _fer_a__specif a, | -Ttis_ case sensitiv l | —There__are tue _coildcaxds often used in Conjunction ith Like operator M% > + unknown length of Ling -— . + _sepresent zero, ane_ov multipk chawden, = sone Unknown _charader ee * Tt __vepresent. a | L Like operator Description |_1>| cust.name ‘ax’ [Finds any values trot star: 2) cust.mame ‘Za* [finds any values that end F splcust mame x orn | inds_an alue ot ha any position —4>|cusk-Name S47? | finds _any values that lave “¥" ST | \n__the second position, | s>|cust mame fa-%? | finds amy value Io fee es rare, ates 3 arad ~)|cust -wame *q7%0? | finds any values thot ca Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner= __syntax_+ selec ae H from _emp \ clhert__ename _tike Sa” Lsyniaxs eleck | fer trap y —______ahert_ename_tike fx u ! stax: ___seleck ae - £2 _emp epee —_eibese_ensame like —“—a 25 | 7 lL suntax: select ae | fraro__emp. where ename_tike “zn-? 3 [Disha] faam___emp. : I where ename _Like {-077; lakash] syntax __Seled | from __emp. : | cohert_ename. like ©S-- 4-5 __Syotox + __geleck A 1 frm tmp tohert_ename _tike “MAL? s select Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerDate function ample table. emp eid | ename [emob | esal 1 Abhi go SogoD 2 Bes | 31 Goore ; 3 cid | gp JE00o 4 Deepa | 93 goes j s Era 34 gooco i G Fan 3s nail | aan | There _are__five types of agyregake functions: —__ “4 Min. 2> max. i 3>—sum d 4> Average S> count min a _syntax_: Select min _Cesal [esox from) emp | ‘Secoo ! | Tt display min._value fom table onty é it_comes__twice., stil) also it display ie. (min value of column) é . Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerclassmate . oS Max 3 syntax: Select max_Cesol). eS from __erP. SUM =| tt done additio x syntax Select Suen _Cesal) = one Soom Avg Th _give average of all _secex 2 “syntax: Select avg_Cesal ose from__emp. count - syntax: Select count esal} esot form _ernp 2 This _query__count_al\__3ecords fem _esat column ___except _tinan mutt _watue syntax eleck count C4) $x0m__emp this. oe aciuding anu esat G Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerare_trao_characer function [Leharader fancion] y 2 _Manipul Lower, Upper. swnit cap. Substring astrina: case manipulation - omey 3 “. | _a\l__the chayacker__disploy__in_smalll syntax: select Lower _Cename) from__ernp. Lower _ename Ashi bys. cid deera Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannernls \S=case manipulatic ive . _—_— FP — | scatar fun’ seleck__upper_Cename) frarn__ep. red SR | : ‘Upper ename | ASHI 1 BrPS orb DEEPA ERA FUN soba toa emaining——_ character _ave__in_smal1_tetter_ _syntax + Select init_cap Cename) f from _emp initcap Cename) Abhi i Bies | cid { Deepa 1 7 Exa Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerae i concok > ll + Te commed two column operator from __emp leh ename | ©!) ow] pb) E | substring . C substr) potterin/stving 5 Xi» 3 C Hh I ____stayting__charader____length of String __| ____paitivn_of_stying___from _thot_starting. character DoR Preduck -rp O1-03-Aelg | TV12356F234L4149 Abhiit | 9t sachin | 3t Sandip | 9° ming Be Rabul Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerclassmate a4 h Gt Ri 8 aot L>e laet \ “4 Ei Wax_1_seiect cubsty (tename ig) Sor emp. Subsix Cename)> Avhi sach sand mina [—_{esntax +_seteck_subst_( kom : £yern dual TE string is mct_in oracle do, still oe find pea substring, Sobshing Ckamat’ 1/4) Koma an I Tr I k. syntax _selech _substy C'abbiiit 4.4) I from _emp. I | => Lait |_syntax + Select _substx _Ccabhiiit! -3 3) a Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerDual = dummy toble, emame (474) > lensth net take In -Ve concat _ _ operator ~7 H => To tenntd tao coramn _-S3ntax + select substr Crvi2gse723414149", 3.9) 11 ubstr_(C'Tvi23s6793414149' 2-33 An 2mp 123S567234- 149 | “to doin _first mame 4 last name syotax + Select _first name \\_tast name fmm __emp Select substr ( product name, 3.9) | fi substy _¢ produch name 14,33) as product nom 0.