LONG TERM - 2026

(ONE YEAR)

PHYSICS
STUDY MATERIAL
Class (XI)

Brilliant
STUDY CENTRE, PALA
Mutholy Campus, Ph: 04822 - 206100, 206800
www.brilliantpala.org., email: [email protected].
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 CONTENTS

Mathematical Tools------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 05

01. Units and Measurements--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41

02. Motion in a Straight Line--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52

03. Motion in a Plane---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65

04. Laws of Motion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 83

05. Work Energy Power------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 99

06. System of Particles and Rigid Body Rotation-----------------------------------------------------110

07. Gravitation------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------126

08. Mechanical Properties of Solids and Liquids-----------------------------------------------------139

09. Thermal Properties of Matter, Thermodynamics & Kinetic Theory------------------156

10. Oscillation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------176

11. Waves--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------192
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 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS

BASIC MATHEMATICS

1. Natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, ...............}

2. Whole numbers W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...............}

3. Integers Z = {0, ± 1 , ±2 , ............}

p
4. Rational numbers Q = {x/x = , p, q ∈ Z, q ≠ 0 }
q
5. Q′
Irrational numbers= {x / x ∉ Q}
6. Real numbers R = R= Q ∪ Q′

Note:

Irrational numbers are classified into two. (a) Algebraic irrationals and (b) Transcendental irrational.
1
2, 3, 3 5 are algebraic irrational but π , e, tan −1 , tan −1 2 , etc are transcendental irrationals.
3
 p1 p 2 p3  LCM {p1p 2 p3 ....}
LCM of  , , ....... =
 q1 q 2 q 3  HCF {q1q 2 q 3 .....}

 p1 p 2 p3  HCF {p1p 2 p3 .....}

HCF of  , , ...... =
 q1 q 2 q 3  LCM {q1q 2 q 3 ......}

7. Companendo-dividendo rule:

p r p+q r +s p−q r −s p+q r+s

= ⇒ = , = and =
q s q s q s p−q r −s
p1 p 2 p3 xp1 + yp 2 + zp3 + ....
= = .....
=
q1 q 2 q 3 xq1 + yq 2 + zq 3 + ....

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8. Rules of proportionality
If p = kq where k > 0 then p is directly proportional to q and denoted p ∝ q .
1
If pq = k when k > 0, then p is inversely proportional to q; p ∝
q

9. Rules of indices

1 12−1 1
a
For a > 0; a = 1;= 0=;a ;a − n
a=
a an

am
a m .a n a=
= m+n
n
a m−n
a

( a m ) a=
n
mn n m
= a a m/n a   

  
n
a an
(ab) = a b ;     = n
n n n

b b

A function f(x) = ax is defined only if a > 0

Rules of inequalities
p < q and q < r ⇒ p < r

m < p < n ⇒ p ∈ ( m, n )
p−q > 0⇒ p > q
p−q < 0⇒ p < q
p > q and m > 0 ⇒ pm > qm
q−p
p+ ∈ ( p, q ) ∀m ∈ N
m

1 1 1 1
p > 0, q > 0 and ; p < q ⇒ > ;p > q ⇒ <
p q p q

1 1
p < 0, q < 0 and p < q ⇒ >
p q

1 1
p < 0, q > 0 and p < q ⇒ <
p q

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If a > 0 and x ≤ a ⇒ −a ≤ x ≤ a

If a > 0 and x ≥ a ⇒ x ≤ −a, x ≥ a

If k > 0 and x − a < k ⇒ a − k < x < a + k

x 2 = x ∀x ∈ R

100 ≠ ±10 but 100 = 10

x2 =100 ⇒ x =± 100 =±10

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3

a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)

a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) ; a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)

a4 – b4 = (a – b) (a3 + a2b + ab2 + b3) or (a – b) (a + b) (a2 + b2)

Progression

a, a + d, a + 2d ...................... are in arithmetic progression

a, ar, ar2    .................... are in geometric progression, a ≠ 0

n
In an A.P, nth term tn = a + (n – 1) d and sum to n terms s=
n ( 2a + (n − 1) d
2

a ( r n − 1)
G.P tn = ar n–1 sn =
r −1

a
S∞ = a + ar + ar 2 + .....∞ = , r <1
1− r

1
1 + x + x2 + x3 + .................. = = (1 – x)–1
1− x

n
n ( n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ........... + n = ∑r =
1 2

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n
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
12 + 22 + 32 + .......... + n2 = ∑r
1
2
=
6

2
 n ( n + 1) 
n
1 + 2 + ................... + n = ∑ r = 
3 3 3 3

1  2 
Binomial expansion

For small values of x, (1 + x ) is approximated to 1 + nx

n

(1 + x )  1 + nx and (1 − x )
n n −n
ie, ≈ 1 + nx

(1 − x )  1 − nx and (1 + x )
n −n
≈ 1 − nx
QUADRATIC EQUATION

An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are certain numbers, and a ≠ 0 is called

a quadratic equation.
Discriminant of a Quadratic Equation
The number b2 – 4ac is called discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and is denoted
by D. i.e, D = b2 – 4ac
Nature of Roots of the Quadratic Equation
The value of x which satisfy the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are called roots of the equation. The
roots α and β of the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by,

−b − b 2 − 4ac −b − D − b + b 2 − 4ac −b + D
=α = = ,β =
2a 2a 2a 2a

Now there are three possibilities:

Case I

When D < 0, i.e. b2 – 4ac < 0. In this case D will be imaginary, hence α and β will be both

imaginary.
Case II

−b −b
When D = 0 i.e. b2 – 4ac = 0. In this case D = 0, , from the above equation,=
α ,β
= .
2a 2a
Hence both roots α and β will be real and equal.

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Case III

When D > 0, i.e., b2 – 4ac > 0. Then the roots α and β will be real and different (distinct).

Relation between roots and coefficients

2
Let α, β be roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c= 0, a ≠ 0 then

−b c
sum of roots, α + β = , Product of roots, αβ =
a a
TRIGONOMETRY

ANGLE

It is the measure of amount of rotation from one side of the angle to other. If OA and OB are initial
and final positions of the revolving ray then angle formed will be ∠AOB .

Angles formed by anticlockwise rotation are taken as positive whereas those formed by clockwise
rotation are taken as negative.

      

In one complete revolution, the total angle formed is 3600. Generally we come across angles from
00 to 3600. But there may be problems in which rotation involves more than one revolution. For
example, the rotation of wheel.

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If the revolving line start from some initial position and makes n complete revolutions and also a
θ ( 360°× n ) + α
further angle of in the same direction, then the total angle described, is given by=

Measurement of Angles
Angles are measured in degrees. A right angle is divided into 90 equal parts called Degrees. Each
degree is then divided into 60 equal parts called minutes and each minute is further divided into
60 equal parts called seconds.
But this system is not very convenient and therefore angles are preferred to be measured in
Radians.

The angle subtended at the centre by an arc of circle whose length is equal to the radius of the
circle is called a Radian.

If arc length AB = r = radius of the circle, then by definition ∠AOB =

1rad .
1 Arclength
The angle subtended at the centre by arc length AB will be θ= =
r Radius

The conversion formula from Degree to Radians is, 180° = π radians

Trigonometric Functions
The ratio of different pairs of sides of a right angled triangle are called Trigonometric functions.

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sine : Ratio of opposite side to hypotenuse, i.e. sin θ =p / h

cosine : Ratio of adjacent side to hypotenuse, i.e. cos θ =b / h

tangent : Ratio of opposite side to adjacent side, i.e. tan θ =p / b

contangent : Ratio of adjacent side to opposite side, i.e. cot θ =b / p

secant : Ratio of hypotenuse to adjacent side, i.e. sec θ =h / b

coseccant : Ratio of hypotenuse to opposite side, i.e. cos ecθ =h / p

Trigonometric Identities
2 2
(i) sin θ + cos θ =1

1
(ii) tan θ=
.cot θ 1 or,=
cot θ
tan θ

sin θ
(iii) tan θ =
cos θ

cos θ
(iv) cot θ =
sin θ

1
(v) sin θ=
.cos ecθ 1 or,=
cos ecθ
sin θ

1
(vi) cos θ=
.sec θ 1 or=
,sec θ
cos θ

2
(vii) 1 + tan = θ sec 2 θ
2
(viii) 1 + cot
= θ cos ec 2 θ
Quadrants

Let X0X’ and YOY’ be two mutually perpendicular lines in a plane. The whole plane is divided into
four different regions called quadrants and are respectively 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrants.

The angle is said to be in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrant according as the terminal side lies in 1st,
2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrants. If the terminal side coincides with one of the axis, then angle is called
quadrant angle.

The value of trigonometrical ratios of angles i.e.; (900 – θ ), (900 + θ ), (1800 – θ ), (1800 + θ ),

(3600 – θ ), (3600 + θ ) can be obtained by using following procedure.

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A) When any trigonometric ratio (sin, cos, tan etc.) is operated on angle of the form (180° ± θ ) or,

( 360° ± θ ) . Then,
(i) Trigonometric function remains unchanged i.e.;

(ii) Sign is affixed according to the quadrant in which the angle lies.

B) When trigonometric function is operated on an angle of the form ( 90° ± q ) or, ( 270° ± q ) then,
(i) sin cos; tan cot i.e.; sin changes into cos and vice versa etc.

(ii) Sign is always considered on the basis of the operating function.

Students are already quite familiar with values of sin, cos, tan of angles 00, 300, 450, 600, 900, which
have been given in the following table.

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0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin 0 1/2 1
1/ 2 3/2
cos 1 1/2 0
3/2 1/ 2
tan 0 1 undefined
1/ 3 3

The value of trigonometric functions of angles 1200, 1350, 1500...... etc. can be found, as discussed
below:

IInd quadrant (900 + θ )

sin ( 90° + θ=
) cos θ

cos ( 90° + θ ) = − sin θ

tan ( 90° + θ=
) cot θ

IInd quadrant (1800 – θ )

sin (180° − θ=
) sin θ

cos (180° − θ ) = − cos θ

tan (180° − θ ) = − tan θ

IIIrd quadrant (1800 + θ )

sin (180° + θ ) = − sin θ

cos (180° + θ ) = − cos θ

tan (180° + θ=
) tan θ

IIIrd quadrant (2700 – θ )

sin ( 270° − θ ) = − cos θ

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cos ( 270° − θ ) = − sin θ

tan ( 270° − θ=
) cot θ

IVth quadrant (2700 + θ )

sin ( 270° + θ ) = − cos θ

cos ( 270° + θ=
) sin θ

tan ( 270° + θ ) = − cot θ

IVth quadrant (3600 – θ )

sin ( 360° − θ ) = − sin θ

cos ( 360° − θ=
) cos θ

tan ( 360° − θ ) = − tan θ

TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE OF COMPOUND ANGLES

The Addition Formula

(i) sin (A + B) = sin A . cos B + cos A . sin B

(ii) cos (A + B) = cos A . cos B – sin A . sin B

tan A + tan B
(iii) tan ( A + B ) =
1 − tan A.tan B
Subtraction Formula

(i) sin (A – B) = sin A . cos B – cos A . sin B

(ii) cos (A – B) = cos A . cos B + sin A . sin B

tan A − tan B
(iii) tan ( A − B ) =
1 + tan A.tan B

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Product Formula

(i) 2 sin A . cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)

(ii) 2 cos A . sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)

(iii) 2 cos A . cos B = cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)

(iv) 2 sin A . sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

C+D C−D
(v) sin C + sin D =
2sin .cos
2 2

C+D C−D
(vi) sin C − sin D =
2 cos .sin
2 2

C+D C−D
(vii) cos C − cos D =
2 cos .cos
2 2

C+D D−C
(viii) cos C − cos D =
2sin .cos
2 2

TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULAE OF MULTIPLE AND SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES

Multiple Angles

1) sin 2A = 2 sin A. cos A 2) cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A

3) cos 2A = 2 cos2A – 1 4) 1 + cos 2A = 2cos2 A

5) cos 2A = 1 – 2sin2A 6) 1 – cos 2A = 2 sin2A

2 tan A
7) tan 2A = 8) sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A
1 − tan 2 A

9) cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cos A

3 tan A − tan 3 A
10) tan 3A =
1 − 3 tan 2 A

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Submultiple Angles

(i) sin 2A = 2 sin A . cos A, putting in place of A

A A
sin A = 2sin cos
2 2

A
   (ii) cos 2A = 2cos2A – 1, putting in place of A
2

A A
= 2 cos 2
cos A = 2 cos 2
− 1or,1 + cos A
2 2

A
(iii) cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin2A; putting in place of A
2

A A
1 − 2sin 2
cos A = 2sin 2
or,1 − cos A =
2 2
Some Important Deductions

1 − cos 2A
1. cos 2A = 1 – 2sin2 A. ∴ sin 2 A =
2

1 + cos 2A
2. cos 2A = 2cos2A – 1 ∴ cos 2 A =
2

3sin A − sin 3A
3. sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A ∴ sin 3 A =
4

3sin A − sin 3A
4. cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cos3 A ∴ sin 3 A =
4
1. Find the values of

(1) sin 150o (2) cos 120o

(3) tan 135o (4) cos 780o

(5) sec 210o (6) cot 330o

(7) sin 15°

(8) tan 75°

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LOGARITHM

If N = an then ‘n’ is the logarithm of N with respect to ‘a’, and ‘a’ is called base of the logarithm

When a = 10, logarithm is known as common logarithm usually denoted log N, and it is used for
calculations.

