ANGEL EVANGELISTA

GRADE-12 ABM
PHYSICAL SCIENCE MODULE 1

WHAT I KNOW

1. Which of the following is the most accepted theory about the formation of the
universe that explains why it continues to expand?
a. big bang theory c. steady state theory
b. divine creation theory d. oscillating theory

2. Which of the following is not considered as light elements?

a. helium c. lithium
b. hydrogen d. iron

3. Which of the following is TRUE about nucleosynthesis?

a. It is the division of atomic particle
b. The combination of elements to form compound
c. It is the creation of everything including all matter in universe
d. It is the process of creating new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nuclei

4. Which process is responsible for the formation of light elements such as Hydrogen and
Helium?
a. big bang nucleosynthesis c. supernova nucleosynthesis.
b. stellar nucleosynthesis d. terrestrial nucleosynthesis

5. Which element is the lightest and at the same time the most abundant in outer space?
a. hydrogen c. lithium
b. helium d. iron
6. How do heavier elements formed?
a. Though combustion c. Through nuclear fusion
b. Through nuclear fission d. Through nuclear synthesis

7. Which element can be formed when three atoms of helium are fused?
a. carbon c. oxygen
b. hydrogen d. silicon

8. Which of the following elements DOES NOT belong to the group?

a. beryllium c. iron
b. silicon d. oxygen

9. Which process is responsible for the formation of elements at the center of star?
a. big bang nucleosynthesis c. stellar nucleosynthesis
b. nuclear fusion d. supernova nucleosynthesis

10. How Elements heavier than iron are formed?

a. big bang nucleosynthesis c. stellar nucleosynthesis
b. solar nucleosynthesis d. supernova nucleosynthesis

11. Which element will be formed when Carbon atom is combined with Helium atom?
a. magnesium c. oxygen
b. neon d. silicon

12. Why do average stars have longer life span than massive star?
a. They have less fuel to burn c. They burn their fuel at faster rate
b. They have more fuel to burn d. They burn their fuel at slower rate

13. Which phase of star life cycle is our sun?

a. main sequence star c. red giant
b. planetary nebula d. white dwarf
14. Which of the following contains only heavy elements?
a. carbon, lithium, neon
b. carbon, silicon, magnesium
c. carbon, beryllium, helium
d. helium, carbon, hydrogen

15. In which stage do massive stars explode and release large amount of energy?
a. main sequence
b. protostar
c. super nova
d. white dwarf

WHAT’S NEW
Stellar Nucleosynthesis
The word “stellar” means star and the formation of elements in the center of the star is
called stellar nucleosynthesis. Carl Segan said that “We are made of star stuff.” What did
he mean by that? If we know how some important heavy elements were formed same as
stars that maybe a clue.
Label the sequence of the star life cycle. Use the hints/clue found in the table below.

STAR LIFE CYCLE

1. NEBULA
2. PROTOSTAR
3. MAIN SEQUENCE STAR
4. RED SUPER GIANT
5. SUPERNOVA
6. BLACK HOLE
7. NEUTRON STAR
8. RED GIANT
9. WHITE DWARF
10. BLACK DWARF

WHAT IS IT
 Were you able to label all the stages of star? Review the hints/clues in the previous
activity. You will notice that following the sequence will reveal what happens in
each stage of star.
To understand further, answer the following questions below.

1. What element from space is pulled by gravity and turn into a protostar?
- Hydrogen gas
2. What will happen if a low massive main sequence star runs out of hydrogen fuel?
- It will become a red gain also know as red super giant.
3. How are heavy elements such a Carbon, Oxygen and Neon formed during star
formation?
- When helium is exhausted in the core of a star, these heavy elements begin to
develop, and they continue to build in a shell around the carbon-oxygen core. The alpha
process can then produce oxygen, neon, and heavier elements. By capturing helium
nuclei in this way, the alpha process preferentially yields elements with even numbers of
protons.
4. Why is it impossible for any matter such as light and radiation to escape from a
blackhole?
- Because of the tremendous, space-bending gravity, light and radiation cannot
escape blackholes; anything that falls into them is quickly ripped apart and lost. Nothing,
not even light, can escape a black hole, hence scientists have never seen one.
5. Why do you think massive star has shorter life span than average star?
- Massive stars have a shorter life period than average stars. This is because,
although having a bigger amount of hydrogen for nuclear reactions, they use their fuel at
a much faster pace. The lifetime is equal to the amount of fuel consumed divided by the
rate of consumption.

