What is DC Machine:

An electromechanical device which can convert direct current (dc) electricity into
mechanical energy or mechanical energy into direct current (dc) electricity is known as
a DC machine.

➢ If the DC machine converts DC electrical energy into mechanical energy, it is known

as DC motor.
➢ If the machine converts mechanical energy into DC electrical energy, then it is known as
a DC generator.

Both DC motor and DC generator have the similar construction.

Construction:

A typical DC machine consists of the following major parts

• Yoke or Frame
• Armature
• Field System
• Commutator
• Brushes
• Bearings
Yoke or Frame
• The yoke is the outer frame of the DC machine. It is made up of such
materials that have high permeability and high mechanical strength.
• Yoke of DC machine is made up of cast steel

Pole and Pole shoe

• The field winding is placed on a pole. When current passes through
the field winding, it will create an electric magnetic field and behaves
as an electromagnet.
• The pole shoes expand flux in the entire machine.
• To reduce the eddy current losses, the pole and pole shoes are
laminated.

Field Winding
• It is winding wounded on the pole is known as the field winding.
• External DC source or the output of the machine is used to excite the
field winding.
• It is made up of copper and aluminum. In most of the case, the
winding is made up of copper but when the cost is a consideration,
aluminum is used.
• When DC current passes through the coil, it will generate the EMF.
And it will magnetize the pole and produce the magnetic flux.

• The flux produced by the pole is directly proportional to the field

current.

• And flux is more enough to cross the air gap between armature and
pole shoes.
Armature Core
• The armature core is cylindrical in shape and connected by a key with
the shaft. So, it is a rotating part of the DC machine.

• The armature core consists of a number of slots on its outer periphery.

It is made up of low reluctance and high permeability material like
cast iron or cast steel. The armature core is laminated to reduce the
eddy current.
Armature Winding
• The armature winding is placed on the slots of the armature core. It is
made up of copper. The armature winding links with the magnetic flux
and induce a rotating magnetic flux.

Commutator
• The commutator is mounted on the shaft of a machine. The armature
conductors are rotating. The commutator is used to connects the
rotating armature conductor with a stationary external circuit.
• It converts alternating torque produced in the armature into
unidirectional torque. In other words, it converts AC torque into DC
torque. So, it works similar to the rectifier.
Brushes
• The commutator connected the external circuit via brushes. The
brushes are used to carry current from the armature conductors.
• In most of the cases, brushes are made up of carbon for a small
machine and electro-graphite brushes used for the large machines.

Bearing
• The bearings are used at the end of the shaft. The friction between the
rotating part and the stationary part is reduced with the help of
bearings.
Classification of DC Machine

• Separately Excited DC Machine

• Self-Excited DC Machine
Separately Excited DC Machine
• In this type of machine, the field winding is electrically separate from
the armature winding. There is no physical connection between the
field winding and the armature winding.
• Self-excited DC Machine
• In this type of DC machine, the field winding and armature winding
are connected with each other. The performance characteristic of a
machine depends on the connection between the field winding and
armature winding.

• Series Wound DC Machine

• Shunt Wound DC Machine
• Compound Wound DC Machine
• Series DC Machine
• In this type of DC machine, the field winding is connected in series
with the armature winding. Because of the series connection, the entire
load current (armature current) will pass from the field winding. And
this current is high.
• Shunt Wound DC Machine
• In this type of DC machine, the field winding is connected in
parallel with the armature winding. Because of the parallel
connection, full voltage is applied to the field winding.
Therefore, shunt winding is designed with a large number of
turns with high resistance.
• Compound Wound DC Machine
• In this type of DC machine, two field windings are used. One winding
is connected in series and second winding is connected in parallel with
the armature winding.
• Short Shunt
• Long Shunt
 Application of DC Machine as a Motor
Series Motor
• The series motors are used in the application where high starting torque is necessary
and speed variation is possible.
• Example- Vacuum cleaner, Air Compressor, Cranes, Traction system, etc.
Shunt Motor
• The shunt motor is used in the application where starting torque is not needed more
and running on the constant speed.
• Example- conveyer, Lift, Fans, Lathe machine, Spinning machine, centrifugal pump,
etc.
Compound Motor
• The compound motors are used in applications where higher starting with constant
speed is required.
• Examples- Rolling mills, Elevators, Conveyer, Presses, etc.
 Application of DC Machine as Generator
Separately excited DC Generator
• For testing in laboratories.
• It has a wide range of voltage input so it is also used as a supply to
DC motor.
Shunt-wound Generator
• As a battery charger and lighting purposes.
Series-wound Generator
• Used in locomotive.
• In distribution system
Working Principle of DC Generator
Based on the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
EMF Equation of DC Generator
 Introduction to Induction Motor
• An induction motor is an asynchronous AC electric motor which converts
alternating current electricity into the mechanical energy.