__fror__emp Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannera S> Date Function —1) | Momnttls pees] ~21|__add_. months 3> { mext— doy &> last ~ da S>___syedote. fey estore Li month — bebo eery | | (syntax. setect —monthn—beliten.—(si__-Da8. 1 | - frory__emnp 3. | i | > 24 I i |_syotax +_select__add-month C doi,3)__ I a £0 __emmp 5. = >__01- 06 - 201F __syntax : Select add -rnenth ('o-o1-2012' 12.) — fxure__eynp dual 5 t i —> 01-91-2018 i ie: ne a Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerclassmate. y | syntax: seleck next-day (‘17-0 1=2020' , fridoy) fom___dual ; => 24-01-2020 syntaxs_seled next-day Cdoj_, friday. £21) __e rnp | 4), Last ~ Do} syntax select _tast-doy Cdoi,feid i from __dual |_syntax : sel ect__tast-d fxvm__emp. sys__dote _( dake £ time} Seletk _sysdate. fr duck Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannera i “Constraints —— Ee = constraints __ove__used___ for __ applying. eule_duying | —— dota __insextion _by "| = 9p constraints axe used to_specify sales en | |__data_in__table | Pl aaa ecard See og ose at a mimag_key_= A —combinalion of anor at | ——4_ontque__uniquely_identifies each row_in take, Ba uo nique - ensures that al|_volues im_a __} cow ery __once_diffeverst_________| NOT ULL = Ensures that a _co\uen ave _a_NULL value | Sy Forel gn—key- uniquely identifies a coco/secord ee _ _ncthnee to ble! = | F>.—composite_key_= Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner|p. does wo ct_acceph__duplicode_g uli values — _3t 1S the combination of nique + not null Key Eada table _\nas__oniy one _P- constrain’ you! yvecord is uniquely identified . yAtax 2 _exeote table emp (eid number _____ename_ varchay_2 (20), emeb number cio). | esol number_ce},eciky varchar 2 C2 insext_into__C 1, ‘A! 97, sooee , « pune’) 2 — —— 3 1 * ae ail x Bs 2 + eid ename | emob] esol | ecity 1 A 37 50800 pane 2 8 98 | Gooco man iis e 93 | tooee | delhi I Unique tt does nok accept __duplicote_volue 414 accept multiple om __nat\t_values syntax; __creode _toble emp _Ceid number __emob_number_10), ename varchar esol nuynbery_(S), ecitby Varchar. setver accept only one null yolue. Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerthe unique constraint _ensw /— in_a__cotunn__ave diff | =A __PRIMERY KEY constraint —autorneticalty L _a___UfNtT@UE constraint. eS | __However_, care _can nave many _u) t pey_toble_, bub _only _one PRIMARY SEY —____ constraint __pex i TORRE RES | |] eid ename | emob ecit | 1 A 91 ham 2 8 a8 pune I nu c 34a adhi D go pune. Tt__does not. occept___nuli___value Tt accepts _duplicote Values. yntax + cyeote table __ernp (eid number ¢ ename _voychaya.(20. Net Null, emeb. ecity Vaychar2 C203) wet nay Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannertesert into emp (4,97. 8,5 7 ) chesmate — checks, 2 . It_check the condition before insertion 4 —Tt__is__used__to limit the value _vange thot canbe placed im __celurnn =| 3£ ee define creck _constsaint ona sing) —columyn___it__olltews._ only __certain _values__for . thi colunon.. syntax: _cyeote table emp _Ceid numbercs), ed | ___number cio) , ename _varchar2 (207, €s! number cc) _checls__(esal >= 6: | ___ecitty_vaychay 2293) default _va\ues__fer_a_column.. The default _vatue coil) _be added to all records _1F no other values is specified. |_syntax + cveoke table emp Celd number cs)_, _____ ee _nurmber_(iol, ename _vaychay 2.629 __snumber_G).,—ecity vorchay 2 c20}___| default‘ unknocn?) ‘cette wa ae a Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannercreate. _toble emp Cetra 59 primers x3 | ename_vaydhay 2.