WHAT’S MORE
Match the terms in column A with its description in Column B

A B
b 1. Alpha ladder process a. There is faster rate of capturing
d 2. Big bang nucleosynthesis neutron before it undergoes
j 3. CNO cycle radioactive decay.
 h 4. Neutron capture b. Nuclear fusion that happens in red
g 5. Proton- proton chain super giant star and creates more
a 6. R- process heavy elements until Iron.
c 7. S- process c. Happens when there is a slow rate of
i 8. Stellar Nucleosynthesis capturing neutron while there is a
f 9.Supernova faster rate of radioactive decay
Nucleosynthesis d. Process wherein light elements such
e 10. Tri alpha process Helium and Hydrogen form.
e. This is how three Helium-4 is
converted into Carbon red giant star
f. A process where elements heavier
than iron are formed.
g. Nuclear fusion reaction where
hydrogen is converted to Helium
h. Addition of neutron to form heavier
nuclei.
i. Process by which elements are created
within the star
j. This happens in massive star which
convert Hydrogen into Helium.

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Read the paragraph then fill in the blanks with the correct word/s.
It all starts with 1. Nebula, cloud of gas and dust particle in outer space. Due to the
force of gravity, the 2. Hydrogen gas is pulled together and eventually became a
protostar. Nebular fusion occurs at the center of the protostar and becomes stable.
During this time, hydrogen is converted into 3. Helium forming main sequence star. The
size of the star can be average or massive. A massive main sequence star that runs out
of hydrogen fuel will begin to expand and cool down. This is 4. Red super star giant, the
biggest star in the universe. The red super giant continues to fuse with heavy elements
and stops when 5. Iron is converted in the core of the star. At this point, red super giant
will become a supernova after hundreds of years.
ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT an evidence of star formation?

a. hydrogen c. infrared Radiation
b. helium d. rocks

2. How is the energy of star produced?

a. By combustion c. by nuclear fission
b. By decomposition d. by nuclear fusion

3. Which phase of star will be created after the end of red giant?
a. black hole c. supernova
b. red super giant d. white dwarf

4. Which is known as the biggest stars in the universe.

a. main sequence star c. red super giant
b. red giant d. white dwarf

5. Which of the following gases are major components of star?

a. carbon and oxygen c. hydrogen and carbon
b. helium and carbon d. hydrogen and helium

6. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. The core of red giant star is made up of carbon
b. The average star has shorter life span
c. The more massive the star is the faster it burns its fuel
d. No elements heavier than Iron can be produced in a massive star

7. Which is the first stage of a star life cycle?

a. black hole c. proto star
b. nebula d. white dwarf

8. In main sequence star, Hydrogen fuses and converted to Helium. What element is
produced from Helium gas at its core?
a. carbon
b. iron
c. neon
d. silicon

9. Which is the second most abundant element in the universe?

a. carbon c. hydrogen
b. helium d. oxygen

10. What object is formed from gas and dust particles which are pulled together by
gravity and no nuclear fusion has happened yet?
a. nebula c. proto star
b. main sequence star d. red supergiant star

11. Who stated that we are made of star stuff?

a. Carl Sagan c. Galileo Galilei
b. Edwin Hubble d. Stephen Hawking

12. Which of the following is the sign that a protostar will transform into the next stage?
a. When the it starts to spin faster
b. When it starts to glow
c. When Hydrogen nuclear fusion begins
d. When it increases temperature igniting the Hydrogen

13.When does a star become unstable?

a. When it runs out of fuel
b. When it contracts and expands
c. When its core is converted to Iron
d. When the outer shell of star is pulled by the gravity from the center

14.Which fusion of elements does Iron come from?

a. carbon fusion c. magnesium fusion
b. neon fusion d. silicon fusion

15.Which is a huge luminous ball of hot gas such as Hydrogen and Helium.
a. comet
b. moon
c. planet
d. star

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY
 1. Star life cycle

7. big
bang 2. elements
theory formed
after big
bang

Star formation

6. how stars
formed 3. I’ve
from one learned
stage to about the
another different
elemnets

5. I’ve 4. nuclear
learned what fusion
are the heavy
elements