For theoretical functions a = e, where ‘e’ is exponential constant and the logarithm is known as
natural logarithm and denoted by ‘ln’. Inx = logex

Rules of logarithms

1. logaN is defined only for N > 0, a > 0,

2. logaa = 1

3. loga1 = 0

4. logaMN = logaM + logaN

M
5. log
= a log a M − log a N
N

6. log a M n − n log a M
log a M
7. log N M =
log a N

1
8. log N M =
log M N

1
9. log a n M = log a M
n

10. N log a M = M log a N

11. a loga N = N

12. log a M > log a N ⇒ M > N if a > 1

13. log a M > log a N ⇒ M < N if 0<a<1

Common Logarithms and Use of Log Tables

Logarithms to the base 10 are known as common logarithms. The logarithm of a number consists
of two parts :

(i) Characteristic : [The integral part of the logarithm]

(ii) Mantissa : [The fractional or decimal part of the logarithm]

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For Example : In log 273 = 2.4362, the integral part is 2 and the decimal part is 0.4362; therefore the
characteristic = 2 and mantissa = 0.4362.

To find Characteristic

(i) The characteristic of the logarithm of a number greater than one is non-negative and is numer-
ically one less than the number of digits before the decimal point.

For Example : In number 475.8; the number of digits before the decimal point is three,

Characteristic of log 475.8 = 2      [3 – 1 = 2]

similarly,

Characteristic of log 4758 = 3      [4 – 1 = 3]

Characteristic of log 47.58 = 1      [2 – 1 = 1]

Characteristic of log 4.758 = 0      [1 – 1 = 0]

(ii) The characteristic of the logarithm of a number less than one is negative and numerically one
more than the number of zeros immediately after decimal point.

For Example : The number 0.004758 is less than one and the number of zeros immediately after dec-
imal point in it is two.

Characteristic of log 0.004758 = –(2+1) = –3 which is also written as 3 .

Similarly, Characteristic of log 0.4352 = –1 =

[Since the number of zeros after decimal point = 3 and 3 + 1 = 4]

To Find Mantissa

The mantissa of the logarithm of a number can be obtained from the logarithmic table.

A logarithmic table consists of three parts:

(i) A column at the extreme left contains two digit numbers starting from 10 to 99

(ii) Ten columns headed by digits 0, 1, 2, .......9.

(iii) Nine more columns headed by digits 1, 2, ......9.

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1. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of one digit number : Let the number be 3.

 Mantissa of log 3 = value of the number 30 under zero = 0.4771

2. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of two digit number : Let the number be 32.

 Mantissa of log 32 = value of 32 under zero = 0.5051

3. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of three digit number : Let the number be 325.

 Mantissa of log 325 = value of 32 under 5 = 0.5119

4. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of a four digit number : Let the number be 3257.

 Mantissa of log 3257 = value of 32 under 5 plus the difference under 7 = 0.5128 [5119 + 9 =
5128]

Antilogarithms

If log 5274 = 3.7221, then 5274 is called antilogarithm of 3.7221 and we write : antilog 3.7221 =
5274.

We find an antilogarithm from antilogarithm tables. The antilogarithm tables are used in the same
way as the logarithm tables. The only difference between the two tables is that column at the extreme
left of the log table contains all two digit numbers starting from 10 to 99; whereas an antilog table
contains numbers from 0.00 to 0.99 (i.e. all fractional numbers with only two digits after decimal)
in the extreme left column of it.

Note

(i) Antilog tables are used only to find the antilogarithm of decimal part.

(ii) To find the antilog of 2.368 means to find the number whose log is 2.368

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QUESTIONS

1. If log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771 find the value of

64 256
(1) log 8 (2) log 36 (3) log 324 (4) log (5) log
81 243

2. Solve for x:

(a) log (x2 – 69) = 2   (b) log (x – 3) + log (x + 2) = log 6

1 1 1
3. Prove that (i) + + 1
=
log a abc log b abc log c abc

      (ii) log b a.log c b.log d .c.log a d = 1

FUNCTION

Function is a rule of relationship between two variables in which one is assumed to be dependent
and the other independent variable, for example:

e.g. The temperatures at which water boils depends on the elevation above sea level (the boiling
point drops as you ascend). Here elevation above sea level is the independent & temperature is
the dependent variable

e.g. The interest paid on a cash investment depends on the length of time the investment is held.
Here time is the independent and interest is the dependent variable.

In each of the above example, value of one variable quantity (dependent variable), which we might
call y, depends on the value of another variable quantity (independent variable), which we might
call x. Since the value of y is completely determined by the value of x, we say that y is a function
of x and represent it mathematically as y = f(x).

Here f represents the function, x the independent variable & y is the dependent variable.

All possible values of independent variables (x) are called domain of function.

All possible values of dependent variable (y) are called range of function.

Think of a function fas a kind of machine that produces an output value f(x) in its range whenever
we feed it an input value x from its domain (figure)

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When we study circles, we usually call the area A and the radius r.
Since area depends on radius, we say that A is a function of r, A = f (r).The
equation A = πr 2 is rule that tells how to calculate a unique (single) output value
of A for each possible input value of the radius r.A = f ( r ) = πr 2 (Here the rule of
relationship which describes the function may be described as square & multiply by π
If r =1, A = π;if r = 2, A = 4π;if r = 3, A = 9π
The set of all possible input values for the radius is called the domain of the function.
The set of all output values of the area is the range of the function
We usually denote functions in one of the two ways

1. By giving a formula such as y = x2 that uses a dependent variable to denote the value of the
function.

2. By giving a formula such as f(x) = x2 that defines a function symbol f to name the function.

Strictly speaking, we should call the function f and not f(x), y = sin x. Here the function is sine, x
is the independent variable.

DIFFERENTIATION

Concept of Limit

Why do we need limit of a function?

x2 − 4
Consider the function y = .
x−2

(=
1) − 4
2

=
It is desired to evaluate the function at x = 1. We put x = 1 then, y 3 (Real value)
1− 2
4−4 0
=
Now we put x = 2, we have y = ; which is meaningless or an indeterminate form. Thus
2−2 0
the value of y cannot be obtained directly by substituting x = 2. There are several other forms which
0 ∞
are also meaningless or indeterminate. These forms are , , 0 × ∞,1∞ , ∞ − ∞, 00 , ∞ 0 .
0 ∞
A function may appear in one of indeterminate forms at a point, therefore, we have to look for an
alternative method, i.e., determining the limits of function. But the question arises what exactly we
do in finding the limit of a function. With reference to the above example we have learnt that the
x2 − 4
function is not defined at x = 2.
x−2

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But still, we want to know the value of the function at a value slightly smaller or greater than 2. If
we could define the function at a value slightly smaller or greater than 2, then we say that the
limit of function exists as x approaches 2. In mathematics it is represented by the symbol lim .
x →2

x2 − 4
Now we determine the limit of function y = at x = 2
x−2

x 2 − 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
We know that = , (when x ≠ 2 )
x−2 ( x − 2)
We can cancel out x – 2, then we get y = x + 2 (when ).

Now if x is slightly greater than 2, then the value of y will be greater than 4 and x gets closer to 2,
y comes closer to 4.

Alternatively, as x is slightly lesser than 2, then the value of y will be smaller than 4 and as x gets
closer to 2, y comes closer to 4. Numerically, it can be explained as:

For x>2 For x<2

x y x y
2.1 4.1 1.9 3.9
2.01 4.01 1.99 3.99
2.001 4.001 1.999 3.999
2.0001 4.0001 1.9999 3.9999

Hence, as x approaches 2, y approaches 4, then the limit of y is 4 as x tends to 2.

x2 − 4
The mathematical operation of determining limits is expressed as: lim =4
x →2 x − 2

Infinitely small and Infinitely larger quantities

A variable whose limit is zero is termed as infinitely small quantity (infinitesimal). Mathematically,
it may be written as, x → 0 .

A variable that constantly increases in absolute magnitude is termed as infinitely large quantity.
Although infinitely large quantities do not have any limits but it is conventional to say that an in-
x
finitely large quantity “ends to an infinite limit”; and we may write lim = ∞
x →2 x−2

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DIFFERENTIATION

Let y = f(x) ........... (i), where x is an independent variable and y is a dependent variable.

Let ∆x be a small increment in the value of x, then is the corresponding change in the value

of y, such that y + ∆
=y f ( x + ∆x )    (ii)

Subtracting eq (i) from (ii), we get, ∆

=y f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )

∆y f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
Now; =
∆x ∆x

If the limit of this ratio exists as ∆x → 0 , then it is defined as the derivative of y with respect to x

dy dy
and denoted by or f ′ ( x ) . In other words, is also known as differential co-efficient of y w.r.
dx dx
to x.

Derivatives of some important functions

d n
1.
dx
( x ) = nx n −1
d
2. (x) =1
dx

d
3.
dx
( x ) = 2 1 x
d 1 1
4.  = − 2
dx  x  x

d  1  −n
5. =  ;x ≠ 0
dx  x n  x n +1

d
6. ( sin x ) = cos x
dx

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

d
7. ( cos x ) = − sin x
dx
d
8. ( tan x ) = sec2 x
dx
d
9. ( cot x ) = − cos ec2 x
dx
d
10. ( sec x ) = sec x.tan x
dx
d
11. ( cos ecx ) = − cos ecx.cot x
dx
d x
12.
dx
( e ) = ex

d 1
13. ( log e x ) =
dx x
d
14. (C) = 0
dx
Geometrical Meaning of Differentiation

The geometrical meaning of differentiation is very much useful in the analysis of graphs in physics.
To understand the geometrical meaning of derivatives we should have knowledge of secant and
tangent to a curve

Secant and tangent to a curve

Secant : A secant to a curve is a straight line, which intersects the curve at any two points.

Tangent : A tangent is a straight line, which touches the curve at a particular point. Tangent is a
limiting case of secant which intersects the curve at two overlapping points.
In the figure shown, if value of ∆x is gradually reduced then the point Q will move nearer to the

point P. If the process is continuously repeated value of will be infinitely small and secant PQ
to the given curve will become a tangent at point P.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

 ∆y  dy
Therefore ∆x → 0  =  = tan θ
 ∆x  dx

 dy 
we can say that differentiation of y with respect to x, i.e.,   is equal to slope of the tangent at
 dx 
dy
point P (x, y) or tan θ =
dx

(From first figure the average rate of change of y from x to x + ∆x is identical with the slope of
secant PQ)
DIFFERENTIATION AS A RATE OF CHANGE
dy
is rate of change of ‘y’ with respect to ‘x’:
dx
For examples :
dx
(i) v = this means velocity ‘v’ is rate of change of displacement ‘x’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

dv
(ii) a = this means acceleration ‘a’ is rate of change of velocity ‘v’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

dp
(iii) F = this means force ‘F’ is rate of change of momentum ‘p’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

dL
(iv) τ = this means torque ‘ ’ is rate of change of angular momentum ‘L’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

dW
(v) Power = this means power ‘P’ is rate of change of work ‘W’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

dq
(vi) I = this means current ‘I’ is rate of flow of charge ‘q’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt
INTEGRATION
Definition

dy
Let y = f(x) and = f ′(x) , or, dy = f ′ ( x ) dx
dx

Differentiation means to divide the function into infinite number of small elements. Now we want
to sum up all small elements. We can not add like in algebra, as it involves infinite terms. Further
each term is infinitely small.
Integration is the method of summation of an infinite series in which each term tends to zero. Later
on it was found that it is just an inverse process of differentiation.