(20)_ nek AU» emmelb num bey Cs) uniquel esal_number_Ce)_checly —Cesal 7600! a _ | var char2 cre) default unter esa”) —_£§£J—_, _£xample_ Coppiying all__constraints— sx __columy | —_. Let_see__how many yecords ee pass ——————__| PK roku __ unique chew default al eid_[ ename | emob esak city t at | A OF GSOO pune 2 B&B 98 Ggoos mun, | 3 c nat TS908 unknown xl G D a8 #0000 mary, x{ Ss | naw go BSc00 ues x] G6 D 7 Sgoco_ UNknoN S| ale 95 bce nay. Mao: F ge 7oceo unkneen = | a a | Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner-A__foreign key is _a_tield Cor coll? of fields) in—one—_toble that __yefers to the primary ke | Foreign key, . itis used for _mapping velotion bla tas0_4obl in__anothey table. The__toble__containing F-_is_catied child 4 —is_cal.led__-veference__or_parent_toble —4_the _toble _cantai ning_+he _candidde_kcey P15. of __parent__toble_is__acts_as Fk. of child__toble _syniax + create table order _Coid number 5), oname varchar 2. (2) ,cid number (5S) ore fexemces__c us’ i i ale 1_cush Cparent) order @hild)_! Ta cname |_ccity oid | oname | cid 1 A pune Aor Pd q 2 8 mur Jor mob | ¢ | 3 c Devi 13 | ner | © ~& D Cheam 104 \op S e | mun os PD 6 F pune = Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerusyntax + cname Berni snumber_cin}_>— "+a pk —_C cid_, Cname_, cmels)_)+ BPR e yuan __one__colurann, akan ta Ca mera | Cost | cid | cname | ccity emob { 4 A pane 31 {| a 8 mun 38 | 3 c pune 30 I | ©. D demi ® [a— | S E Goa 56 O- F wagpuy | 6D | te l (Sy G solopae | Ge) | Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerDD _( dota definition language) add__cemstraint_, vename _column_,_change- doin type, data size. pe_tobise (Gadi eee mn ina table we use this syntax, smtax : Altey toble emp Add __Cesol number C63). a_To add more tian one column use _tihis_syntax. Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerEE eet erento SeeeeeeTE 7] classmate, ete ME co cage doe ape = ain k I syntax + alter table _emp- | ty Hatter sin Socte cc sewver | me aces __sywtax s__Altey table emp sedi fy column __empnam inserting records. t 2 then size canna: | cay only__increase__Size > Add constraint The add nstraint command is used to rate __a__constraint__after a__+table The __fellooing sei adds a constyais n “pK-pexson" that is pts. constraint en _~rnulti elurans _C TD 4 Lastname). user defined sntax+ Alter table emp aad” ______Add__constvaint__Pk~ eSon__primary ree Cay act MameenGeyae syntax + _Altex__table__emp —__ 4 ____ Add constraint —_uk_ emob. unique_Cems wy toble emp E Add constraint chk-esal chects Cesal7 Soce Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerclassmate, 2. Drop constraint = = . -. The drop _censtyaint_ eee “used is delete a unique , pk, Rik or check constraint ma “syntax: alter table emp — __drop _constxaint us — emoh + = =| To. drop p.m use — +—tnis_eyeta syntax: Alter toble__ emp al i drop eer oem ______d Rho __dixpp— re cers “this -syntax___ | eyntax “Alter vos emp ao ‘| dyop_constraint chk —esal 3 ____ a a 4 a\ bey e emp __ modify _ename not siti _ Alter he modify ect syntax+ a “hie _emp Add constraint emp-pk. pray RY (eid, enome, est ) Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner2, Lavap yee : [=| the drop _toble— Tcanctbraink is_used Pe aga) —Sxisting table 1 f\ Spuseetn Ue. re. Sere ———-Syntax+_Drop__tobole em p_3 she__tyuncate table eee ak ead the _dota inside __a__table_, bot nsb__the tab) qrselt. = ill | _syntax_:_Truncate table emp s Sample table __i emp | etd tname | emod esol | edept am 4 yusuf 3765S | SSooo cse 2 al nik 7705 | Goose mech | 3 amit Bee0 i 4 shivani 7424 | Ss sachin 8553 { G priza | 7865 A t okash Oso ft tc. le. obh 2 nik ge | isamte My | Scoayeop Te 12 - pooia. Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannercse mech =T = S civil al edept count. cst a) 4 | —eolpmseiect eer ——__| ~~ coumt (edepty f10r__emp_ grup by edept 5 count (edepty Scanned with CamScannerclassmate gtoup_by products S | olp | || : peoduct | maxcsates) | {| PD 20000 {| mob 40000 ll \ap GooCo —2) Gx up _by__clause_ “eno different columns _ Pee cota celect ede toca 49~_emp. geese eyelets esa 1 se,a50%) 1 Q. Q 4 |_O/P Scanned with CamScannerWaving clause Having clause decides —csbich__group__in be | displayed after _gemexating the _yesuits 1. “group bj! _clause_ + yt Filters he group _by_wesult by using — | aggregate — —functions __Cgroup function)" colpere___dause apply 01 _befnre _ginup by Clause. | -——Having___clause _apply__ors after _gynup hy claw H ——— syntax :_seleck _edept_, count Cedept) Syom__emp _ l group_\by _edept naving___count_Cedept ) 273 3 I edept cse mech Yk {| 1 2 4 | 3 S 7 | [$s a | 7 t—} fs (song asa eal a Hl elles ar - I : Boe i oe { iG ee : ee Scanned with CamScannerx BSoo0. gvo00 x . Fae Moca _to__dispiay tine duplicate ~vecords |_s 2 Select 7 potax zs. edept ses Sypup_toy__edept having count Cedent )> 15 be : dept i cse we mech ch at Rar j a__qury_ Fey___he«o__te_dis ploy dept. \igiest Salary _2 7 Fria Take Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanneroe 3>. “order by clause —The— in ascending _order__by clause Sorts the anata ia or descending order. ae soxts Phe svecords in DESC. in__descending =| se ._defautt | —Xecords. keyword i order. ascending. order by used __4n_ so’ ee Ascending—_ordey_—> _A-2 O-3 Descending __ovder_—» _Z-A 1 J=0) 2 Selech ae £ From _emp order by__desc_ 5 4 £ Highest to lowest JHE (A | | Lsyntaxi__Select _& i fyom__emp 4 order by esal a: ___Lowest ii 1 +o. = T)jsyotaxt Select Highest = iui i Frorm__ernp = ____ovder_by esol; —from _ ____alhere ee - —_having — eid rd _edept = 7 € count Cedept 14 7 Ts ac = _ovdes by edept desc 3 [te alt Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner~ avid clause» Having clause { L-gxoup_by clause § then filter tine _grpup_using group Fup aageeqate f {a> Having clause use sbenntmeniaiers after group _by clause e + use tay we must have to | |_caqreqate function in} _us¢_aggregate function] coher. clause yo_having clause. ieee =} atocbedebedaebe ch Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner-——3#._Pseudo__colummns prank d — fy Aes) tas oxdex by esal desc ovoe B S000 Booco 0000 TS000 75000 S000 Geceo Geceo Ssoco Soovo " 4ooco qo aeceo Ie 42 iz 4oo0e 1. eres Yanko) MIN] WU! | oo}! P j= ~ | 0 cannet change. 7 Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerBr egqntax: seleck emp + % , Yownum | from emp clas | where Youwnum <= 16 ; for a Le si I order by esal desc Younum wvesid I gooco 1 AG {| BSova Fy AE 1 Bocce 3 1 7 1 H iL L I DaAUeX4 ___ ener query outer _query =| first Teenie marke queq kmail xesults 4. further generated _vesult acts as a up during _outey_qurent_ex __ syntax + _select_max_Cesal) t ee | eye _exnpl es aso (“oa Fa | here ___esod_ <_______+ Cselet _maxcesal) Toner grom__emp) — Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner1 Fiyst _execute_the inner_4 wey —Cselect max Cesolj} her __emp_) | t 2 O/p_ok this __i.e._govoo_ei!|_be ip of | outer __query_i-e I iN select _max_cesai}_ yor emp colnere__esal_< goooe O/p_of outer Query iS 85000 Seieck max(esal) fvorm__emnp __ - ieee esol < —— pH) Geteck max cesald | from _emp 7 wlnere_esol 4 — .