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III Final Coverage 1

The document outlines various research methodologies, including the design, sampling techniques, and data collection methods. It discusses different research designs such as descriptive, evaluative, historical, comparative, and phenomenological, along with sampling methods like probability and nonprobability sampling. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of sampling in determining the generalizability of research findings.

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Jelly Posesano
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9 views28 pages

III Final Coverage 1

The document outlines various research methodologies, including the design, sampling techniques, and data collection methods. It discusses different research designs such as descriptive, evaluative, historical, comparative, and phenomenological, along with sampling methods like probability and nonprobability sampling. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of sampling in determining the generalizability of research findings.

Uploaded by

Jelly Posesano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Understanding ways

to collect data
Research Methodology
❑it is a chapter that presents the design,
sample technique, statistical tool,
instrumentation, and the procedure in
conducting research.
❑It discussed how you selected the
participants, created the tools to be used,
and collected the data, as well as explain
the research design that guides in
conducting the research.
Research Design
❑ Once you have decided about the topic of your
research, the full details of your data collection
methods should be discussed.
❑ Depending on research objective, you may opt to
choose descriptive, evaluative, historical,
comparative, phenomenological, ethnography,
and the like as your design.
Descriptive Design
❑ Is very common in research.
❑ It is fact-finding with adequate interpretation .
❑ It is also a purposive process of gathering ,
analyzing, classifying, and tabulating data about
prevailing conditions, practices beliefs and
process, trends and cause-effect relationships,
and then making adequate and accurate
interpretations about such data with or without
statistical interpretation.
Evaluative Design
❑ Normally used to assess the status of
certain programs, projects, institutions,
or systems using a parametric that suits
the aspects that are intended to be
evaluated.
Historical Design
❑ A systematic way of collecting
and assessing data to explain,
describe, and understand the
events and occurrences in the
past and their implications in
the present.
Comparative Design
❑ Is used to highlight similarities and
differences of the concepts, context, or
the given or variable under study.

❑ It focuses on what can be perceived to


be similar or different between or
among the given circumstances.
Phenomenology Design
❑ Commonly used for qualitative
research.

❑ Focused on the life and experiences of


the participants.
Population and Sampling Method
❑ Sample should be appropriate to the
research question and objectives of the
study.
❑ The method you will use in deciding the
sample size must provide you
Sampling
❑ Is a method that allows a researcher to
infer information about a population
based on results from a subject of the
population without having to
investigate every individual.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Precise statistical description
• Provides the researcher the ability to
generalize about a population (Babbie 2010)
• Method based on probability theory
• Branch of mathematics that allows
researchers to produce samples
representative of population and analyze it
statistically.
4 types of
Probability
Sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• It is considered as basic sampling equal
chance of being selected. The necessary tools
for SRS are the complete list of all elements in
the population and a random numbers which
may be computer generated. To draw a
random selection, each element of the
population is assigned a number.
Systematic Random Sampling
• In this sampling technique a list of all the
elements in the population is also prepared
but instead of using a random numbers table
to draw the sample, a sampling interval is
used. The formula in computing the sampling
is K=N/n (Population size/sample size)
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
• The ultimate function of stratified random
sampling is organizing the population into
homogenous subsets or grouping the
elements in the population according to
shared characteristics. The researcher
selects the appropriate number of elements
for each identified subset or group, ensuring
that each selected element is
proportionately represented in the total
population.
CLUSTERED SAMPLING
• It is a multistage sampling method adopted
when it is either impossible or impractical to
compile an exhaustive list of the elements
found in the target population.
• Naturally population consist of “natural
groups”, or clusters which are initially
sampled. Then the members of each group
are subsampled afterward. These involves the
repetition of two sampling steps: Listing and
sampling.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
• The ultimate function of stratified random
sampling is organizing the population into
homogenous subsets or grouping the
elements in the population according to
shared characteristics. The researcher
selects the appropriate number of elements
for each identified subset or group, ensuring
that each selected element is
proportionately represented in the total
population.
4 types of
Nonprobability
Sampling
Purposive Sampling
❑ Is guided by your main purpose or reason for
conducting the study. Thus, you select the
elements you think are useful for your study.
❑ The main goal of purposive sample is not to
generalize, but to focus on particular
characteristics or subject which you believe
are capable of providing answers to the
research questions.
❑ Also called a judgmental sampling or
subjective sampling.
Convenience Sampling
❑ Elements selected through convenience
sampling are those easily accessible to you.
Contrary to the rigorous sampling process
of nonprobability sampling techniques,
convenience sampling waves the researcher
time and relative cost.
Snowball Sampling
❑ There will be instances where your target
subjects and data may be difficult to locate.
This is a familiar problem with studies too
focused, unique, or new. An appropriate
nonprobability sampling technique to adopt is
the snowball sampling where the data is
collected from a few known members of the
target population.
Quota Sampling
❑ Quota sampling is often linked with
proportionate or stratified sampling because
both techniques necessitates stratification of
the population.
❑ Sampled elements should be proportionate to
their representation in the population.
Quota Sampling
❑ to begin with quota sampling, prepare a table,
or sampling matrix listing the characteristics
of target population. Calculate the
appropriate number of samples, such that the
total sample will have the same distribution of
characteristics then assumed to present in
the total population.
Quota Sampling
❑ For the 3 basic steps in creating quota
sample, First select the predetermined
characteristics and divide the population
accordingly, second, calculate the quota
needed for each stratum. Then invite the
subject until the quota per stratum is
attained.
Why Sampling
is Important?
❑ It determines how the results of the statistical
analysis can be interpreted and up to what
extent the result can be generalized.
❑ We can generalize the findings based on
sample to the population where these were
taken.
❑ We should be careful not to automatically
interpret this to mean that the results are
valid for the general population.
Research Method and Instrument Used
❑ Observation
❑ Document
❑ Interview
❑ Online and library Research
❑ survey
Type of exam
❑ Identification
❑ Enumeration
❑ Essay

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