∫ f ′ ( x ) dx
∴ ∫ dy =

∴y =f (x)
Antiderivatives or Indefinite Integrals
Definitions : A function F(x) is an antiderivative of a function f(x) if F’(x) = f(x) for all x in the domain
of f. The set of all antiderivatives of f is the indefinite integral of f with respect to x, denoted by

The symbol ∫ is an integral sign. The function f is the integrand of the integral and x is the variable

of integration.
Definite integration or Integration with limits

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

b
b
∫ f ( x=
a
) dx g ( x=
)  a g ( b ) − g ( a )

where g(x) is the antiderivative of f(x) i.e. g′ ( x ) = f ( x )

Table of standard elementary integrals

d  x n +1  x n +1
(i) 
n
 = x ∴ ∫ x n dx = ; n ≠ 1
dx  n + 1  n +1

d
(ii) ( x ) = 1 ∴ ∫ dx =
x
dx
d 1 1
(iii) ( log x ) = ∴ ∫ .dx =
log x
dx x x
d
(iv) ( sin x ) = cos x ∴ ∫ cos xdx =
sin x
dx
d
(v) ( cos x ) = − sin x ∴ ∫ sin x dx =
− cos x
dx
d
(vi) ( tan x ) = sec2 x ∴ ∫ sec 2 xdx =
tan x
dx
d
(vii) ( cot x ) = − cos ec2 x ∴ ∫ cos ec 2 xdx =
− cot x
dx
d
(viii) ( sec x ) = sec x.tan x  ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x
dx
d
(ix) ( cosec x ) = − cos ecx.cot x ∴ ∫ cosec x.cot x dx =
− cos ec x
dx
d x
(x)
dx
( e ) = e x ∴ ∫ e x dx =
e x

Applications of Integration
The integration technique finds numerous applications in the study of physics.
Average of a varying quantity

In study of physics, many times we come across a situation where we need to calculate the aver-
age of a varying physical quantity. For example,

(i) Average speed and acceleration of a particle

(ii) Average force acting on a particle

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

(iii) Calculation of average power

(iv) Average life of a radioactive element

(v) Average kinetic and potential energies of an oscillating particle

Definition

Suppose a quantity y is varying with respect to x according to the function y = f(x). Then, the av-
erage value of y in the range x = x1 to x = x2 is defined as:
x2

∫
x
ydx
y= 1
x 2 − x1

(a) A varying quantity (b) Average of varying quantity

The average value of a quantity is denoted by y or < y >.

x2

Geometrically, the integral ∫ ydx

x1
represents the area under the curve between the limits x = x1

and . The average of a varying quantity is so obtained that a constant value of the quentity
encloses the same area between the limits x = x1 and x = x2 as shown.

1. Differentiate the following.

(1) x3 – 5x2 + 8x + 9 (2) ex + log x – sin x

(3) x + tan x (4) sec x + cosec x + cot x

(5) xex (6) x2 sin x

ex
(7) (1 + x2) tan x (8)
1+ x
2. Displacement of a particle ‘S’ is given by S = t3 – 3t2 + 8t + 1, where ‘t’ denotes time. Find velocity
and acceleration of the particle after 3 sec.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

3. Integrate the following.

2
 1
(1) x + 5x + 8x – 1
3 2
(2)  x + 
 x

(3) x − cos x + e x 2
(4) sec x + sec x tan x
4. Evaluate
3 π

∫(x − 5x + 7 )dx ∫ sin x dx

2
(1) (2)
1 0

5. Find the area bounded by y = x2 + 2, co-ordinate axis in I quadrant and x = 1.

6. Find the area bounded by y = sin x, x-axis for x ∈ [ 0, 2π]

Determinants
a b  a b 
A real number corresponds to a matrix   of order 2 × 2 is called a determinant of  
c d  c d 

a b  a b 
and denoted by   , where a, b, c, d are any numbers. Its value is defined as  = ad − bc
c d  c d 

a1 b1 c1
b c2 a c2 a b2
For 3 × 3 determinants, a2 b2 c 2 = a1 2 − b1 2 + c1 2
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
a3 b3 c3

2 3 −1
7 1
1. Evaluate (1)   (2) 4 0 1
4 3
1 2 5

Co-ordinate Geometry
1. Distance formulae

( x1 − x 2 ) + ( y1 − y2 )
2 2
AB=

2. Section formulae, A divide PQ in the ratio m : n then

mP + nQ mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1
=A =⇒x = ,y
m+n m+n m+n

y 2 − y1
3. m
Slope of PQ, = = tan θ
x 2 − x1

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

GRAPHS
STANDARD GEOMETRICAL CURVES
1. Straight line

−c
ax + by + c = 0 represents general equation of straight line. We know, y = ; when x = 0 and
b

c
x= − ; when y = 0. Joining above points we get required st. line.
a

If c = 0; then ax + by = 0 represents the straight line passing through the origin.

2. Circle
(i) x2 + y2 = a2 represents the standard equation of a circle whose centre is at (0, 0) and radius a.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

(ii) ( x − α ) + ( y − β ) = a ; is the equation of the circle with centre ( α, β ) and radius

2 2 2

(iii) x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is the general equation of the circle with centre (–g, –f) and radius
g2 + f 2 − c

3. Parabola

A. Standard equation of a parabola is y2 = kx or x2 = ky where k ≠ 0 .

(i) y2 = 4ax ;   Vertex : (0, 0) ;   Focus : (a, 0);    Axis : x-axis or y = 0

(ii) y2 = –4ax ;   Vertex : (0, 0) ;   Focus : (–a, 0);    Axis : x-axis or y = 0

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

(iii) x2 = 4ay ;   Vertex : (0, 0) ;   Focus : (0, a);    Axis : y-axis or x = 0

(iv) y2 = –4ay ;   Vertex : (0, 0) ;   Focus : (0, –a);    Axis : y-axis or x = 0

4. Graph of an Ellipse

x 2 y2
1 . Centre of the ellipse is (0, 0). It cuts x-axis at (a, 0)
A. Standard equation of ellipse is 2 + 2 =
a b
and (–a, 0) and y axis at (0, b) and (0, –b).

5. Graph of Hyperbola

x 2 y2 −x 2 y2
A. Standard equation of hyperbola is 2 − 1
= or; 2 + 2 =1
a b2 a b
x 2 y2
(i) When the equation is − 1 . Centre of hyperbola is (0, 0) and the vertices of the hyper-
=
a 2 b2
bola are (a, 0) and (–a, 0). Graph of the hyperbola will be as shown in the following figures.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

−x 2 y2
(ii) When the equation of hyperbola is 1 . Centre is at origin (0, 0) and their vertices are
+ 2 =
a2 b
at (0, b) and (0, –b).

6. Rectangular Hyperbola

x 2 y2
A. Standard equation of a hyperbola is − 1
=
a 2 b2
put b = a; then x2 – y2 = a2

As asymptotes are perpendicular, therefore it is called rectangular hyperbola. For a certain rotation
of axes the above equation can also be put into the form, (xy = C).

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Here x and y axes are asymptotes. This is the standard equation of a rectangular hyperbola.

B. General equation of rectangular hyperbola is ( x − α )( y − β ) = C . Its asymptotes are x = α

and y = β and centre is ( α, β ) . Its graph will be as shown in figure.

GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHMIC AND TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

1. Exponential Function

A function f(x) = ax; a > 0 is called exponential function.

Case (i) : a > 1. Here, y = ax increase with increase in x, i.e., f(x) is increasing function on R.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Case (ii) : 0 < a < 1. Here f(x) = ax decrease with increase in x, i.e., f(x) is decreasing function on
R.

2. Logarithmic Function
The function f(x) = logax (x, a > 0) and a ≠ 1 is a logarithmic function. We have seen that y = ax is

strictly increasing when a > 1 and strictly decreasing when 0 < a < 1. The inverse of this function
is denoted by logax.
y = a x ⇒ x = log a y
Writing y = logax in place of x = logay, we have the graph of y = logax. Thus, logarithmic function is
also known as inverse of exponential function.

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

3. Graph of Trigonometric Functions

(i) y = sin x
It is defined for all values of x and −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 i.e; y ∈ [ −1,1] and periodic function with period

2π .

(ii) y = cos x

It is defined for all values of x and −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 i.e.; y ∈ [ −1,1] and periodic function with period

2π .

(iii) y = tan x

y = tan x is defined for all values of x, except x = nπ + π / 2 and −∞ < tan x < ∞ and periodic with

period π .

40
 Chapter
PHYSICAL WORLD, UNITS AND
01 MEASUREMENTS

SYNOPSIS
1. Measurement of any physical quantity involves comparison with a certain basic, arbitrarily chosen
internationally accepted reference standard called unit
2. Physical quantities that are independent of others are called fundamental quantities. Physical
quantities that can be defined in terms of the base quantities are called derived quantities. The
units for the fundamental or base quantities are called fundamental or base units. The units
of all other physical quantities can be expressed as a combination of the base units. Such units
obtained for the derived quantities are called derived units
3. A system of unit is a family of units of fundamental and derived physical quantities. The system
of units which is at present internationally accepted for measurement is the “system international
d units’’ abbreviated as SI.
other system of units are
a) C.G.S (Centimetre, Gram, Second)
b) F.P.S (Foot, Pound, Second)
c) M.K.S (Metre, Kilogram, Second)
SI base quantities and units

SI unit
Base quantity
Name Symbol
Length metre m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

Electric current ampere A

Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K or θ

Amount of substance mole mol

Luminous intensity candela cd

Besides these seven base units (given above) there are two more units that are defined for plane
angle and solid angle. The unit for Plane angle is radian (rad) and unit for the solid angle is
steradian (sr).

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

4. Range of Lengths
o
1 fermi = 1f = 10–15 m; 1 angstrom = 1A = 10–10m

1 astronomical unit = 1Au (distance of the sun from the earth) = 1.496 x 1011m

1 light year = 1ly = 9.46 x 10 15m (distance that light travels with velocity of 3 x 108 ms–1 in 1 year)

1 par sec = 3.26 light years = 3.08 x 1016 m

(Note that parsec is an abbreviation of parallactic second)

Dimensions of physical quantities

1. The dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the base quantities are raised to
represent that quantity.

2. The nature of a physical quantity is described by its dimensions

3. All the physical quantities represented by derived units can be expressed in terms of some com-
bination of seven fundamental or base quantities.

4. Length has the dimension [L], mass [M], time [T], electric current [A], thermodynamic temperature
[K] luminous intensity [Cd] and amount of substance [mol]

5. Using the square brackets [ ] round a quantity means that we are dealing with the dimensions of
the quantity

6. In mechanics all the physical quantities can be written in terms of dimensions [L], [M] and [T]

eg: Force = mass x acceleration = mass x (length) /(time)2

ie the dimensions of force are [M] [L]/[T]2 = [MLT–2­]

ie force has one dimension in mass, one dimension in length and –2 dimensions in time. The
dimensions in all other base quantities are zero.

In this type of representation, the magnitudes are not considered.

7. The dimensional equations are the equations which represent the dimensions of a physical quantity
in terms of the base quantities

for eg: the dimensional eqn of volume [v] may be expressed as

[v] = [MoL3To]

8. Only those physical quantities can be added or subtracted which have the same dimensions. ie
velocity cannot be added to force

9. The arguments of special functions, such as the trignometric, logarithmic and exponential functions
must be dimensionless. A pure number, ratio of similar physical quantities has no dimensions

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Dimensionless quantities
Angle, solid angle, trigonometrical ratios, relative density, relative permittivity, relative permeabil-
ity, Poisson’s ratio, strain, refractive index, mechanical equivalent of heat (Joules constant), π ,
 Cp 
angular displacement, emissivity, thermo-dynamic constant  γ =  , limit of resolution of tele-
 Cv 
scope (angle), Power factor ( cos φ ) , form factor, quality factor (Q), amplification factor ( µ ) , and

efficiency have no dimensions.

10. A dimensionally correct equation need not be actually a correct equation, but dimensionally wrong
incorrect or inconsistent equation must be wrong.
11. Uses of dimensions

i) conversion of units

ii) To check the dimensional correctness of a given physical equation

iii) To establish the relation among various physical quantities

12. Limitations

If a physical quantity depends on more than three factors, the relation among then cannot be
established because we can have only three eqns by establishing the powers of M,L and T.

13. Principles of Homogeneity of Dimensions

This principle states that the dimensions of all the terms in a physical expression should be same.
for eg, in the physical expression s = ut + 1/2 at2, the dimensions of s, ut, 1/2at2 all are same. The
physical quantities separated by the symbols

+, –, =, >, < etc have the same dimensions.

Least count

The smallest division on the scale of the measuring instrument is called its least count.

Significant figures

Significant figures indicate, the precision of the measurement which depends on the least count
of the measuring instrument.

The reliable digits plus the first uncertain digit are known as the significant digits or significant
figures.

1. A choice of change of different units does not change the number of significant digits or figure in
a measurement

2. All the non zero digits are significant

3. All the zeros between two non - zero digits are significant, no matter where the decimal point is,
if at all

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

4. If the number is less than 1, the zeros on the right of decimal point but to the left of the first non
zero digit are not significant

5. The trailing zeros in a number with a decimal point are significant

6. The terminal or trailing zeros in a number without a decimal point are not significant.

Rules for Arithmetic operations with significant figures

1. In multiplication or devision, the final result should retain as many significant figures as are there
in the original number with the least significant figures.

2. In addition or subtraction, the final result should retain as many decimal places as are there in the
number with the least decimal places.

Rounding off the uncertain digit

1. Preceding digit is raised by 1 if the insignificant digit to be dropped is more than 5, and is left
unchanged if the latter is less than 5.

2. If the insignificant digit is 5 and if the preceding digit is even, the insignificant digit is simply dropped
and if it is odd, the preceding digit is raised by 1.

Error

The result of every measurement by any measuring instrument is an approximate number, which
contains some uncertainty. This uncertainty is called error

The accuracy of a measurement is a measure of how close the measured value is to the true
value of quantity Precision tells us to what resolution or limit the quantity is measured.