____C select _max_cesatd ES > erp )__ t ;— _ ©. Second max salary using moat jn fb _Seteck woaeteseegy foe +} «a | Ave __ emp : = winere__esak_ mot jn Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerselect. * __€rorn__C select eid, ename, esol, dense-rankO— over Corder by esal dese) —_________— Scanned with CamScanner4 second _max_salary 2), watyd ynax_ Salary, - cath max__Satary 4 ‘th __smax_ salary Whok_is__diff- blo rank 4 dengrank (Tie op eget Solg es |_ Syntax: selec 3 for _Cseleck_eid, ename_, esal_, dense.xai | over _Corder_by__esol_desc})_as_yanking - i fxm ___emp_) | wher __vanking <5 | | 1 isp Piaj—s4_tnighest tot!" highest solony | synkax+ _selech te frovy_Cseleck_eid_ ename_, esal dense __ Yank ()__over_Corder_by esal desc as, “ranking __frorn___emp’) | colnere__Yanking___bekeoeen_C3 and- a 2 _visploy a4 highest, 7! highest 498 highest f———_—_Solary k »—Syntex: _serect a ss |_________frorn_(setect_eid_, ename_,esal, dense. *ONK.)_ ov ex_Covder by esol dese) an ing fern eine) — | _apere_ xomsing in _(3,7,9)_ Scanned with CamScannery YOENUM - — PSeude celymn xl y -seond—tovestsalay = syntax: Seleck 3p — fim selected jename,_ es [- +—_—tams over _Cavder_bby_esat}_as_ranking— 4 £0 _emp, /———ohure_ranising = 2 a) [fH tost__thvee _xecords ' whertrxrownurn <= $4 ______, ares dese. qeutetere: avr oA lo ‘| pe BS ————— wre fet s 105 seo 2 403 807 | [108 4&o § wq D408 | i ee Os wS ff SOs| - | 401 10 * cd | | | 1 | . | a i— | aa ei Scanned with CamScannercasemate a = A—join clause is used to combine xees fren ——|tmo__ox__moyr_tobles based on _a_retoded column bia them. ; Fr ed fo_Aisplajing— dakar mma ——o|__piffexent types of Sei yoin SS | there ores4 different Aypes of the joins in Sa (toner) Join. = ——Bttumns_srerards_that have matching values LA beth _toble: LEH Covtery doin = oe ———Retwnns_ol\_xecords fmm the left table, <_ |__Aine matched vecords fern the vight table ns _a11_xecords fromthe right _toble, & the matched records From ne Wefet. Fall Covser) Soin é z : | WOS__OU_yecerds hen there ig a _ Motch __in__ either left ox paght eo hiebe Scanned with CamScannerte, i ane _ outer join y|_ Inner join d a the ma record acc {| cust oxder cid | cname ceity | oid | oname | 4 A pune 101 PD 4 ti B murs 102 mob 2 i {3 c pune |ie3 PD 2 | 4 D pune 124 Lop 4 | S E myn, L dos] Hed | 3 tes mob | 4 tax: select _«-_ Cust. crname_, order.ona for cust Poney_join order - i on__custid = ordex_id 8 mob : L < i S. ion bei pam PT aa Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner__ syntax: select ak 7 from cust _ — . | Innex_icin__order___ E| , on__cust.cid_s__ordexcid _ | oy = given by 48 engi I if cid [name | ccity [oid loname | Cid aoe | I 1 | A | pune! rea | cap 1 : / I 2 B mum | or mob 2 / = B mum] 103 PD a al I | Bic ole | CO a g [73] pane [anno [a {. at D pune | toc] mob q syntax. Select He frorn__toble 1. Annex _ioln__table 2 _ On__tobletA_= toble2-m Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerJanex join on—table1.4 isplay the _rnatching _recerds fron i tob\es 4 _rernaining records frm eft side tok \e cust order i | a cid [ cCname | ccity gid_Joname [cid | 1 A pune 401 PD 4 { | . Q mum yoru Mob - t | 3 c pune 403 PD 2 EI 4 D pune 104_|_ Lap a s € mun os HDD 3 ¢ Fe Deihi | joc mob 4 i 7 q pune 107 mob | 2 8 Hf pane a) ee Lap Ss | 103 pp | uv } Vo Lap Wz aN mob 13 Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerae _cust. cid = oxdex.cid __a left uteri — | ] a 7 ] cid | cname]! ccity | oid “Toname, ee | 1 A__| pune | 104 Lap | 2 8 mun | to mob a 2 B mum 403 PD = | 2 