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Exercises 1

This document contains a series of exercises focused on solving various types of differential equations, including methods such as reduction of order and initial value problems. It covers both homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations, coupled systems, and the derivation of general solutions. The exercises also explore the relationships between different forms of solutions and the implications of varying order in differential equations.

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KIN WEI NG
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6 views3 pages

Exercises 1

This document contains a series of exercises focused on solving various types of differential equations, including methods such as reduction of order and initial value problems. It covers both homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations, coupled systems, and the derivation of general solutions. The exercises also explore the relationships between different forms of solutions and the implications of varying order in differential equations.

Uploaded by

KIN WEI NG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus Part II — Exercise Sheet 1

Unless otherwise indicated, x is the independent variable and y is the dependent vari-
able.

Exercise 1. Solve the following equations by using reduction of order:


(a) (1 + x 2 )y ′′ + 1 + (y ′ )2 = 0
* (b) xy ′′ − y ′ = x 2
(c) y y ′′ = y 2 y ′ + (y ′ )2
(d) y y ′′ + (y ′ )2 − 2y y ′ = 0

Exercise 2. Solve y ′′ = 1 + (y ′ )2 by both methods (i.e., dependent variable missing,


and independent variable missing), and check that the two solutions are the same.

Exercise 3. The height z of an object falling through the air is described by the equation
 2
d2 z dz
2
= −g + γ
dt dt
where g and γ are positive constants; g is the acceleration due to gravity and γ is the
coefficient of air resistance divided by mass. Suppose that the object begins from rest
at height z0 at time t = 0. Solve for z(t).

Exercise 4. Find the general solution of y ′′ − 2ay ′ + a2 y = 0 by substituting y = eax u


and solving for the function u.

Exercise 5.
(a) For a ̸= b, solve
y ′′ − (a + b)y ′ + ab y = 0
with the initial conditions y (0) = 0 and y ′ (0) = 1.
(b) Take the limit of this solution as b → a and check that this gives a solution of
y ′′ − 2ay ′ + a2 y = 0.

Exercise 6. Consider the equation,


y ′′ − 2αy ′ + (α2 + β 2 )y = 0
where α and β are real constants.
(a) Find the solutions in complex exponential form.
(b) Find the solutions in sine and cosine form.

Exercise 7. Find the general solution of the following homogeneous differential equa-
tions:
(a) y ′′ − 6y ′ + 5y = 0
2

* (b) y ′′ + y ′ = 0
* (c) y ′′ + 2y ′ + 5y = 0
(d) y ′′′ − y ′′ + y ′ − y = 0
(e) y ′′′ + 8y ′′ = 0
(f) y ′′′′ − y ′′′ − 2y ′′ = 0

Exercise 8.
(a) y = x and y = x −1 are solutions to
x 2 y ′′ + xy ′ − y = 0.
What is the general solution?
(b) y = 1, y = x + 1 and y = (x + 1)2 are solutions to
x 2 y ′′ − 2xy ′ + 2y = 2.
What is the general solution?

Exercise 9. Find a particular solution for each of the following differential equations:
(a) y ′′ − 2y ′ − 3y = 64 x e−x
(b) y ′′ + y ′ = 2 cos x
(c) y ′′ − y ′ − y = x ex

Exercise 10. Find the general solution to each of the following:


(a) y ′′ + 3y ′ − 10y = 6e4x
* (b) y ′′ + 4y = 3 sin x
(c) y ′′ − 4y ′ + 4y = 6(x + 1)e2x
(d) y ′′ + 2y ′ + 2y = 3e−x cos 2x

Exercise 11. Find the solutions of these initial value problems:


(a) y ′′ + y = 2x e−x , y (0) = y ′ (0) = 0.
(b) y ′′ + 2y ′ + y = 2 sin x, y (0) = y ′ (0) = 0.
′′ ′
(c) y − 3y + 2y = 14 sin 2x − 18 cos 2x, y (0) = 3, y ′ (0) = 5.
(d) y ′′ + y = sin x, y (0) = y ′ (0) = 0.

Exercise 12. Solve the following systems of coupled differential equations for x and y
depending on t.
(a) ẋ = 5x + y , ẏ = −9x − y
(b) ẋ = x + y , ẏ = −x − y
(c) ẋ = −x + y , ẏ = −2x + y
* (d) ẋ = 4x − 2y , ẏ = 6x − 3y
(e) ẋ = −x + 5y , ẏ = −4x + 3y
3

(f) ẋ = x + 5y , ẏ = −x − y

Exercise 13.
(a) Find a homogeneous linear second order ODE with constant real coefficients
whose general solution is y (x) = Ae3x/2 cos(5x) + Be3x/2 sin(5x) where A and B
are constants.
(b) Explain why the same cannot be done for y (x) = Aex cos(5x) + Bex .
(c) If we increase the order to three, is there a homogeneous linear ODE with con-
stant real coefficients with this as a general solution? or with this as a particular
solution?

Exercise 14. Consider the homogeneous differential equation y ′′ − y = 0.


(a) Show that the general solution of the differential equation is y (x) = Aex + Be−x
where A and B are constants.
(b) A student claims an alternative general solution y (x) = a cosh(x) + b sinh(x),
where a and b are constants. Explain why this is also a valid general solution and
express a and b in terms of A and B.
(c) Is y (x) = αex + β sinh(x) a valid form of the general solution where α and β are
constants?
(d) Find the general solution to y ′′ − y = cosh(x).

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