In general, the error in measurement can be broadly classified as (a) systematic errors and (b)
random errors.

a) Systematic errors: are those error that tend to be in one direction either positive or negative.
some of the sources are

i) Instrument errors (due to imperfect design or calibration, zero error)

ii) Imperfection in experimental technique or procedure (due to changes in external condition)

iii) personal errors

b) Random errors

These are those errors which are irregular and thus random in nature with respect to their sign or
size. The causes of these errors are not known. The same person may get different readings for
the same measurement on two occasions.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Types of errors
a) Absolute error
a = actural value
ai = ith observed value

absolute error, ∆a i = a i − a
b) Relative or fractional error
∆a i
The relative error in the ith reading is =
a

absolute error
ie =
actual value
∆a i
c) Percentage error = ×100
a

Determination of the actual value

No instrument can give you the actual value because every instrument has a least count ie a
certain precision. So arithmetic mean of all readings is assumed to be the actual value a.
Note: The arithmetic mean of all the absolute errors is taken as the final or mean absolute error
of the value of the physical quantity a.
Combination of errors
a) Error of a sum or a difference
Rule: when two quantities are added or subtracted, the absolute error in the final result is the sum
of the absolute errors in the individual quantities.
b) Error of a product or a quotient
Rule: When two quantities are multipled or divided, the fractional errorin the result is the sum of
the fractional error in the multipliers
c) error due to the power of a measured quantity

if Z = A B / C ; ∆Z / Z = P ( ∆A / A ) + q ( ∆B / B ) + r ( ∆C / C )
p q r

Rule: The fractional error in a physical quantity raised to the power is the power times the fractional
error in the individual quantity
Eg: Find the fractional error in Z, If Z = A4 B1/3/ CD3/2
Ans: The fractional error in Z is,

∆Z  ∆A   1  ∆B   ∆C  3  ∆D 
= 4  +   + +  
Z  A   3  B   C  2  D 

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

QUESTIONS 8. If 1N = X dyne then the value of X =

LEVEL - I [HOMEWORK] 1) 105 2) 103

1. Which of the following is not the name of 3) 102 4) 101

physical quantity ? 9. Match the following
1) Kilogram 2) Density

3) Impulse 4) Energy List I List II

2. The zero error belongs to the category of a) Electric charge i) Faraday

1) constant error b) Electric field ii) Coulomb

Newton /
2) personal error c) Electric potential iii)
coulomb
3) accidental error d) Electric capacity iv) Volt
4) instrumental error
1) a - ii, b - iii, c - iv, d - i
3. The numbers 5.355 and 5.345 on rounding
off to 3 significant figures will give 2) a - iii, b - ii, c - i, d - iv

1) 5.35 and 5.34 2) 5.36 and 5.35 3) a - iv, b - i, c - iii, d - i

3) 5.35 and 5.35 4) 5.36 and 5.34 4) a - i, b - iv, c - ii, d - iii

4. Which of the following measurement is most 10. Choose the quantity whose unit is not treated
precise ? as fundamental unit
1) 5.00 mm 2) 5.00 cm 1) length 2) velocity
3) 5.00 m 4) 5.00 km
3) mass 4) time
5. The number of significant figures in
11. The SI unit of work function of a metal used
(3.20 +4.80)×105 in photoelectric effect is
1) 4 2) 3 1) Pascal (Pa) 2) Newton (N)
3) 5 4) 2
3) Joule (J) 4) Hertz (Hz)
6. CGS system stands for
12. The standard unit of measuring the frequency
1) meter, gram, second of a sound wave is

2) centimeters, kilogram, second 1) Pascal (Pa) 2) Newton (N)

3) centimeters, gram, second 3) Joule (J) 4) Hertz (Hz)
4) None 13. The SI unit of universal gravitational constant
7. 1 fermi = G is

1) 10-15 m 2) 10-13 m 1) Nm/kg 2) Nm2/kg

3) 10-12 m 4) 10-11 m 3) Nm2/Kg2 4) N2m2/Kg2

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

14. Which of the following physical quantities has 19. If the percentage error in the measurement
the same unit as that of potential difference ? of radius of a sphere is 2%. The maximum
percentage error in measurement of its
1) Electric field volume is

2) Electric current 1) 0% 2) 2%

3) Electromotive force 3) 6% 4) 8%

4) Stress 20. The product of two physical quantities X and

Y is Z. The representation of the absolute
15. If the atmospheric pressure is given by 106 error in the product is
dyne/cm2, the equivalent value in its SI unit
will be 1) ∆Z = ∆A × ∆B

1) 106 N/m2 2) 105 N/m2 2) ∆Z = ∆A + ∆B

3) 104 N/m2 4) 103 N/m2 3) ± ∆Z = ± ∆A ± ∆B

16. If ethyl alcohol of density 789 kg/m3 is filled in 4) ± ∆Z = ± ∆A ÷ ∆B

a beaker of 200ml, the weight of ethyl alcohol
contained in the beaker is 21. A plate has a length 5 ± 0.1cm and breadth
2 ± 0.01cm . Then the area of the plate is
1) 157.8 kg 2) 1578 N
1) (10 ± 0.025 ) cm
2

3) 0.1578 g 4) 1.578 N
2) (10 ± 0.01) cm
2

17. A screw gauge gives the following readings

3) (10 ± 0.25 ) cm
2
when used to measure the diameter of a
wire. Main scale reading: 0 mm. Circular
4) (10 ± 0.1) cm
2
scale reading : 52 divisions. Given that 1
mm on the main scale corresponds to 100 22. When percentage errors in the measurement
divisions on the circular scale. The diameter of mass and velocity are 1% and 2%
of the wire from the above data is respectively, the percentage error in K.E. is
5%
1) 0.052 cm 2) 0.52 cm
1) 2% 2) 3%
3) 0.026 cm 4) 0.26 cm
3) 4% 4) 5%
18. Atomic standard time is based on
23. Vernier Callipers has a least count of
1) periodic vibrations produced in an atom
1) 1 cm
2) alpha particles produced in the atom
2) 0.01 cm
3) nuclear force produced in the atom
3) 0.001 cm
4) None of the above 4) 0.0001 cm

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

24. Two resistance are : R 1= 36Ω ± 1.89 Ω and 2. Which of the following system of units is not
based on units of mass, length and time
R 2= 75 Ω ± 3.75 Ω . The sum R1 + R2 along alone?
with limiting error is 1) SI 2) MKS
1) 111 Ω ± 1.8 Ω 2) 111 Ω ± 3.75 Ω 3) FPS 4) CGS
3) 111 Ω ± 5.64 Ω 4) 111 Ω ± 1.95 Ω
Force
3. In the equation, Velocity= K + , the
25. Which of the following pairs of physical X
quantities has the same dimensions ? unit of K is:

1) work and power 1) m 2) m/s

2) momentum and energy 3) m/s2 4) m3

3) work and energy 4. If S2 = at4, here S is measured in metres, ‘t’
4) force and power in second. Then the unit of ‘a’ is :

26. Which of the following is not a dimensional 1) m2s4 2) m2s-4

variable ?
3) ms2 4) ms-2
1) density 2) specific gravity
5. If y = a + bt + ct2, where y is in metre and ‘t’
3) angle 4) strain is in seconds, then the unit of ‘c’ is
27. [M­1L2T-1] is dimensional formula of
1) m 2) s-2
1) Reynold number 2) angular impulse
3) ms-1 4) ms-2
3) torque 4) intensity of wave
6. The dimensions of a physical quantity x in
28. If v = at + bt2
x
the equation Force = is given by :
v is velocity and t in seconds, then the density
dimension of b is
1) LT 2) LT-1 1) M1L-1T-2 2) M2L-2T-1

3) LT-2 4) LT-3 3) M2L-2T-2 4) M1L-2T-1

29. What are the dimensions of density ? 7. If the dimensions of a physical quantity are
1) MLT 2) MLT-1 given by Ma Lb Tc, then the physical quantitiy
will be:
3) MLT-2 4) ML-3­T0
LEVEL - II 1) pressure if a = 1, b = –1, c = –2

1. Which of the following is not a fundamental 2) velocity if a = 1, b = 0, c = –1

unit?
3) acceleration if a = 1, b = 1, c = –2
1) meter 2) ampere
3) kelvin 4) litre 4) force if a = 0, b = –1, c = –2

48
 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

8. From the dimensional consideration which LEVEL - III

of the following equation is correct ?
12. Velocity of a body v can be expressed as
3
R v pt 3 + qt 2 , where t represents the time.
=
1) T = 2π
GM
Then the S.I. unit of P is

1) ms-2 2) ms-3
GM
2) T = 2π
R3 3) ms-4 4) ms-5

13. If E = energy, G = gravitational constant,

GM I = impulse and M = mass, the dimensions
3) T = 2π 2 2
R2 of GIM E are same as that of

1) time
2
R 2) mass
4) T = 2π
GM
3) length

4) force
9. The energy of a body is given by E = A x .
2
x +B
14. The density of material in CGS system of
Here x is the distance and A, B are constants.
units is 4 g/cm3. In a system of units in which
The dimension of AB is: unit of length is 10cm and unit of mass is
100g, the value of density of material will be
1) ML7/2T–2
1) 0.4
2) ML11/2T–2
2) 40
3) M2L9/2T–2

4) ML13/2T–3 3) 400

10. If the number 8.345 is rounded off to two 4) 0.04

decimal places we get:
15. Suppose the kinetic energy of a body
1) 8.40 2) 8.34 oscillating with amplitude A and at a distance
Bx
3) 8.35 4) 8.30 x is given by K =
x + A2
2

11. Which of the following numbers has least The dimensions of B are the same as that of
number of signification figures?
1) work / time
1) 0.80760
2) work × distance
2) 0.80200
3) work / distance
3) 0.08076
4) work × time
4) 80.267

49
LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

19. The percentage errors in the measurement

16. The speed ( ν ) of ripples on the surface of
of mass and speed are 2% and 3%,
water depends on surface tension (σ) respectively. How much will be the maximum
error in the estimation of KE obtained by
density (ρ) and wavelength (λ) . The measuring mass and speed?
square of speed ( ν ) proportional to 1) 5% 2) 1%
σ 3) 8% 4) 11%
1)
ρλ 20. The dimensional formula for a physical
quantity X is given as [M-1 L3 T-2]. The errors
in measuring M, L and T respectively are
ρ 2%, 3% and 4% respectively. The maximum
2)
σλ percentage of error that occurs in measuring
the quantity X is
λ
3) 1) 9 2) 10
σρ
3) 14 4) 19
4) ρλσ
21. A vernier calipers has 1 mm marks on the
17. From the point of view of significant figures, main scale. It has 20 equal divisions on the
which of the following statements are correct. Vernier scale which match with 16 main scale
divisions. For this Vernier calipers, the least
(i) 10.2 cm + 8 cm = 18.2 cm count is
(ii) 2.53 m – 1.2 m = 1.33 m 1) 0.02 mm 2) 0.05 mm
(iii) 4.2 m × 1.4 m = 5.88 m 2
3) 0.01 mm 4) 0.2 mm
(iv) 3.6 m ÷ 1.75 s = 2.1 ms –1
Assertion - Reason Type Questions
1) (i) and (iv) only 1) Both assertion and reason are true and
2) (ii) and (iii) only reason is correct explanation of assertion

3) (i), (ii) and (iv) only 2) Both assertion and reason are true and
reason is not correct explanation of assertion
4) (iv) only
3) Both assertion and reason are false
18. The specific gravity of the material of a body 4) Assertion is true and reason is false
is determined by weighing the body first in
22. Assertion : Light year and wavelength
air and then in water. The weight of the body both measure distance.
in air is (10 ± 0.1) N and in water is
Reason : Both have dimension of time
( 5.0 ± 0.1) N . The maximum possible 23. Assertion : In a measurement two read-
percentage error in specific gravity will be ing obtained are 20.004 and
20.0004. The second mea-
1) 1% surement is more precise.
2) 2% Reason : Measurement having more
3) 3% decimal places is more
precise.
4) 5%

50
 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Numerical Type Questions 25. To find the distance d over which a signal
can be seen clearly in foggy conditions, a
24. The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum
railways engineer uses dimensional analysis
is T = 2π L g . measured value of L is
and assumes that the distance depends on
20.0 cm known to 1mm accuracy and time the mass density ρ of the fog, intensity
for 100 oscillations of the pendulum is found (power/area) S of light from the signal and
to be 90s using a wrist watch of 1s resoluton. its frequency ‘f’. The engineer finds that d is
1
Percentage error in g is proportional to S n . The value of n is

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL - I (HOMEWORK)

1. 1 7. 1 13. 3 19. 3 25. 3

2. 4 8. 1 14. 3 20. 3 26. 1
3. 4 9. 1 15. 2 21. 3
27. 2
4. 1 10. 2 16. 4 22. 4
28. 4
5. 2 11. 3 17. 1 23. 2
6. 3 12. 4 18. 1 24. 3 29. 4

LEVEL - II & III

1. 4 6. 3 11. 3 16. 1 21. 4

2. 1 7. 1 12. 3 17. 4 22. 4

3. 2 8. 1 13. 1 18. 4 23. 1

4. 2 9. 2 14. 2 19. 3 24. 2.7

5. 4 10. 2 15. 2 20. 4 25. 3

51
 Chapter
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
02

SYNOPSIS

1. Point Object :- An object is said to be a point object if it changes its position by distances which
are much greater than its size.

