XII-EM Physics

Practical Short
Procedure

Prepared by
S.JAYACHANDRAN
PGT,JGGHSS,
Madhavaram,
Chennai
 1. METRE BRIDGE 4. REFRACTIVE INDEX - PRISM
1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit. 1. Initial adjustments of the spectrometer are made.
2. By connecting, Known resistance R in the left gap Angle of Prism
and the unknown resistance X in the right gap, 2. Light from collimator is made to fall on both
balancing length l is found. reflecting surfaces of the prism.
3. Telescope is rotated on both sides of direct ray to see
𝑹 (𝟏𝟎𝟎 −l )
3. By using the formula , 𝑿𝟏 = ,unknown reflected image of slit
l 4. Both Vernier readings A and B are noted for two
resistance X1 is calculated.
reflected image of slit.
4. By connecting, Known resistance R in the right gap
5. Difference between two readings gives 2A from
and the unknown resistance X in the left gap,
which Angle of prism (A) is calculated.
balancing length l is found.
Angle of Minimum Deviation
𝑹l 6. Light from collimator is made to fall on only one
5. By using the formula , 𝑿𝟐 = unknown
(𝟏𝟎𝟎 −l ) refracting surface of the prism.
resistance X2 is calculated. 7. Telescope is rotated to see refracted image of slit and
6. Average of X1 and X2 gives X. Prism table is adjusted to be at minimum deviation
7. From the values of X, r and L, using the formula the position.
specific resistance of the material of the wire is 8. Vernier readings A and B are noted for minimum
calculated. deviation position and also for direct ray.
9. Difference between two readings gives Angle of
2. TANGENT GALVANOMETER
minimum deviation (D).
1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit. 10. From the values of A and D, using the formula
2. After doing all initial adjustments, aluminium 𝐒𝐢𝐧(𝐀+𝐃 )
pointer is made to read 00 - 0° in the compass box. 𝐧= 𝟐
, the refractive index of the material
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐀
3. By passing suitable current in the TG, deflections θ1 𝟐
and θ2 of the aluminium pointer are noted in the tabular of a prism is calculated.
column.
4. By using commutator, current in the TG is reversed
5. WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT -GRATING
and deflections θ3 and θ4 of the aluminium pointer are
noted in the tabular column. 1. Initial adjustments of spectrometer are done.
5. Average of θ1 , θ2 ,θ3 and θ4 gives θ.
6. Reduction Factor k of TG is calculated. 2. Grating is mounted on prism table and set for Normal
7. By measuring the circumference of the coil using a incidence position.
thread, radius of the circular coil is found. 3. Telescope is rotated on both sides of direct ray to see
8. From the values of r, n and k, the horizontal first order diffracted Blue, green, yellow and red images
component of Earth’s magnetic field is calculated. of slit.
4. Both Vernier readings A and B are noted for each
diffracted image of slit on both sides of direct ray.
3. POTENTIOMETER
5. Difference between two verniers gives 2Ɵ, from which,
1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit.
angle of diffraction (Ɵ) is calculated.
2. Using the DPDT switch, Lechlanche cell is included
in the circuit. 6. Knowing N, n and Ɵ, and using the formula
3. By sliding the jockey on the potentiometer wire, the
balancing point is found and the corresponding ,wavelength of blue, green, yellow and
balancing length l𝟏 is measured. red spectral lines are calculated.
4. Using the DPDT switch, Daniel cell is included in 6. PN JUNCTION DIODE
the circuit. i) Forward bias characteristics
5. By sliding the jockey on the potentiometer wire, the
1. The connections are given as per the circuit
balancing length l𝟐 is measured for Daniel cell. diagram.
𝜀1 𝑙1 2. The forward voltage (VF) across the diode is
6. By using the formula = , the ratio of emf of
increased from 0.1 V in steps of 0.1 V up to 0.8 V
𝜀2 𝑙2
the two cells is calculated and the forward current (IF) through the diode is
noted from the milli-ammeter. The readings are
7. The experiment is repeated for different sets of
tabulated.
balancing lengths by adjusting the rheostat

12EM Short Procedure S.Jayachandran, JGGHSS, Madhavaram, Chennai Dt 9840430109 Page 1

