Encapsulation Lab 1

This lab will focus on building on the idea of a “black box.” The term “black
box” is used to describe a system in which the internal workings are
hidden from the user. In fact, the user is not expected to know how the
system works; they only need to know how to use it. Encapsulation allows
you to create classes that are black boxes. Previously, we created a class
Words that took in a string and printed the number of vowels in that string.

.guides/img/Encapsulation/BlackBox3

In this lab, we are going to create a function that gives the user the ability
to put in a vector of strings and our program will print out the number of
vowels in each string within that vector.

//add code below this line

vector<string> list = {"house", "cake", "pancake"};

Words vowels(list);
vowels.CoutStrings();

//add code above this line

If you run the code above successfully in main, you should expect to see
3,2,3 as the output.

.guides/img/Encapsulation/BlackBox4

In this scenario, we are going to modify our previous Words class so that it
can include a vector. All of the following code will go into the class
definitions field.
 class Words {
private:
vector<string> list_of_words;
};

We don’t need to reinvent the wheel; we previously worked on a few

functions that told us how many vowels exist in a specific string. We are
going to again re-use those functions. These are functions that the user does
not need to interact with. Thus, they can be private, essentially making
them act as part of the “black box.” Now, add the following private
functions into the Words class.

bool IsVowel(char ch) {

ch = toupper(ch);
return (ch=='A' || ch=='E' || ch=='I' ||
ch=='O' || ch=='U');
}

int CountVowels(string str, int n) {

if (n == 1) {
return IsVowel(str[n-1]);
}
return CountVowels(str, n-1) + IsVowel(str[n-1]);
}

Now that all of the data that we don’t want the user to manipulate are
properly encapsulated as private, we can start working on our public
members such as the constructor Words and the function CoutStrings. In
the example above, we can see our constructor takes in one attribute.

public:
Words(vector<string>& n){
list_of_words = n;
}

Another piece of information that we have from the main function is that
the function CoutStrings is used. This function has no arguments, but is
accessible to the user. This function also has several other tasks:

1. It iterates through a given vector

2. Counts the number of vowels in each given string
3. Creates a vector storing the vowel sizes
4. Prints out the output in a defined fashion
void CoutStrings() {
vector<int> vowel_sizes;
int size;
for (auto a : list_of_words) {
size = CountVowels(a, a.length());
vowel_sizes.push_back(size);
}
for (int i = 0; i < vowel_sizes.size(); i++) {
if (i == vowel_sizes.size()-1) {
cout << vowel_sizes.at(i) << endl;
}
else {
cout << vowel_sizes.at(i) << ',';
}
}
}

Full Code

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

//add class definitions below this line

class Words {
public:
Words(vector<string>& n){
list_of_words = n;
}

void CoutStrings() {
vector<int> vowel_sizes;
int size;
for (auto a : list_of_words) {
size = CountVowels(a, a.length());
vowel_sizes.push_back(size);
}
for (int i = 0; i < vowel_sizes.size(); i++) {
if (i == vowel_sizes.size()-1) {
cout << vowel_sizes.at(i) << endl;
}
else {
cout << vowel_sizes.at(i) << ',';
}
}
 }

private:
vector<string> list_of_words;

bool IsVowel(char ch) {

ch = toupper(ch);
return (ch=='A' || ch=='E' || ch=='I' ||
ch=='O' || ch=='U');
}

int CountVowels(string str, int n) {

if (n == 1) {
return IsVowel(str[n-1]);
}
return CountVowels(str, n-1) + IsVowel(str[n-1]);
}
};

//add class definitions above this line

int main() {

//add code below this line

vector<string> list = {"house", "cake", "pancake"};

Words vowels(list);
vowels.CoutStrings();

//add code above this line

return 0;

Challenge
Can you modify the code so that it prints the number of non-vowels
instead of vowels? For example, vector<string> list_of_words =
{"house", "cake", "pancake"}; will have the following output: 2,2,4.

Possible Solution

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

//add class definitions below this line

class Words {
public:
Words(vector<string>& n){
list_of_words = n;
}

void CoutStrings() {
vector<int> counts;
int size;
for (auto a : list_of_words) {
size = CountNonVowels(a, a.length());
counts.push_back(size);
}
for (int i = 0; i < counts.size(); i++) {
if (i == counts.size()-1) {
cout << counts.at(i) << endl;
}
else {
cout << counts.at(i) << ',';
}
}
}

private:
vector<string> list_of_words;

bool IsNonVowel(char ch) {

ch = toupper(ch);
return !(ch=='A' || ch=='E' || ch=='I' ||
ch=='O' || ch=='U');
}

int CountNonVowels(string str, int n) {

if (n == 1) {
return IsNonVowel(str[n-1]);
}
return CountNonVowels(str, n-1) + IsNonVowel(str[n-
1]);
}
};

//add class definitions above this line

int main() {

//add code below this line

vector<string> list = {"house", "cake", "pancake"};

Words nonvowels(list);
nonvowels.CoutStrings();

//add code above this line

return 0;

}
Encapsulation Lab 2

In this next lab, we’ll continuing building our Words class to include a getter
and setter. These should be public to enable the main function to call them.