2. State of rest :- An object or particle is said to be in a state of rest if it does not change its position
with time with respect to its surroundings

3. State of motion :- An object or particle is said to be in a state of motion if it changes its position
with respect to its surroundings

4. Motion in one dimension :- It is that motion in which a particle or a body moves in one particular
direction w.r.to a point of reference.

5. Distance :- It is the length of actual path traversed by a body during motion in a given interval of
time. Distance is a scalar quantity. The distance travelled by a body can never be zero or negative.

6. Displacement :- Displacement of a body in a given time is defined as the change in position of the
body in a particular direction.

1) Displacement is a vector quantity

2) The unit of displacement is that of length

3) Displacement can be positive, zero or negative

4) The value of displacement can never be greater than the distance travelled

5) When a moving body returns to its starting point then its effective displacement is zero

7. Speed :- The speed of a particle or body is defined as the distance travelled by it in unit time

distance
Speed = is a scalar quantity
time

8. Uniform speed :- A body is said to move with uniform speed, if it covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time, howsoever small these intervals may be

9. Variable speed :- A body is said to be moving with a variable speed if it covers equal distances in
unequal intervals of time or unequal distances in equal intervals of time, howsoever small these
intervals may be.

52
 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

10. Average speed :- When a body is moving with a variable speed, then the average speed of the
body is defined as the ratio of total distance travelled by the body to the total time taken.
total distance travelled
Average speed =
total time taken

11. Instantaneous speed :- When the body is moving with variable speed, then the speed of the body
at a given instant of time is called its instantaneous speed.
12. Velocity :- Velocity of a particle or body is defined as the rate of change of displacement
1) Velocity is a vector quantity
2) Velocity of a body can be zero, negative or positive
3) Velocity can never be greater than the speed of the body
13. Uniform velocity :- A body is said to be moving with uniform velocity, if it undergoes equal
displacements in equal intervals of time; howsoever these intervals may be.
14. Average velocity :- When a body is moving with a variable velocity, the average velocity of the
body in a given time is defined as the ratio of the total displacement to the total time taken.
total displacement
Average Velocity =
total time taken

15. Instantaneous Velocity :-

1) When a body is moving with a variable velocity the velocity of the body at a given instant of time
is called instantaneous velocity.

2) If at an instant t, a body while moving covers a displacement ∆r in a small interval of time ∆t ,

∆r dr
= Lt
so that ∆t → 0 , then instantaneous velocity =
∆t → 0 dt dt
dr 
( is the first derivative of displacement r w.r.t. time)
dt
16. Acceleration :- Acceleration of a particle or body is defined as the rate of change of velocity.
Change in velocity
Acceleration =
time taken
1) Acceleration is a vector quantity and its S.I.unit is m/s2.
2) Acceleration can be positive negative or zero
3) Negative acceleration is called retardation or deceleration
17. Uniform acceleration :- A object is said to be moving with a uniform acceleration, if its velocity
changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time.
total change in velocity
Average acceleration =
total time taken

53
LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

18. Instantaneous acceleration : If at an instant ‘t’ a body while moving with variable acceleration
then the acceleration of the body at a given instant of time is called instantaneous acceleration.

∆v dv dv
instantaneous acceleration Lt = ( is the first derivative of velocity w.r. to time)
∆t → 0 ∆t dt dt
19. Displacement time graph :- A graph drawn with time along the x-axis and the displacement along
the y-axis.

1)

For a stationary body, the time displacement graph AB, is a straight line parallel to the time axis

2)

Uniform motion. Equal displacement take place at equal intervals of time.

dx
Velocity = = slope of the straight line OA.
dt
dx
V
= = tan θ . Where θ is the angle made by the straight line OA with the time axis.
dt

3)

Body moving with constant acceleration. The graph is a curve which bends upwards.

4)

Body moving with constant deceleration

54
 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

20. Velocity time graph :- A graph drawn with velocity along the y-axis and time along the x-axis.

1)

Body moving with constant velocity the velocity time graph is a straight line AB parallel to the
time axis.

2)

Body moving with constant acceleration and its initial velocity is zero. It is a straight line inclined
to the time axis. The slope of the time OA gives the acceleration. The area under the v-t graph
gives the displacement.

3)

Body moves with constant retardation and its initial velocity is not zero the velocity time graph
is an oblique. Straight line AB not passing through origin.

4)

Body moving with increasing accelerations. The v-t graph is a curve which bend upwards.

5) Body moving with negative acceleration

55
LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

21. Equations of motion

u = initial velocity of body
a = Uniform acceleration of the body
v = velocity after a time t
s = distance travelled by the body in time t
sn = distance travelled by the body in the nth second
1) V = u + at
2) U 2 = u2 + 2as

3) S = ut + 1/2 at2
a
4) Sn =
u+ ( 2n − 1)
2

22. Relative velocity :-

1) The relative velocity of one body w.r.t another body is the velocity with which one body moves
w.r.t another body
2) The relative velocity of one body w.r.t. another body is defined as the time rate of change of
relative position w.r.t. to another.
3) When two bodies A and B are in relative motion, the relative velocity of body A w.r.t. to body
B can be obtained by imposing equal and opposite velocity of B on both A and B, so that B is
brought to rest. The resultant of the two velocities of A gives the relative velocity of body A w.r.t
body B.
  
i.e., Relative velocity of A w.r.t B is V=
AB VA − VB
  
Relative velocity of B w.r.t A is V BA
= VB − VA
4) When two bodies are moving along parallel straight lines in the same direction, the relative
velocity of A w.r.t. B is

VAB = VA - VB is the direction of V A
5) When two bodies are moving along parallel straight lines in opposite directions, the relative
velocity of A w.r.t. B is

VAB = VA + VB in the direction of V A

Relative velocity of B w.r.t. A is VAB = VB + VA in the direction of V B

56
 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

QUESTIONS 5. A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius

40m completes half a revolution in 40 sec.
LEVEL - I [HOMEWORK] Its average velocity is
1. The change in velocity per unit time
1) Zero
corresponding to the time interval within
which the body has accelerated is known as
_________ 2) 4π m / sec

1) Speed 3) 2 m/sec

2) Instantaneous Velocity 4) 8π m / sec

3) Uniform motion 6. A body will have uniform acceleration if its

4) Average acceleration 1) Speed changes at uniform rate

2. Unit for the rate of change of velocity is 2) Velocity changes at uniform rate

1) m2s 3) Velocity changes at nonuniform rate

2) m/s 4) Velocity remains constant

3) m/s2 7. The body will speed up if

4) m/s3 1) Velocity and acceleration are in same

direction
3. Which among the following can be zero when
a particle is in motion for some time 2) Velocity and acceleration are in opposite
direction
1) Speed
3) Velocity and acceleration are in
2) Distance perpendicular direction

3) Displacement 4) None of these

4) Time 8. At any instant, the velocity and acceleration

of a particle moving along a straight
4. The ratio of the average velocity and average line v and a. the speed of the particle is
speed of a body is increasing if

1) 1 1) v > 0, a >0

2) More than 1 2) v < 0, a > 0

3) 1 or less than 1 3) v > 0, a < 0

4) None of these options 4) v > 0, a = 0

57
LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

9. Consider a body moving with an acceleration 13. A car moves with a speed of 40 km/h for 15
of 2 m/s2. After t seconds its velocity is 10 m/s. minutes and then with a speed of 60 km/h
find ‘t’ for the next 15 minutes. the total distance
covered by the car is
1) 4 s 1) 35 km

2) 20 s 2) 25 km

3) 5s 3) 45km

4) 65 km
4) 8s
14. A car starting from rest acquires a velocity
10. For the motion with uniform velocity, the
180 ms-1 in 0.05 h. Find the acceleration
slope of the velocity-time graph is equal to
1) 3500 ms-2
1) 1 m/s
2) 9 ms-2
2) Zero
3) 2 ms-2
3) Initial velocity
4) 1 ms-2
4) Final velocity
15. A body initially moving with a velocity of 5ms-1
11. When the distance travelled by a body is attains a velocity of 25ms-1 in 5 s, find the
proportional to the time taken. What happens acceleration of body in ms-2
to its speed ?
1) 8 ms-2
1) Becomes zero
2) 7ms-2
2) Remains the same
3) 4ms-2
3) Increases
4) 3 ms-2
4) Decreases
16. An object is thrown vertically upwards and
rises to a height of 10 m. Calculate the
12. Velocity -time graph of a body with uniform
velocity with which the object was thrown
velocity is a straight line :
upwards:
1) Parallel to x-axis
1) 7 m/s
2) Parallel to y-axis 2) 14 m/s

3) inclined to x axis 3) 28 m/s

4) inclined to y axis 4) 56 m/s

58
 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

17. What can you say about the motion of an 20. The displacement of a body is given by
object if its speed-time graph is a straight 1
s = gt 2 , where g is acceleration due to
line parallel to the time axis ? 2
gravity. the velocity of the body at any time
1) Object is moving with uniform acceleration is

gt 3 gt 2
2) Object is moving with uniform speed 1) 2)
6 6
gt
3) gt 4)
3) Object is at rest 2
21. How far will an object travel after ten seconds
4) None of these if it is dropped into a bottomless pit ?

1) 400 m 2) 300 m
18. A distance X1, in the first 10s and distance
X2, in the remaining 10s, then which of the 3) 600 m 4) 500 m
following is true ?
22. Two trains of 40 m length are travelling in
opposite directions with a velocity of 10 m/s
1) X1= X2
and 15 m/s. What is the time of crossing ?

2) X1 = 2X2 1) 1s

2) 2.5s
3) X1= 4X2
3) 3.2 s
4) X2= 3X1
4) 4.6s

19. A car travels 90 meters due north in

Multiple correct
15 seconds. Then the car turns around and
travels 40 metres due south. what is the
23. Which of the following is/are equations of
magnitude and direction of the car’s resultant
displacement ? uniformly accelerated motion relating the
initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), time (t),
acceleration (a) and displacement (s)
1) 40 metres, South
1) v2 = u2 + 2as
2) 50 metres, South
2) v = u + at
3) 50 metres, North 1 2
3) S= ut + at
2
4) 40 metres, North 4) u = v + at

59
LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

LEVEL - II 4. The location of a particle is changed. What

can we say about the displacement and
1. Which of the following is an example for point distance covered by the particle
object:
1) Both cannot be zero
1) Ball on a table
2) One of the two may be zero
2) Ant on a coin
3) Both must be zero
3) Bus in a shed
4) If one is positive, the other is –ve and vice
4) Train running between Kanyakumari and versa
Kashmir
5. A car travels a distance ‘X’ km on a straight
2. Which of the following statements is road in two hours and then returns to the
incorrect? starting point in the next three hours. Its
average speed (in km/h) is
1) Path length is a scalar quantity whereas
displacement is a vector quantity X
1)
5
2) The magnitude of displacement is always 2X
equal to the path length traversed by an 2)
3
object over a given time interval
X X
3) +
3) The displacement depends only on the 2 3
end points whereas path length depends on 2X
the actual path followed 4)
5

4) The path length is always positive 6. A runner completes one round of a circular
whereas displacement can be positive, path of radius R in 40 seconds with uniform
negative and zero speed. His displacement and distance
travelled after 2 minutes 20 seconds will be :
3. If a body covers equal distance in equal
intervals of time, then the body is said to 1) R, πR
move with

1) Uniform speed 2) 2R, 7 πR

2) Variable speed
3) Zero, 2πR
3) Average speed
7
4) πR, R
4) Instantaneous speed 2

60
 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

7. A body starts from rest and is uniformly 10. A body starts from rest and travels ‘s’ m in
accelerated for 30 second. The distance 2nd second, then acceleration is
travelled in the first 10 second is x1, next 10
second is x2 and the last 10 second is x3. 1) (2s) m/s2
Then x1:x2:x3 is the same as
1) 1 : 2 : 4 2) 1 : 2 : 5 2) (3s)m/s2

3) 1 : 3 : 5 4) 1 : 3 : 9
2  2
8. Figure below shows the displacement (x) 3)  s  m / s
-time (t) graph of particle moving on the 3 
x-axis 3  2
4)  s  m / s
2 
11. A particle moves in a straight line with a
constant acceleration. It changes its velocity
from 10 ms–1 to 20ms–1 while passing through
a distance 135m in t second. The value of t
is

1) 10 2) 18
1) The particle is at rest
3) 12 4) 9
2) The particle is continuously going along
x-direction
12. The velocity of a body moving with a uniform
3) The velocity of particle increases upto time acceleration of 2m/s2 is 10m/sec. Its velocity
to and then becomes constant after an interval of 4 sec is
4) The particles moves at a constant
1) 12m/s 2) 14m/s
v e l o c i t y u p t o a t i m e t 0, a n d t h e n
stops
3) 16m/s 4) 18m/s
9. The velocity-time graph of a body is shown
in figure. The ratio of average acceleration 13. A train is in uniform acceleration, while
during the intervals OA and AB is crossing a particular station. The velocity
of front end is v1 and that of back end is v2.
What is the velocity of the middle portion:

v1 v 2
1)
2

2) v1 v 2

1 v1 + v 2
1) 1 2) 3)
2 2
1 4) v12 + v 22
3) 4) 3
3 2

61
LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

LEVEL - III 18. The figure shows the velocity (V) of a particle
plotted against time (t)
14. A ball is dropped from the top of a building.
The ball takes 0.5 s to fall past the 3m length
of a window some distance from the top of
the building. If the speed of the ball at the
top and at the bottom of the window are
vT and vB respectively, then(g = 9.8m/s2)

1) vT + vB = 12ms–1

2) vT – vB = 4.9ms–1
A) The particle changes its direction of
3) vB + vT = 1ms –1 motion at some point
B) the acceleration of the particle remains
v constant
4) B = 2
vT C) the displacement of the particle is zero
15. When the speed of a car is u, the minimum D) the initial and final speed of the particle
distance over which it can be stopped is are the same
s. If the speed becomes nu, what will be 1) Only Ist statement is correct
the minimum distance over which it can be
2) Both A and B are only correct
stopped during the same time?
3) A, C are only correct
1) s/n
4) All are correct
2) ns
19. Two particles A and B are thrown vertically
3) s/n2 upward with velocity 5 m/s and 10 m/s
4) n2s respectively. (g = 10 m/s 2 ). Then the
separation between them after 1 s will be
16. A thief is running away on a straight road
in a jeep moving with a speed of 9 ms–1. 1) 5 m 2) 10 m
A policeman chases him on a motor cycle 3) 15 m 4) 20 m
moving at a speed of 10 ms –1 . If the 20. The displacement time graphs of two moving
instantaneous separation of the jeep from particle makes an angle 30o and 45o with x
the motor cycle is 100m, how long will it take axis. The ratio of two velocities is
for the policeman to catch the thief ?
1) 1s
2) 19s
3) 90s
4) 100s
17. A body covers a distance of 20m in the 7th
second and 24m in the 9th second. The
distance the body will cover in 15th second is
1) 3:1 2) 1:1
1) 36 m 2) 42 m
3) 45 M 4) None of these 3) 1:2 4) 1:3

62
 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

21. A stone is dropped into a well in which the Assertion & Reason Type Question
level of water is h below the top of the well. If
v is velocity of sound, the time T after which
1) Assertion and Reason both are correct
the splash is heard is given by

1) T = 2h v 2) Assertion and reason both are wrong

2h h 3) Assertion is correct and reason is wrong

=
2) T +
g v
4) Assertion is wrong and reason is correct
2h h
=
3) T +
g 2v 23. Assertion : A body can have acceleration
even if its velocity is zero at a
given instant of time
h 2h
=
4) T +
2g v
Reason : A body is momentarily at rest
22. A ball is thrown downwards with a speed 20 when it reverseit sdirectionof
m/s from the top of a building 150 m high motion
and simultaneously another ball is thrown
vertically upwards with a speed 30 m/s from Integer Type Question
the foot of the building. Then the time after
which they will meet is
24. A bird flies for 4 S with a velocity of t − 2 m/s
1) 1 s 2) 2 s
in a straight line, where t is time in seconds.
3) 3 s 4) 4 s It covers a distance of (in meter)

63
LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL - I (HOMEWORK)

1. 4 6. 2 11. 2 16. 2 21. 4

2. 3 7. 1 12. 1 17. 2 22. 3

3. 3 8. 1 13. 2 18. 4 23. 1, 2, 3

4. 3 9. 3 14. 4 19. 3

5. 3 10. 2 15. 3 20. 3

LEVEL - II & III

1. 4 7. 3 13. 4 19. 1
2. 2 8. 4 14. 1 20. 1
3. 1 9. 3 15. 4 21. 2
4. 1 10. 3 16. 4 22. 3
5. 4 11. 4 17. 1 23. 1
6. 2 12. 4 18. 4 24. 4

64
 Chapter
MOTION IN A PLANE
03

SYNOPSIS
VECTORS

A vector is a quantity having both magnitude and direction.

• Representation of a vector
 
r = r nˆ where r = r gives the magnitude and n̂ is a unit vector that gives direction

• Unit vectors along the three coordinate axes are called orthogonal unit vectors. They are named
ˆi, ˆj, kˆ respectively

• Magnitude of a vector
 
If a vector is represented as r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ its magnitude is given by r = x 2 + y2 + z2

• Types of vectors

→ Equal vectors - two vectors having equal magnitude and same direction

→ Parallel vectors - vectors along the same direction

→ Antiparallel vectors - vectors in opposite directions

→ Collinear vectors - vectors along the same line

→ Zero vector - a vector having zero magnitude

→ Coplanar vectors - vectors over the same plane

VECTOR ADDITION
1. Triangle law of vector addition

If a, b are the consecutive sides of a triangle then the resultant is given by the closing side of the

65
LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

triangle taken in the opposite order. Magnitude of the resultant is given by,

R= a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos θ

2. Parallelogram law of vector addition

 
If P & Q represent the adjacent sides of a parallelogram, the resultant vector is given by the di-
 
agonal of the parallelogram drawn from the meeting point of tails of P and Q

 2 2
Magnitude of the resultant vector is given by, R = P Q + 2PQ cos θ

Q sin θ
Also, tan α =
P + Q cos θ

Special cases
0
  
1. If the vectors are along the same direction, θ= 0 ∴ R = P+Q

0
  
2. If the vectors are in opposite directions, θ= 180 ∴ R = P−Q

θ 900 ∴ R=
3. If the vectors are perpendicular to each other, = P2 + Q2
Note
     
The resultant of vectors P and Q always lies between P − Q and P + Q

3. Polygon law of vector addition

If a, b, c, d and e are the successive sides of a polygon, the resultant vector is given by the clos-

ing side of the polygon taken in the opposite order.

f = a +b+c+d +e

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

VECTOR SUBTRACTION

 
P−Q= P 2 + Q 2 − 2PQ cos θ

APPLICATIONS
1. Relative velocity
 
If V A and V B are the velocities of bodies A and B travelling at an angle θ apart, relative velocity
  
of A with respect to B is given by V AB = V A − V B = VA2 + VB2 − 2VA VB cos θ
2. Acceleration
 
   Vf − Vi
If V i and V f are the initial and final velocities, acceleration is given by a =
t

PRODUCT OF VECTORS
I. Dot product (Scalar product)
 
Dot product of vectors A and B is defined as
     
A ⋅ B A B cos θ θ → angle between A and B
=
   
Note: If A = a1 ˆi + a 2 ˆj + a 3 kˆ and B = b1ˆi + b 2 ˆj + b3 kˆ , then A ⋅ B= a1b1 + a 2 b 2 + a 3 b3

• Properties
   
1. It is commutative, A ⋅ B = B ⋅ A
      
2. ( )
It is distributive, A ⋅ B + C = A ⋅ B + A ⋅ C

     
−1  A ⋅ B 
3. Angle between the vectors A and B , θ =cos  
A B
 
 
4. θ 900 ∴A ⋅=
If two vectors are perpendicular, = B 0
 
5. A⋅A = A2

6. ˆi.iˆ 1;=
= ˆj.jˆ 1; =
ˆ ˆ 1 ie., identical unit vectors when taken dot product give one
k.k

ˆi.jˆ 0;=
7. = ˆj.kˆ 0;=
ˆ ˆ 0 ie., unlike unit vectors when taken dot product give zero.
k.i

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Note: The common situations where the dot product is used are given below:
 
(i) Power = F ⋅ V
 
(ii) Work = F ⋅ d
   
(iii)  Flux = E ⋅ A or B ⋅ A

II. Cross product (Vector product)

 
Cross product of vectors A and B is defined as
   
A
= × B A B sin θ nˆ

When n̂ represents the direction. Direction is given by right handed screw rule.
 
If a right handed screw is rotated from A to B the direction of tip of the screw gives the direction

 
of A × B
• Properties
   
1. It is not commutative, A × B ≠ B × A
      
2. ( )
It is distributive , ie, A × B + C = A × B + A × C
 
   A×B 
Angle between two vectors A and B , θ =sin    
−1
3.
 A B 
 

4. If two vectors are parallel, θ = 0 ∴A × B= 0
 
5. A×A = 0

6. ˆi × ˆi= 0; ˆj× ˆj= 0; kˆ × kˆ= 0

7. ˆi × =ˆj k;
ˆ ˆj× kˆ= ˆi ; kˆ × =ˆi ˆj

Note: 1
The common situations where the cross product is used are listed below:
        
(i) Torque, τ = r × F (ii) Angular momentum, L = r × P (iii) Linear velocity, V = ω × r

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Note : 2
 
If A = a1ˆi + a 2 ˆj + a 3 kˆ and B = b1ˆi + b 2 ˆj + b3 kˆ

i j k
 
A×B= a1 a2 a3 = ( a 2 b3 − a 3 b 2 ) ˆi − ( a1b3 − a 3 b1 ) ˆj + ( a1b 2 − a 2 b1 ) kˆ
b1 b2 b3

• Lami’s theorem

   sin α sin β sin γ

In ∆ABC with sides a, b, c = =
a b c

• Resolution of a vector into components

(i) Vector in a plane

The vector can be split up into two components, A cos α and A sin α

(ii) Vector in space A = A x ˆi + A y ˆj + A 2 kˆ
Ax
Cos=
α = 1 α → angle between the vector and the y-axis
A

Ay
Cos=
β = m β → angle between the vector and the y-axis
A

Az
Cos=
γ = n γ → angle between the vector and the z-axis
A

2 2
n 2 cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos=
l, m, n are called direction cosines. Also, I + m +=
2
γ 1
Note: 1
If a body is in equilibrium under a set of non-collinear forces, the minimum number of forces has
to be three

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Note: 2
 
(a) If A, B are the adjacent sides of a parallelogram, area of the parallelogram is given by
 
Area = A × B
 
(b) If diagonals C and D are given,
 
Area = 1 2 C × D ( )
PROJECTILES
I. OBLIQUE PROJECTILE
A body projected at a particular angle with an initial velocity u
Assumptions
1. Friction due to air is neglected
2. There is no horizontal force acting on the body
• Projectile motion is a two dimensional motion. The path taken by the body is parabolic and is
called trajectory.

• Initial velocity u has two components; horizontal u cos θ and vertical u sin θ
• As the body starts ascending, vertical component decreases; becomes zero at the topmost point;
increases during the descent.

• Horizontal velocity remains u cos θ throughout the motion.

• At the topmost point,
= u cos θ
a) velocity

b) momentum = mu cos θ

1
=
c) Kinetic energy mu 2 cos 2 θ
2

energy 1 2 mu sin θ
2 2
=
d) Potential

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Note :1
0
If θ =45 , kinetic energy and potential energy at the topmost point are equal.
Note :2
During the motion of a projectile, total energy remains conserved. During the ascent, kinetic energy
is converted to potential energy and during descent potential energy is converted back to kinetic
energy
Note :3
For a projectile,
a) Velocity of projection = velocity of landing
b) Kinetic energy of projection = kinetic energy of landing

gx 2
• Equation of trajectory of a projectile is=y x tan θ −
2u 2 cos 2 θ

• Velocity of the body at any instant V = u 2 + g 2 t 2 − 2ugt sin θ

u sin θ − gt
• Angle made by the velocity vector with the horizontal is given by, tan β =
u cos θ

Note: In a projectile motion, θ is obtuse while the body ascends; 900 at the topmost point and it is

acute while the body descends where θ is the angle between

i) displacement and acceleration
ii) displacement and force
iii) velocity and acceleration
iv) velocity and force

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

• For a projectile

2u sin θ
1. Time of flight, T =
g

u 2 sin 2 θ
2. Maximum height attained H max =
2g

u 2 sin 2θ
3. Horizontal range R =
g

2
4.  Maximum horizontal range R max = u g

Note:1

A projectile attains maximum range when projected at an angle 450

Note: 2

Rmax and Hmax are related as Rmax = 4 Hmax

Note : 3

For two angles of projection, θ and (90 - θ )

1. R1 = R2; the ranges are equal

T1
2. = tan θ
T2

2R
3. T1 T2 =
g

H1
4. = tan 2 θ
H2

5. R = 4 H1 H 2

• Change in momentum between

1. The point of landing and point of projection = -2 mu sin θ

2. The topmost point and point of projection = -mu sin θ

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II HORIZONTAL PROJECTILE
A body projected with an initial horizontal velocity. Initial vertical velocity is zero
• For a horizontal projectile,

2H
a) Time of flight T =
g
2H
b) Horizontal range R = u
g

Note :1
Horizontal velocity remains constant throughout the motion; vertical velocity goes on increasing
Note :2
For a body thrown horizontally, time taken to reach the ground is independent of initial velocity of
projection.
V
Velocity at any instant is given by= u2 + g2 t 2
gt
Angle made by the velocity vector with the horizontal is given by tan β =
u
gx 2
Equation of trajectory of the projectile is y =
2u 2
CIRCULAR MOTION
Uniform Circular Motion
The body executing circular motion has constant speed. But the velocity goes on changing continuously.