3. A graph is drawn taking the forward voltage (VF) 5. The reciprocal of the slope of these curves gives the
along the x-axis and the forward current (IF) along input impedance of the transistor.
the y-axis. II. Output characteristic curve: 𝑽𝑪𝑬 vs 𝑰𝑪
4. The reciprocal of the slope in the linear portion of 1. The base current 𝐼𝐵 is kept constant.
the forward characteristics gives the forward 2. The collector-emitter voltage 𝑉𝐶𝐸 is varied in steps
resistance of the diode. of 1V and the corresponding collector current (𝐼𝐶 )
Reverse bias characteristics is noted.
1. The connections are made as given in the circuit 3. The experiment is repeated for different value
diagram. of 𝐼𝐵 .
2. The reverse voltage (VR) across the diode is 4. A graph is plotted by taking 𝑉𝐶𝐸 along x-axis and
increased from 0.5 V in steps of 0.5 V up to 5 V 𝐼𝐶 along y-axis for all the values of 𝐼𝐵 .
and the reverse current (IR) through the diode is 5. The reciprocal of the slope of these curves gives the
noted from the micro-ammeter. The readings are output impedance of the transistor.
tabulated.
III. Transfer characteristic curve: 𝑰𝑩 vs 𝑰𝑪
3. A graph is drawn taking the reverse bias voltage
1. The collector-emitter voltage 𝑉𝐶𝐸 is kept constant.
(VR) along negative x-axis and the reverse bias
2. The base current 𝑰𝑩 is varied in steps of 50μA and
current (IR) along negative y-axis.
the corresponding collector current (𝑰𝑪 ) is noted.
7. ZENER DIODE 3. A graph is plotted by taking 𝑰𝑩 along x-axis and
i) Forward bias characteristics
𝑰𝑪 along y-axis.
1. The connections are given as per the circuit 4. The slope of the plot gives the current gain of the
diagram.
transistor.
2. The forward voltage (VF) across the diode is
increased from 0.1 V in steps of 0.1 V up to 0.8 V 9.LOGIC GATES
and the forward current (IF) through the diode is 1. 1. To verify the truth table of a logic gate AND,
noted from the milli-ammeter. The readings are OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and EXOR suitable IC
tabulated. 7408, IC 7432, IC 7404, IC 7400, IC 7402, and IC
3. A graph is drawn taking the forward voltage (VF) 7486 respectively are taken. Connections are given
along the x-axis and the forward current (IF) along using the circuit diagram.
the y-axis. 2. 2. For all the ICs, 5V is applied to the pin 14 while
4. The reciprocal of the slope in the linear portion of the pin 7 is connected to the ground.
3. 3. Logical inputs of the truth table are applied and
the forward characteristics gives the forward
the corresponding output is noted.
resistance of the Zener diode.
4. 4. Similarly the output is noted for all other
Reverse bias characteristics combinations of inputs.
1. The connections are made as given in the circuit 5. In this way, the truth table of a logic gate is
diagram. verified
2. The reverse voltage (VR) across the diode is 10 DE MORGAN’S THEOREMS
increased from 0.5 V in steps of 0.5 V up to 6 V
I. Verification of De Morgan’s first theorem
and the reverse current (IR) through the diode is
1. Connections are made for ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨 + 𝑩 and 𝑨 ̅.𝑩
̅ of the
noted from the milli-ammeter. The readings are
theorem as shown in the circuit diagram using
tabulated.
appropriate ICs Separately.
3. A graph is drawn taking the reverse bias voltage
(VR) along negative x-axis and the reverse bias 2. All combinations of Logical inputs of truth table are
current (IR) along negative y-axis. applied and the corresponding output is noted and
8. TRANSISTOR IN CE CONFIGURATION tabulated.
The connections are given as shown in the diagram. 3. From the truth table, ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨+𝑩=𝑨 ̅.𝑩 ̅ is verified.
I. Input characteristic curve: 𝑽𝑩𝑬 vs 𝑰𝑩 II.Verification of De Morgan’s Second theorem
1. The collector-emitter voltage 𝑉𝐶𝐸 is kept constant. 1. Connections are made for ̅̅̅̅̅̅𝑨 . 𝑩 and 𝑨 ̅ +𝑩 ̅ of the
2. The base-emitter voltage 𝑉𝐵𝐸 is varied in steps of theorem as shown in the circuit diagram using
0.1V and the corresponding base current (𝐼𝐵 ) is appropriate ICs Separately.
noted.
3. The experiment is repeated for different value of 2. All combinations of Logical inputs of truth table are
𝑉𝐶𝐸 . applied and the corresponding output is noted and
4. A graph is plotted by taking 𝑉𝐵𝐸 along x-axis and tabulated.
𝐼𝐵 along y-axis for all the values of 𝑉𝐶𝐸 . 3. From the truth table, ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ +𝑩
𝑨 .𝑩 = 𝑨 ̅ is verified

12EM Short Procedure S.Jayachandran, JGGHSS, Madhavaram, Chennai Dt 9840430109 Page 2