• These motors are referred to as asynchronous motors because their rotor rotates
at a speed less than the synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field
An induction motor has two main parts namely stator and rotor.

In case an induction motor, only the stator winding is fed from an AC

supply,

while the rotor winding derives its voltage and power from the stator
winding through electromagnetic induction.
 Working Principle of Induction Motor

▪ Based on the principle of electromagnetic induction

▪ In an induction, there are two windings namely, stator winding and rotor
winding.
▪ The input AC supply is connected to the stator winding, the current flowing in
the stator winding produces a magnetic flux.
▪ This magnetic flux is usually rotating, hence also called rotating magnetic field.
▪ The rotor winding of the induction motor is a short-circuit winding.
• The rotating magnetic flux from the stator cuts the short-circuited
conductors of the rotor winding.
• According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, an EMF is
induced in the rotor circuit which causes a current to flow through it.
• When the current flows through the rotor winding, another magnetic flux
being produced in the machine.

• Therefore, there are two magnetic fluxes inside the induction motor, one
is stator flux and the other is rotor flux.
These two magnetic fluxes interact with each other.

Because of that, the rotor will experience a torque which makes the
rotor to rotate in the direction of the rotating magnetic field of the stator.

In this way, an induction motor runs.

Construction of Three-Phase Induction Motor

A three-phase induction motor consists of two main parts namely,

❑Stator
❑Rotor

There is a small air gap between the stator and rotor which ranges
from 0.4 mm to 4 mm depending on the power rating of the motor.
• Stator
• The stator of a three-phase induction motor is a stationary part, and it
consists of a cylindrical-shaped frame made up of fabricated steel.
• This steel frame encloses a hollow cylindrical core made up of thin
laminations of silicon steel.
• On the inner periphery of the core, a number of evenly spaced slots
are provided to place the stator winding.
• The silicon-steel laminations are used
to reduce the hysteresis and
eddy current losses.
• Rotor
The rotor is a rotating or moving part of the three-phase
induction motor.
It consists of a rotor core made up of thin laminations of high
grade silicon steel to reduce the hysteresis and eddy-current
losses.

• Squirrel-cage rotor
• Wound rotor
Squirrel Cage Rotor

The squirrel-cage rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel

slots on its outer periphery.
In case of squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor winding is made up of metal (copper or
aluminium) bars.
These metal bars are placed in the rotor slots and are short-circuited at each
end by metal rings called end-rings
• The wound rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core
made up of silicon steel

• The rotor winding of the wound rotor is uniformly

distributed in the slots and is connected in star fashion
• Concept of Slip in Induction Motor
• In a three-phase induction motor, the rotor can never reach the speed of stator’s rotating
magnetic field (called synchronous speed).
• Therefore, in practice, the speed of rotor of an induction motor is always less than the
synchronous speed. This difference is known as slip speed
 • Introduction to 3-Phase Synchronous Machines
• An electromechanical energy conversion device (or electrical machine) which
operates on synchronous speed (i.e. speed of rotating magnetic field) is termed
as a synchronous machine. A synchronous machine an AC machine, i.e., it
requires AC supply to work.

• The synchronous machine which converts mechanical energy into alternating

current electricity is called a synchronous generator or alternator. While the
synchronous machine which converts alternating current electricity into
mechanical energy is called a synchronous motor
Working Principle of Synchronous Machine

• The working principle of a synchronous machine is based on the law of

electromagnetic interaction and law of magnetic interlocking.

• According to the law of electromagnetic interaction, when there is a

relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field, an EMF is
induced in the conductor.

• On the other hand, when a current carrying conductor is placed in a

magnetic field, a force acts on the conductor that tends to move it.
• Features of Synchronous Machines
• Construction of Synchronous Machine (stator)
• The stator core is a hollow cylinder which is made up of high-grade silicon steel
laminations.
• The silicon steel laminations reduce the hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the
machine.
• A number of evenly spaced slots are provided on the inner periphery of the stator core.
A three-phase winding is put in these slots. When current flows through the stator
winding, it produces a sinusoidal magnetic field and hence the EMF.
• Rotor Construction
• In synchronous machines, there are two types of rotor constructions used
namely, salient-pole rotor and cylindrical rotor.