B mur | 107 mob a | 3 c pune | 105 HOD 3 | 4 D pune | 101 PD q 1 au D> pune | 106 mob 4 | Ss E mum | 1c8 Lap S e F sdhi | nat | nav nail z G pane | _nuit nal | ull 4 | wy | nul 8 H pane [att | nat 1 { | } i Right outer, A019 xt __display—_the matching _vecerds _frarn_both — tabres _§. Saas secords fam, xight_side- table - ——- al yntaxs__Seleh ae - from __cust ___tight outer join order _ on cust. cid = _ordey. cid — Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerclassmate cname | ccity 7 Pune | 14 Lop z e mia} Ac2. mob es iS MOEN || 408 PD (| = 8 mum | io7 mob 3 S pune | jos HDD a = pune | 101 PD 4 D pune Joe mob S: = mur 108 Lap nv nay nuit 123 PD ite null nul vo Lop 13, nut naj) "1 nob Full __outey join syatox_+__select 3 from cust o/P id | crame | ccity [ oid [oname [cider] 1 A pune | 104 Lap A 2 B mun jou mob a 2 B mum | 103 PD 2 y 2 B mum \o1 mob 2 3 c_|_pme Atos HDD a | q D pune 01 eD q es D pune 106 mob | 4 | 5 e mun 408 lap Ss Poh Deni nul nay f¢ LT Gg pune nal ult U ele pane | nail null oi wc Nui) A404 PD n | aol naw fan | No Lop [a2 13 | nu nun uw mole 3 Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerclassmate, -C¥OSS__ loin = tt is __hased on _cartesina product 4—syntax_+ select ae seta t fram cust — ef oss nin Orde + 7 O/p_- ak ill display 4xs = 20 Yecords Lt __caill_mapped one, record to other cust _cid_is mapped ity 4-@: csith to, 102, 103, 104 10S Mow _4o_ioin _snultiple fabble_2 || jocakion | i tocia | jocname | cid ci i | 1001 : ‘| i 1002, fi ‘003 | oot al, = a oe 4 Scanned with CamScannerP | chaste 5. ¥ 5 ‘ . eee k __seleck_cust.cname, order, oname, location. loomame —~ |__eyern cust - ee cname oname jocname B mob youry B PD many ic une a a wpp_ | P Td self join ~ _-koble _Soln_coitl itseié is cotled self join. ®& eid mid - 1 4 : od a 3 : q 3. eS q = C2. ————— -——, eid Frame | mid |. a 4 Amit 4 fe 2 abhi 3 oo Pane 4 vi 2 . Scanned with CamScanneras_e@ropname syotaxs Taek es fname | eo. Frame 4S rangrname So £vorn emp 1 | = _—_— } jnnex— join —emp. p+ —___—— | on 24. mid = e2.0id | | opp. | {| crmprname mngy name | Amit nik || abhi ___ Shivani 1 nik obhi | | i i shivani shivani | | Totexview Al pifference bie alter Aggregate function __¢3-4__ques.} Ubstring like _operador, lin operctar , blo op Soin. CS ques.). How te join _S tobles ot nore than 5 tables? Hous -to__display _table__infermation _ How to dispioy dup Neate records 2 Cgrmup a)! Hows__t»__delete _duylicate Yeords pdake salaries of OL) __emp with 10%. Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerclassmate ename | esat — 4 A 000 =A 3B Goccey| em | c | go000 | e 2 40000 2 7. — | odd vecordls. || eyntax: updete —ernp. | ek ename_s_t abhi? 7 : “tp _copy—_ tbe table? —_______—_-—_—-* _=>|____cxeate_table _emp1_as_- Select # from _erap——~ i OR og (gnsert_inte_emp1_Cseleck & fram. emp)————> I ‘i : an) Sek _ operators —Cunion intersect “nin anjenall) t T q +19 ference bla "ranks ¢) 4 —dense=¥ankC}———+ fe ooo | 25). How _to_disploy —duplicode.— _xecords by youid ¢ Pe er oH Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner| k ph ——<$<$——— eid ename emob edept : a AA 1 m9. ~~, = Tae 2 Nv 3) tt 7 inc | 3 a ae mech ao | 4 Pp Eas ce ine | 5 g 84 zt TAR G Rg 95 mech “AG F Ss 96 cse ans Eu aut | AX 3 a, 38 Leth [ |_syntax : fied ge I from emp ~ 4 colhere_yocoid a nt inset et __max__Croid) from ernp_ group by _edept) O/p_ of _ gubquery, AS I ese | tt mech L civil I TAR Qne Bhe RaW ; i GAD see | Gar { 7hG Sor . 8 Lo pete i ©/p__of__subquery is CAG, AE, AT, AH) _ Scanned with CamScannerclassmate usente emp-backup_as__stect A from — Weve A= 25 Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner