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CiVics Sa1

The document outlines the structure and functions of the election commission in India, detailing the electoral process for both state and central levels, including the roles of various government officials. It also discusses the federal system of governance, highlighting the division of powers between central and state governments, as well as the roles of governors and chief ministers. Additionally, the document touches on geological processes that shape the Earth, including continental drift, weathering, and erosion, caused by both terrestrial and extraterrestrial forces.

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helena
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17 views6 pages

CiVics Sa1

The document outlines the structure and functions of the election commission in India, detailing the electoral process for both state and central levels, including the roles of various government officials. It also discusses the federal system of governance, highlighting the division of powers between central and state governments, as well as the roles of governors and chief ministers. Additionally, the document touches on geological processes that shape the Earth, including continental drift, weathering, and erosion, caused by both terrestrial and extraterrestrial forces.

Uploaded by

helena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Election

5 year once, conducted by election commission


Commission ----> Lok,sabha, rajya sabha,sla,slc,office of president/vp
HQ→delhi→1950 →CEC+2 members
Functions
Prepare electoral roll,(names of ppl), issue voter id, announce date of elec,code of conduct
(political parties), conduct fair elections,winner(successful candidates)

Voter
18 years + voter id card
Universal adult franchise →(1 person,1 vote, 1 value)
every citizen right to vote irr → caste,religion,gender,economic, edu background
Women's suffrage movement →women allowed to vote

Election → 1,state 2. central/parliament


MLA MP

Parliament →2 houses → Lok Sabha ->directly elected by ppl


Rajya Sabha→indirectly by MLA / Members of SLA

MLA/ Memeber of legislative assembly ---> Ministers


Member elected to state legislature
Huge population → state divided into --->constituencies→ 1 constituency ---->MLA
1 representative (national level)

Party with max(Votes) --->ruling party------>CM→------> MLA ordained as MP


Elects +governor (health,law,education)

Decisions taken by the Chief Ministers and other ministers be debated in the Legislative
Assembly

Condemn govt→ Legislative assembly→ Minister ---> Cm action


Protest discuss issue press.conf

Federal system of India


Power not to particular group/individual
Government →3 levels →central, state , local
unite Internal affairs

Power divided b/w centre and state (Federalism)

State govt
India→state + union territories (Sub-national administrative divsion)
3organs→executive,legislature,judiciary
State
Conducts own election
Governor nominal head of state , 1st women governor (Sarojini naidu)
Real power on cm
Central
President head of union , pm real head

Governor
Governor nominal head of state
President takes advice of union cabinet appoints governor of states
Qualifications of governor
Citizen , 35 age, not hold office of profit, not mem of parliament /SL
Functions of governor
Invites majority leader(state elections) to form govt
Appoints cm, high officials of state
Powers of governor
Gives suggestions to president appoint hc judge
Signs bills of leg assembly → becomes laws

Union territories (Sub-national administrative division)


Lieutenant governors appointed in DElhi, jammu kashmir, andaman nicobar, puducherry,
Governed by IAS officer
Punjab + chandigarh →
Governor lieutenant .governor same

Cm
Leader of state that wins majority in state elections
Highest dignitary of the state
Term of office 5 years
Power +Functions
Link b/w council of ministers + governor
Advises governor for selection council of ministers +size
Coordinates work of diff department
Advises governor b4 resignation council of ministers
Appoints deputy cm if needed

Andaman nico →commercial fishing banned chandigarh french architectLe corbusier chan
shape of human body
Govt →health→public health care services (run by tax collected from citizens),services
free/nominal, common +complex surgeries,eradicate malaria,tb, diarrhoea,throughout
country village(PHC) primary health centre

private health care services →not by govt, owned by indi

Panchayat kerala (40% entire budget), no army in costa rica

Council of ministers (team of ministers with cm)​


Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) are:
Lower house of state legislature upper house of state legislature
Centre -- lok +rajya

Many states 1 house (unicameral) assam,TN 2 house bicameral AndraP,JammuK


State →Vidhan sabha / leg.assembly (LHouse), vidhan parishad/leg council (UHouse) MLC
VS→Direct elect ppl,5 yrs,speaker(presiding off),mem 25age,all states,500-60 mem, meets
*2 yr,attendance 1/10 mem
VP→MLA(mem elect),6yrs,chairman(PO),mem 30,6 states up,ap,⅓(LAss/VSabha) not less
40
Every 2 yr ⅓ retire
PO→debates(peaceful),mem no order(action) speaker (asst)--deputy speaker if vote tie
MLA->citizen, nothold any office of profit, mentally sound ,pocess qualifi stated by parliam

Bill → form of proposal for law to be made, bill intro legislature debated,voted
OB→intro VS/VP both houses pass bill→governor(signs)becomes law 1 rejects deadlock VS
MB→intro VS→VP(not idle 14 days)
Union list-- 100 item, state list 61 items,concurrent list 52 item
Kingdom div gana sanghas (lineage,profession,clan,kingdom)
Gana mem→elects→sangha mukhya (tax,war)
Buddha time 116 sanghas , mahabharata (satyaki,niladri)

Lithos→crust+upper mantle
Crust →chunks(land) called plates ,7 major plates →const motion move few cm/yr
→earth move -> volcano/earthquakes
Asthenosphere / upper mantle →under crust (plates) ,floating area of molten rocks super hot
core of earth gives heat melts rock flowing (that's yplates moving) continental drift

Scientists All continents single huge mass→pangea


Supercontinent →broke →laurasia + gondwanaland
Fossils in australia similar to south asia , rocks were also similar

Forces shape earth from within


Forces that cause continental drift eg:Forces from within earth called Endogenic forces
3 Endogenous process → folding, faulting,volcanic action (Area 2 plates meet)
Folding : process over long period(time) , originally flat level surface is bent/curved Tem Pre
Press (1 plate sliding other causes crust to fold/crinkle) ,eg, himalayas (formed by folding)
Faulting: occurs when earth's crust fractures/cracks,
stress on rocks> forces that hold together
plates slide each other- Sudden movement (causes earthquake)
Places deep (crust) movement starts →focus; pt above focus epicentre
Vibrations called seismic waves radiate out from epicentre
1 earthquake foll by 2nd quake called aftershock
Earthquake underwater -- tsunamis (pulls water back b4 hitting coast)
Vibrations cause landslides 80% earthquake in
Eg :fujiyama/mt fuji (japan);loc in ring of fire; horseshoe shape area around pacific ocean lots
of volcanoes+earthquake

volcanic action:Folding+Faulting causes cracks called (lines of weakness)


Cracks reaches magma chambers →causes ->magma rise gr press cracks called vents
Volcanoes formed magma gets to surface and cools
Mater released: ash,rock ,steam ,gases
Eg: Mt etna (Itally ) active volcano
Extinct vol →not erupted 10,000 yrs eg:Chimborazo (Ecuador)
Dormant vol → not erupted 100’s of yrs,could erupt again eg: Mt Vesuvius Italy
destroyed roman cities pompeii and herculaneum

eg of volcano highest Mt in solar system: Olympus mons on mars, venus active vol
Forces shape earth from outside -- >Exogenous
2 types
1.Terrestrial 2. Extraterrestrial
Forces by different surface agent Forces caused by celestial bodies

Terrestrial (that shapes land)

Weathering +Erosion
Weathering →no movement,

Process that causes physical or chemical changes in rocks + breaks rocks into smaller
pieces (mechanical weathering) by temperature

Rocks containing iron change their chemical comp? + contact with water eg:bicycle rusting if
left in rain (chemical weathering)

Small plant like fungi causes rock to split ( organic weathering)

Erosion
Process of removal of rock particles from a particular location and their
transportation to another location . It is brought by agents -- water,wind ice

Erosion by river
1.River/stream is a body of water flowing down the slope of land under the force of gravity.

They work in 3 ways


*Rivers erode the rode when they flow
*they transport eroded materials
*they deposit the eroded material along the course

Most rivers originate in mountains /hills


They form a number of landforms
1.V shaped valley : Narrow valley shaped like letter V.
2.I shaped valley : When a river erodes vertically through hard rocks they form an I
shaped valley. It is a Narrow valley shaped like the letter I.
3.Canyon: A wide steep walled usually flat-bottomed valley is called a Canyon
4.Waterfalls:When slope of river bed drops suddenly and water plunges down from great
heights,Waterfalls are formed
5.Flood plains: when river enters a plain, it does not flow swiftly as it did in the
mountains.The materials like gravel are deposited.then they form flood plains
6.Meanders : the rivers when flowing slowly forms broad sweeping curves or loops called
meanders
7.Ox-Bow lake: Eventually the meanders cut off from the rivers to form a cut off lake called
ox-bow lake
8.Distributaries: As it approaches the sea it flows very slowly, unable to carry its load
anymore.They deposit all its sediments at its mouth.These deposits force the rivers to split
into several small channels called distributaries.
9.Delta:The region near the mouth of the river with a network of distributaries is called delta
Erosion by sea waves
Sea waves erode rock+soil from 1 coast to deposit to other forming beaches (examples of
deposition of landforms)
Sea waves causes Interesting when they Erode steep rocky cliffs
Waves erode rocks to form cavities called sea caves, further erosion causes them to
hollow out completely forming sea arches
when Rock structure becomes weak, the roof collapses leaving isolated feature called stack

Erosion by ice
Glaciers occur at poles +high mountains .Ice erosion happens when ice pushes
rocks+stones in its way. Accumulation of material left behind glacier is called moraine
Glaciers can move large rocks with tremendous force .Lakes are formed land scooped by
glaciers

Weakest form of erosion →wind


Wind blow sand into towering dunes,dry wind can blast rocks eg sahara -rocky desert
landscapes

Extra terrestrial forces


1.​ Celestial bodies or other members of the solar system exert forces that bring about
changes on earth.
2.​ Gravitational pull of the moon causes tides .
3.​ large craters are created when meteorites crashes earth's surface
4.​ Radiation from the sun causes phenomena called aurora. These are lights
displayed that can be seen at night in polar regions.

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