Full Code

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

//add class definitions below this line

class Words {
public:
Words(vector<string>& n){
list_of_words = n;
}

void CoutStrings() {
vector<int> vowel_sizes;
int size;
for (auto a : list_of_words) {
size = CountVowels(a, a.length());
vowel_sizes.push_back(size);
}
for (int i = 0; i < vowel_sizes.size(); i++) {
if (i == vowel_sizes.size()-1) {
cout << vowel_sizes.at(i) << endl;
}
else {
cout << vowel_sizes.at(i) << ',';
}
}
}

private:
vector<string> list_of_words;

bool IsVowel(char ch) {

ch = toupper(ch);
return (ch=='A' || ch=='E' || ch=='I' ||
ch=='O' || ch=='U');
 }

int CountVowels(string str, int n) {

if (n == 1) {
return IsVowel(str[n-1]);
}
return CountVowels(str, n-1) + IsVowel(str[n-1]);
}
};

//add class definitions above this line

int main() {

//add code below this line

vector<string> list = {"house", "cake", "pancake"};

Words vowels(list);
vowels.CoutStrings();

//add code above this line

return 0;

First, we should determine what attribute to get and set. We currently have
only one attribute, list_of_words, which is used to store the list of strings.
However, what if we want to get a particular string? Or perhaps, set a
particular string at an index?

To be able to return a string from the vector, we’ll need to specify an index
or position. This means our getter function will need to take in an integer
parameter. However, there is a limitation to the index we can specify. We
cannot specify an index position that does not exist. Therefore, we’ll need
to validate the given parameter before returning anything.

string GetString(int i) {
if (i >= list_of_words.size()) {
return "No string exists at this index.";
}
return list_of_words.at(i);
}
GetString checks to see if the index exists before it returns a string within
the vector. If the index does not exist, No string exists at this index.
will be returned to the user. Otherwise, the function will return the string
at the specified index.

Next, let’s create our setter. This setter function will first check to see if the
index exists, then it will set a particular string specified by the user into
that index. Therefore, we’ll need two parameters for our setter.

void SetString(string s, int i) {

if (i >= list_of_words.size()) {
cout << "No string exists at this index." << endl;
}
list_of_words.at(i) = s;
}

Let’s test the code with the following commands in main.

//add code below this line

vector<string> list = {"house", "cake", "pancake"};

Words words(list);
cout << words.GetString(0) << endl;
words.SetString("mouse", 0);
cout << words.GetString(0) << endl;

//add code above this line

After the vector is accepted as a parameter, the GetString function is able

to return the string specified at index 0. This is why house is printed. Then,
SetString takes in mouse as a parameter and replaces the word at index 0
with it. GetString is then called again. Since mouse has replaced house, mouse
is printed during the second call.

Updated Code

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

//add class definitions below this line

class Words {
public:
Words(vector<string> n){
list_of_words = n;
 }

string GetString(int i) {
if (i >= list_of_words.size()) {
return "No string exists at this index.";
}
return list_of_words.at(i);
}

void SetString(string s, int i) {

if (i >= list_of_words.size()) {
cout << "No string exists at this index." << endl;
}
list_of_words.at(i) = s;
}

void CoutStrings() {
vector<int> vowel_sizes;
int size;
for (auto a : list_of_words) {
size = CountVowels(a, a.length());
vowel_sizes.push_back(size);
}
for (int i = 0; i < vowel_sizes.size(); i++) {
if (i == vowel_sizes.size()-1) {
cout << vowel_sizes.at(i) << endl;
}
else {
cout << vowel_sizes.at(i) << ',';
}
}
}

private:
vector<string> list_of_words;

bool IsVowel(char ch) {

ch = toupper(ch);
return (ch=='A' || ch=='E' || ch=='I' ||
ch=='O' || ch=='U');
}

int CountVowels(string str, int n) {

if (n == 1) {
return IsVowel(str[n-1]);
}
return CountVowels(str, n-1) + IsVowel(str[n-1]);
}
};

//add class definitions above this line

int main() {

//add code below this line

vector<string> list = {"house", "cake", "pancake"};

Words words(list);
cout << words.GetString(0) << endl;
words.SetString("mouse", 0);
cout << words.GetString(0) << endl;

//add code above this line

return 0;

}
Lab Challenge

Lab Challenge
Problem
Write a class named Person that has attributes string name, int age, and
string occupation. These attributes should be private. Create getters and
setters for each attribute following C++ conventions.

Given Code

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

//add class definitions below this line

//add class definitions above this line

int main() {

//DO NOT EDIT CODE BELOW THIS LINE

Person p("Citra Curie", 16, "student");

cout << p.GetName() << endl;
p.SetName("Rowan Faraday");
cout << p.GetAge() << endl;
p.SetAge(18);
cout << p.GetOccupation() << endl;
p.SetOccupation("plumber");
cout << p.GetName() << endl;
cout << p.GetAge() << endl;
cout << p.GetOccupation() << endl;

//DO NOT EDIT CODE ABOVE THIS LINE

return 0;

}
Requirements
* Declare the instance Person("Citra Curie", 16, "student")
* The function GetName() returns Citra Curie
* The function SetName("Rowan Faraday") changes the name attribute to
“Rowan Faraday”
* The function GetAge() returns 16
* The function SetAge(18) changes the age attribute to 18
* The function GetOccupation() returns student
* The function SetOccupation("plumber") changes the occupation attribute
to “plumber”
* DO NOT EDIT the specified code in the main function or you may not
receive credit for your work!

Expected Output

Citra Curie
16
student
Rowan Faraday
18
plumber

Testing Your Code

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