TCP/IP Model

Dr. Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi

Electronics & Telecommunication
Engineering, NIT, Raipur
 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
■ The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in
the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
having four layers: Host-to-Network, Internet, Transport, and
Application. However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say
that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: Physical, Data
link, Network, Transport, and Application.
■ The first four layers provide physical standards, network interface,
internetworking, and transport functions that correspond to the first four
layers of the OSI model. The three topmost layers in the OSI model, however,
are represented in TCP/IP by a single layer called the Application layer.

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SMTP :Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol
SNMP: Simple Network
Management Protocol.
TELNET : Tele-Type
Network
SCTP: Stream Control
Transmission Protocol
ICMP: Internet Control
Message Protocol
IGMP: Internet Group
Message Protocol
RARP : Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol.
ARP: Address Resolution
Protocol

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The following table highlights the general differences in behavior between SCTP and existing
transport protocols, TCP and UDP. In general, SCTP may provide more flexibility for certain
applications, like Voice over IP (VoIP), that require the reliable but message-oriented data
Table 1. Differences between TCP, UDP, and SCTP
Attribute TCP UDP SCTP
Reliability Reliable Unreliable Reliable
Connection Connection-oriente Connection-oriente
Connectionless
Management d d
Transmission Byte-oriented Message-oriented Message-oriented
Flow Control Yes No Yes
Congestion Control Yes No Yes
Fault Tolerance No No Yes
Data Delivery Strictly Ordered Unordered Partially ordered
Security Yes Yes Improved
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 Addresses in TCP/IP

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A node with Physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with Physical address 87. The two
nodes are connected by a link. At the data link level this frame contains physical (link)
addresses in the header. These are the only addresses needed. The rest of the header contains
other information needed at this level. The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error
detection.

most local area networks use a 48-bit (6 bytes) physical address(MAC) written
as 12 hexadecimal digits, with every 2 bytes separated by a colon
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
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 MAC Address Format

CC:46:D6 - Cisco
3C:5A:B4 - Google, Inc.
3C:D9:2B - Hewlett Packard
00:9A:CD - HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES
CO.,LTD

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we want to send data from a node with network address A and physical address 10, located on one LAN, to a
node with a network address P and physical address 95, located on another LAN. Because the two devices
are located on different networks, we cannot use link addresses only; the link addresses have only local
jurisdiction. What we need here are universal addresses that can pass through the LAN boundaries. The
network (logical) addresses have this characteristic.

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The packet at the network layer contains the logical addresses,
which remain the same from the original source to the final
destination (A and P, respectively, in the figure). They will not
change when we go from network to network. However, the
physical addresses will change as the packet moves from one
network to another. The boxes labeled routers are
internetworking devices, which we will discussed later
Internet address (in IPv4) is 32 bits in length, normally
written as four decimal numbers, with each number
representing 1 byte. The numbers are separated by a dot.
132.24.75.9
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Example of Port Address
Figure in the next slide shows two computers communicating via the
Internet. The sending computer is running three processes at this
time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving computer is
running two processes at this time with port addresses j and k.
Process a in the sending computer needs to communicate with
process j in the receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port addresses
remain the same from the source to destination.

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 A port address is a
16-bit address
represented by one
decimal number
example 80

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Some practically used port Addresses
Transport
Port Service name 123 Network Time Protocol (NTP) UDP
protocol
135-
20, NetBIOS TCP and UDP
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) TCP 139
21
22 Secure Shell (SSH) TCP and UDP Internet Message Access Protocol
143 TCP and UDP
23 Telnet TCP (IMAP4)

25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) TCP

161, Simple Network Management
TCP and UDP
162 Protocol (SNMP)
50,
IPSec Lightweight Directory Access
51 389 TCP and UDP
Protocol
53 Domain Name System (DNS) TCP and UDP
67, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol HTTP with Secure Sockets Layer
UDP 443 TCP and UDP
68 (DHCP) (SSL)
69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) UDP 989,
FTP over SSL/TLS (implicit mode) TCP
80 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) TCP 990
110 Post Office Protocol (POP3) TCP 3389 Remote Desktop Protocol TCP and UDP

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 HTTP Request

Header contains source

TCP
and destination port Header
numbers

Header contains source and

destination IP addresses; IP
transport protocol type Header

Header contains
source and
destination
physical Frame
addresses; Ethernet Check
network protocol Header Sequence
type
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Assignment –II DOS: 6/02/2023
■ Tabulate the developed or RFC, OSI 7 layered protocols
with name, layer, purpose, and application.
■ Tabulate the developed or RFC, TCP/IP layered model
protocols with name, layer, purpose, and application.

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