• Angular displacement - the angle swept by the radius vector. Unit is rad

• Angular velocity, ω = dθ dt . Unit is rad/sec

dω d 2 θ
• Angular acceleration =
α = 2 . Unit is rad/s
2
dt dt
  
Note :Linear velocity and angular velocity are related as V = ω× r

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• Change in velocity
  
Change in velocity is given by ∆ V = V 2 − V1 = V12 + V22 − 2V1V2 Cos θ

For uniform circular motion, V

=1 V=
2 = 2V sin θ
V ∴∆V
2 ( )
• Time period (T) - the time taken by a body to complete one revolution.
• Frequency ( υ ) - number of revolutions per second

2π
• Angular velocity ω = = 2πυ
T
  
Note: Linear acceleration and angular acceleration are related as a = α× F

• Centripetal acceleration - acceleration acting on a body executing uniform circular motion

2
ac = v = rω2 = vω
r
mv 2
• Centripetal force is given by Fc = ma c ; Fc= = mrω2= mvω
r
• Work done by a centripetal force W
= F.d
= Fd cos=
θ Fd cos 90
= 0

Centripetal force in different situations

Situations Centripetal Force
A particle tied to a string and whirled in a circle Tension in the string

Vehicle taking a turn on a level road Frictional force

Revolution of earth around sun Gravitational force

Electron revolving aroung a nucleus in an atom Coulomb force of attraction
A charged particle describing a circular path in a
Lorentz force
magnetic field
Note
Angular velocity, angular acceleration, angular momentum and torque are axial vectors.
Non-Uniform circular motion
In a non-uniform circular motion, both magnitude and direction of velocity continuously change.
An additional acceleration called tangential acceleration also acts in this case.

a
The resultant acceleration is given by= a c2 + a 2t

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QUESTIONS 5. The value of displacement vector could be

equal to null vector, if
LEVEL - I [HOMEWORK]

1. A vector quantity is a quantity that has both 1) initial and final positions are different
a magnitude and a ­___A___and obeys the
___B___of vector addition or equivalently 2) initial and final positions are same
the ___C___of vector addition. Here A, B
and C refer to 3) object is at distance

1) direction, triangle law and parallelogram law 4) both 1 and 3 are possible
2) direction, parallelogram law and square law
6. In two dimension motion, we require only
3) triangle, parallelogram law and magnitude
1) two unit vectors
4) magnitude, triangle law and parallelogram
law
2) three unit vectors
2. Displacement vector
3) one unit vector
1) is the straight line joining the initial and
final positions 4) four unit vector
2) depends on the actual path taken by the  
object between the two positions 7. G i v e n A= 2iˆ + 3jˆ a n d B = ˆi + ˆj . T h e
component of vector A along vector B is ?
3) both a and b are correct
1 3
4) both a and b are incorrect 1) 2)
2 2
3. The length and breadth of a rectangle are
1m and 0.5m respectively. Find the value 5 7
of its perimeter. Is perimeter a scalar or 3) 4)
2 2
vector ?

1) 2.5m scalar 2) 1.5m vector  

8. A= 5iˆ + 4kˆ and B= 2iˆ − 4ˆj , R = A – B =
3) 3m, scalar 4) 3m, vector ____X___ refers to
  
4. The resultant of two vectors P and Q is R .

If the magnitude of Q is doubled, the new 1) 3iˆ

resultant become perpendicular to P . Then

the magnitude of R is 2) 3iˆ + 4kˆ + 4ˆj

1) P + Q 2) Q 3) zero
P+Q
3) P 4) 4) None of these
2

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9. An aeroplane is flying horizontally due east 13. A body is projected up a smooth inclined
with 400km/hr. Passengers observes anoth- plane with velocity v from the point A as
er aeroplane moving peprendicular to the shown in the figure. The angle of inclination
first one. The second plane in actually mov- is 450 and the top is connected to well of
ing at 30o north of east. What is the velocity diameter 40 m. If the body just manages to
of the second plane cross the well, what is the value of v ? Length
of inclined plane is 20 2 m
1) 400iˆ + 400ˆj

200 ˆ
2) 400iˆ + j
3
400 ˆ
3) 400iˆ + j
3
400 ˆ
4) i + 400ˆj
3
1) 40 ms-1
10. For the projectile motion, the y-component −1
2) 40 2 ms
of velocity at the highest point is
3) 20 ms-1
1) v 0 cos θ0
−1
2) v 0 sin θ0 4) 20 2 ms

3) zero 14. Two seconds after projection, a projectile

is travelling in a direction inclined at 30o to
4) None of these the horizontal. After one more second it is
travelling horizontally. Then
11. The path of projectile is ............ in shape ?

1) circle 2) ellipse 1) velocity of projection is 20 m/s

3) parabolic 4) straight line 2) velocity of projection is 20 3 m/s

12. The maximum height for the projectile is 3) angle of projection is 30 o with the
vertical
v 02 sin θ0
1)
2g 4) angle of projection is 30o with the horizontal

15. A missile is fired for maximum range with an

2
v sin 2θ0
0 initial velocity of 20 m/s. If g = 10 m/s2, the
2)
g range of the missile is

1) 40 m
v 02 sin 2 θ0
3)
2g 2) 50 m

3) 60 m
v 2 sin 2 θ0
4) 0
3g 4) 20 m

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

16. Two projectiles are fired from the same point 20. Two particles of mass M and m are moving in
with the same speed at angles of projection a circle of radii R and r. If their time-periods
60o and 30o respectively. Which one of the are same, what will be the ratio of their linear
following is true ? velocities ?
1) Their maximum height will be same
1) MR : mr 2) M : m
2) Their range will be same
3) R : r 4) 1 : 1
3) Their landing velocity will be same
4) Their time of flight 21. Two stones are moving with same angular
speeds in the radii of circular paths 1m and
17. A car runs at a constant speed on a circular
2m. The ratio of the linear speeds is
track of radius 100m, taking 62.8 seconds
in every circular loop. The average velocity 1
and average speed for each circular loop 1) 2 2)
2
respectively is
1) 0, 10m/s 2) 10m/s, 10m/s 1
3) 4) 3
3) 10m/s, 0 4) 0,0
3

18. A body is whirled in a horizontal circle of 22. A particle is moving with a constant speed v
radius 20cm. It has angular velocity of 10 in a circle. What is the magnitude of average
rad/s. What is its linear velocity at any point velocity after half rotation ?
on circular path
v
1) 2 m / s2 1) 2v 2) 2
π
2) 2 m/s
v v
3) 10 m/s 3) 4)
2 2π
4) 20 m/s
19. A point P moves in counter- clockwise di- Assertion-Reason type
rection on a circular path as shown in the
figure. The movement of ‘P’ is such that it 23. Assertion : In projectile motion, the angle
sweeps out a length s = t3 + 5, where s is
between the instantaneous velocity and
in metres and t is in seconds. The radius of
the path is 20m. The acceleration of ‘P’ when acceleration at the highest point is 180o
t = 2 s is nearly
Reason : At the highest point, velocity of
projectile will be in horizontal direction only

1) Both assertion and reason are true and

reason is correct explanation of assertion

2) Both assertion and reason are true but

reason is not correct explanation of assertion

1) 13m/s2 2) 12m/s2 3) Assertion is true and reason is false

3) 7.2m/s2 4) 14m/s2 4) Assertion is false but reason is true

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Numerical Type Questions    

3. If A × B =
0 and A ⋅ B =−AB , then angle
 
24. If the time of flight of a projectile is 10 between A and B is
seconds. Range is 500m. The maximum π
1) zero 2)
height attained by it will be .............. metres 4
π
3) 4) π
25. An astronaut in a strange planet observes 2
that he can jump a maximum horizontal
     
distance of 2m, if his initial speed is 6m/s. 4. If A × =
B ( )
3 A ⋅ B then the value of A + B
What is the acceleration due to gravity of the is:
planet ? 1
2
( 2
1) A + B + AB ) 2

LEVEL - II
1
 2 2 AB  2

1. A physical quantity which has a direction : 2)  A + B + 

 3
1) must be a vector 3) A + B

( )
1
2 2 2
2) may be a vector 4) A + B + 3 AB

3) may be both scalar & vector  

5. The vectors A and B are such that
   
4) none of the above A + B = A − B . The angle between two
2. Two forces each numerically equal to 10 N,
are acting as shown in the figure. Then the vectors is
resultant is: 1) 45o 2) 90o
3) 60o 4) 75o
6. The angle of projection at which maximum
height and time of flight are maximum is:
1) 45o 2) 60o
3) 30o 4) 90o
7. Two bullets are fired simultaneously, hori-
1) 25N zontally and with different speeds from the
same place. Which bullet will hit the ground
first?
2) 5N
1) the faster bullet

3) 5 3 N 2) the slower bullet

3) both will hit simultaneously

4) 10N
4) depends on masses

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

8. Choose the incorrect statements. 12. A stone is moved round a horizontal circle
with a 20cm long string tied to it. If centripetal
1) In projectile motion from ground to ground acceleration is 9.8 m/sec2, then its angular
projection, the speed of the projectile first velocity will be
decreases then increases to the same value.
1) 7 rad/s 2) 22/7 rad/s
2) Horizontal component of velocity is con-
3) 49 rad/s 4) 14 rad/s
stant in a projectile motion under gravity.
LEVEL - III
3) In a projectile motion, the velocity at its
highest point is zero. 13. The sum of the magnitudes of two vectors
is 18 and the magnitude of their resultant is
4) For two stones projected simultaneously 12. If the resultant is perpendicular to one of
from same point with same speed at different the vectors, then what are the magnitudes
angles with horizontal, their trajectories may of the two vectors?
intersect at same point.
1) 5,13 2) 6,12
9. A particle is thrown with an initial velocity

( 2iˆ + 3jˆ ) m / s . The horizontal range is: 3) 7,11 4) 8,10

14. A particle moves eastwards with a velocity

(g = 10 ms–2)
of 5 m/s. After 10 sec, its direction changes
6 towards north with the speed remaining
1) m 2) 3 m
5 unchanged. The average acceleration of the
particle is
5 3
3) m 4) m 1) Zero
2 2
2) 1 m / s2 N − W
10. ( )
A particle has initial velocity 3iˆ + 4ˆj and 2

( )
has acceleration 0.4iˆ + 0.3jˆ . Its speed after 3) 1
2
m / s2 N − E
10 s is
4) 1 m / s2 S − W
1) 7 units 2) 7 2 units 2
3) 8.5 units 4) 10 units

11. During projectile motion, the quantities that 15. Two vectors are said to be equal if and only if
remain unchanged are
1) they have same magnitude
1) force and velocity
2) they have same direction
2) acceleration and velocity
3) they have same magnitude and same
3) K.E and acceleration direction
4) acceleration and horizontal velocity
4) None of these

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16. A person standing on a road has to hold his 19. Vertical and horizontal displacement of a
umbrella at 60° with the vertical to keep the projectile at any time ‘t’ is given by
rain away. He throws the umbrella and starts y 48t − 4.9t 2 and x = 36 t respectively then
=
running at 20 ms–1. He finds that rain drops
are hitting his head vertically. Find the speed angle of projection with horizontal is
of the rain drops with respect to
−1 4
a) the road 1) sin  
5
b) the moving person 3
−1
2) sin  
40 20 5
1) m/s, m/s
3 3
−1 4
3) sin  
3
2) 20 3 m/s, 20 3 m/s

20 40 −1 3
3) m/s, m/s 4) sin  
3 3 4

20. A stunt man plans to jump between two

4) 10 3 m/s, 20 3 m/s roof tops. The second roof is 4.9 m below
the first one and 6.2 m away from it. What
17. A man swims from point A on one bank
of a river of width 100 m. When he swims should be his minimum speed so that he can
perpendicular to the river current, he reaches make the jump successfully when he jumps
the other bank 50 m downstream. The angle horizontally (in m/s)
to the bank at which he should swim, to reach
1) 3.1 2) 4
directly opposite point B on the other bank
is: 3) 4.9 4) 6.2
1) 10o upstream 21. A body is projected with velocity u1 from point
2) 20o upstream A as shown in figure. At the same time
another body is projected vertically upwards
3) 30o upstream with the velocity u2 from the point B. What
u1
4) 60o upstream should be the value of for both the bodies
u2
18. A person is moving in a train. He throws a to collide.
ball in the upward direction. The path of the
ball as seen by an observer on the ground
is

1) circular

2) parabolic
2 1
3) straight line 1) 2)
3 3
4) ellipse
3) 3 4) 2

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

22. The velocity of a projectile at the initial point 24. A particle moves in a circle of radius 5 cm

( )
A is 2iˆ + 3jˆ m / s . It’s velocity (in m/s) at
with constant speed and time period 0.2 πs .
The acceleration of the particle is
point B is
1) 15 m/s2 2) 25 m/s2

3) 36 m/s2 4) 5 m/s2

Assertion - Reason type Questions

1) Both assertion and reason are correct
2) Both assertion and reason are wrong
3) Assertion is correct and reason is wrong
4) Assertion is wrong and reason is correct
25. Assertion :Horizontal component of
velocity is constant in pro-
1) −2iˆ + 3jˆ 2) 2iˆ − 3jˆ
jectile motion under gravity
Reason : Two projectiles having same
3) 2iˆ + 3jˆ 4) −2iˆ − 3jˆ
horizontal range must have
23. The horizontal range and maximum height of same time of flight
26. Assertion : In uniform circular motion
a projectile are equal. The angle of projection
both kinetic energy and mo-
of the projectile is
mentum of particle remains
−1 1 constant
1) θ = tan  
4 Reason : Kinetic energy is scalar but
momentum is a vector
Numerical Type Question
2) θ = tan ( 4 )
−1
27. A particle is projected from a height at an
angle 30o with the horizontal with an initial
3) θ = tan ( 2 )
−1
speed 20 ms–1. After how much time will the
0
velocity vector of projectile be perpendicular
4) θ =45
to the intial velocity?

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ANSWER KEY

LEVEL - I (HOMEWORK)

1. 1 6. 2 11. 3 16. 2 21. 2

2. 1 7. 3 12. 3 17. 1 22. 2
3. 3 8. 2 13. 4 18. 2 23. 4
4. 2 9. 3 14. 2 19. 3 24. 125
5. 2 10. 3 15. 1 20. 3 25. 18

LEVEL - II & III

1. 2 7. 3 13. 1 19. 1 25. 3

2. 4 8. 3 14. 2 20. 4 26. 4
3. 4 9. 1 15. 3 21. 1 27. 4
4. 1 10. 2 16. 1 22. 2
5. 2 11. 4 17. 4 23. 2
6. 4 12. 1 18. 2 24. 4

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 Chapter
LAWS OF MOTION
04

SYNOPSIS

• Inertia of rest is the inability of body to change its state of rest by itself, while inertia of motion is
the inability of the body to change its state of motion by itself.

• Inertia of direction is the inability of the body to change its direction of motion by itself.

• Newton’s first law of motion gives the definition of force and the concept of inertia.

• The quantity of motion possessed by a body is called momentum. It is measured by the product
of mass and velocity.

• Newton’s second law says that the rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the
applied force.

• Force is an external effort in the form of push or pull which (i) one produces or tries to produce
motion in a body at rest, or (ii) stops or tries to stop a moving body, or (iii) changes or tries to
change the direction of motion of the body.

• Frictional force, tensional force, normal force, air resistance force, applied force and spring force
are contact forces.

• Gravitational force, electrical force, weak force are action-at-a distance forces.

• The force between two static charges is called electrostatic force.

• The force between two magnetic poles is called magnetic force.

  
• If F1 , F2 , F3 ..... are the concurrent forces acting on the same point, then the point will be in
  
equilibrium if F1 + F2 + F3 + ....... =
0
• Impulse is the measure of the degree to which an external force produces a change in momentum
of the body. The product of a large force acting on a body for a small interval is called impulse.

• Newton’s third law of motion says that every action has equal and opposite reaction. Action and
reaction act on different bodies and they are simultaneous.

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

• Action and reaction never cancel each other.

• The law of conservation of linear momentum is a logical consequence of Newton’s second law.

• If n bullets each of mass m and velocity v are fired from a gun then the average force acting on
the gun is mnv.

• Principle of conservation of momentum follows from Newton’s first law of motion.

• Newton’s third law contains law of conservation of momentum. 

∆p
• In case of a uniform circular motion, the change in momentum with time is not zero, i.e. ≠0
∆t
but ∆p =0

• When the lift is at rest or in uniform motion, then the weight recorded by the spring balance is
equal to the actual weight of the body.

• When the lift is accelerated up, then the weight recorded by the spring balance is more than the
actual weight of the body.

• When the lift is accelerated down, the weight recorded by the spring balance is less than the actual
weight of the body.

• For a lift falling freely, acceleration of the lift is g and hence the body will feel weightlessness.

• The spring balance will record an increase in weight for a moment, when the lift starts to move
up with uniform velocity and then will record the actual weight of the boy.

• If no external force acts on a system of two or more bodies, then the total momentum of the system
remains constant. This is known as the principle of conservation of momentum.

• Thrust on the rocket at any instant is equal to the product of the exhaust speed of the burnt gases
and the rate of combustion of fuel at that instant.

 dM 
i.e. F = − u  
 dt 

-ve sign indicates that thrust on the rocket is in a direction opposite to the direction of escaping
gas.

Friction

• Force of friction opposes relative motion of the point of contact withe respect to the surface.

• Force of friction acts parallel to the surface.

• The number of frictional forces acting on a body depends upon the number of contact surfaces.
For every contact surface, there is a frictional force.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

• Frictional forces are produced on account of intermolecular interactions between the two bodies
or surfaces.
• Frictional force is a self adjusting force which increases with increasing applied force till the body
is at rest but on the point of motion.
• For frictional force relative motion between two bodies or surfaces is not necessary. In fact, contact
between two bodies or surfaces in necessary.
Type of frictional forces
• Static friction: It is a self adjusting force with an upper limit called the limiting friction.
• Dynamic friction/kinetic friction.
• Sliding friction
• Rolling Friction
• Rolling friction < dynamic friction < sliding friction

• If µs =static coefficient of friction, R=N=normal relation, then static frictional force < µs R (body

is at rest). Limiting friction = µs R (body is on point of motion).

• If µ k =kinetic coefficient of friction, then kinetic frictional force = µ k R (body is in motion).

• The limiting frictional force between two surfaces in contact with each other depends only on µ
(nature of surfaces) and normal contact force R. It does not depend on their shape, size or surface
area.
Tension
• Tension force always pulls a body.
• Tension can never push a body or rope.
• Tension across a massless pulley or frictionless pulley remains constant.
• Rope becomes slack when tension force becomes zero.
• When a rope is pulled by a force, the rope becomes tight or taut. This conveys the concept of
tension.
Contact force-Motion of bodies in contact
(a) Two bodies in contact

A force F is applied on mass m1 horizontally. Masses m1 and m2 are in contact. Contact force
between m1 and m2 = F. Contact force is that force with which one body presses the other at the
point of contact when the two bodies are placed on a frictionless surface.

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Force applied to system

∴ Acceleration a =
mass of system

F
∴a=
( m1 + m 2 )

m1 F
∴ Contact force on m1 and m1a =
( m1 + m 2 )

m2F m2F
Contact force on m2=m2a= F′ ' m=
’ or = 2a
( m1 + m 2 ) ( m1 + m 2 )

(b) Three bodies in contact

Force applied on the system = F

Mass of the system = m1+m2+m3

Acceleration of the system=a

F
∴ Acceleration of each mass(a)=
( m1 + m 2 + m3 )
Contact force between m1 and m2= F1

Contact force between m2 and m3= F2

For first body, F–F1=m1a

For second body, f1–F2=m2a

For third body, F2=m3a

∴F1 = F − m1a = F −
m1F
=
( m 2 + m3 ) F
( m1 + m 2 + m3 ) ( m1 + m 2 + m3 )

m3F
∴ F2 = m3a=
( m1 + m 2 + m3 )

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

(c) Motion of bodies connected by strings

Acceleration in system=a

F m3F
∴a= T1 m=
Tension= 3a
( m1 + m 2 + m3 ) ( m1 + m 2 + m3 )

( m 2 + m3 ) F
Tension T2 =( m 2 + m3 ) a =
( m1 + m 2 + m3 )
Tension T3 = F
• Consider a body of mass m2 which rests on a surface which is horizontal. Let a string passing
over a pulley connect m2 with mass m1 as shown in figure.

a) without friction between m2 and horizontal table,

m1g
Acceleration, a =
( m1 + m 2 )

m1m 2 g
Tension, T =
( m1 + m 2 )
b) With friction between body m2 and table,

( m 2 − µm 2 ) g m1m 2 (1 + µ ) g
Acceleration, a = ; Tension, T =
( m1 + m 2 ) ( m1 + m 2 )

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

• Two masses are suspended as shown in figure.

The block on horizontal table moves towards right with acceleration a.

m1g–T1=m1a ..................... (i)

T2–m2g=m2a .......................(ii)

( m1 − m 2 ) g
T1–T2=Ma .........................(iii) we get, acceleration, a =
( m1 + m 2 + M )
• Two masses are suspended over a pulley on an inclined plane as shown in the figure. The mass
m1 descends with an acceleration a. Mass m2 is on inclined plane.

Without friction

( m1 − m 2 sin θ ) g m1m 2 (1 + sin θ ) g

Acceleration, a = ; Tension, T =
( m1 + m 2 ) ( m1 + m 2 )

• Masses m1 and m2 are connected by a string passing over a pulley such that m1 > m2

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Motion on an inclined plane

The inclined plane may be rough or smooth. A body may move down the plane or up the plane.
(i) Motion of a body down the rough plane:

=
Normal reaction R mg cos θ ; mg sin θ − µR = ma
∴mg sin θ − µmg cos θ = ma or=a g ( sin θ − µ cos θ )

= g ( sin θ − µ cos θ )
Acceleration down the rough plane

(ii) Motion of a body down the smooth plane : ( µ =0 ) ; Acceleration of body = g sin θ

(iii) Motion of a body up the rough plane :

When the body moves up the plane, the force of friction F = µR acts down the plane to oppose
the motion.

∴
= ma mg sin =
θ + F mg sin θ + µR

cos θ mg ( sin θ + µ cos θ ) or acceleration

= mg sin θ + µmg = = a g ( sin θ + µ cos θ )

v) Plane is given horizontal acceleration, plane is smooth

mg cos θ − mb cos=
θ ma ∴=
a ( g sin θ − b cos θ ) ; If=a 0,=
b g tan θ

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS
  
QUESTIONS 6. If F1 , F2 and F3 are three concurrent forces
LEVEL - I [HOMEWORK] in equilibrium, then
  
1. Which law is the most fundamental among 1) F1 + F2 =
F3
three laws ?   
2) F1 − F2 =
F3
1) First law
  
2) second law 3) F1 + F2 + F3 =
0

3) third law   

4) F1 − F2 + F3 =
0
4) None
7. The dimensions of force are
2. Which among the following is not force ?
1) MLT-2
1) Tension 2) Thrust

3) Weight 4) Impulse 2) M2LT

3. A constant retarding force of 100N is applied

3) MLT2
to a body of mass 20kg moving initially with
a velocity of 10 m/s. The body comes to rest 4) M-2LT-2
after
8. A body is subjected to three concurrent
1) 1 s 2) 2 s
forces is found to be in equilibrium. The
3) 4 s 4) 8s resultant of any two forces is
4. A cork of mass 25g is floating on water. The
1) equal to third force
net force acting on the cork is

1) zero 2) 10 N 2) opposite to third force

3) 25 N 4) 5 N
3) collinear with third force
5. As per Newton’s third law of motion, which
among the following statement is false ? 4) All of these

1) To every action, there is an equal and 9. When a body is stationary

opposite reaction 1) there is no force acting on it
2) Action & reaction act on the same body
2) the force acting on it are not in contact
3) There is no cause-effect relation between with it
action and reaction 3) the combination of forces acting on it
4) Action and reaction forces are simultaneous balance each other

forces 4) the body is in vaccum

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

10. Three concurrent co-planar forces 1N, 2N 14. The weight of a man in a lift moving upwards
and 3N acting along different directions on is 600N, while the weight of same man in
a body lift moving downwards is 300N. Then the
normal weight of the person is (Assume the
1) can keep the body in equilibrium if 2N and acceleration of the lift is same in both cases)
3N act at right angle
1) 400N
2) can keep the body in equilibrium if 1N and
2N act at right angle 2) 350 N

3) cannot keep the body in equilibrium 3) 450 N

4) can keep ht ebody in equilibrium if 1N and 4) 500 N

3N act at accute angle
15. A particle at rest explodes into 2 particles of
11. Newton’s which law states that applied equal masses which start moving. The two
fragments will
force is equal to the rate of change of linear
momentum ? 1) move in the same direction with equal
velocity
1) First law
2) move in any direction with any velocity
2) Second law
3) move in opposite direction with unequal
3) Third law velocity

4) All of these 4) move in opposite direction with same

speed
12. When the lift is accelerated down, the weight
16. Two equal masses are kept on the pans of a
recorded by the spring balance will be
simple balance in a lift accelerating upward,
1) more than actual weight then

1) pans will remain at the same level

2) less than actual weight
2) left side will be lower
3) same as actual weight
3) right side pan will be lower
4) None of the above
4) data is incomplete
13. What is the recoil velocity ‘v’ of a gun of mass
M having a bullet of mas m where the velocity 17. A person sitting in an open car moving with
constant velocity throws a ball vertically up
of the bullet is u
into air. The ball falls
mu Mu 1) outside the car
1) 2) −
M m
2) in the car ahead of the person

m2u mu 3) in the car to the side of the person

3) − 4) −
M M
4) exactly in the hand which throw it up

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18. The limiting frictional force between two 22. A stone of mass m tied to a string of length
surfaces in contact depends on which of L and rotated along a circle with the other
end of the string as the centre. If the string
these given factors breaks, the stone will move

1) Surface area and normal contact force 1) towards the centre

2) Nature of surfaces and shape 2) away from the centre

3) Normal contact force and Nature of 3) along a tangent

surfaces
4) will stop
4) Shape and surface area
Assertion - Reason type Question

19. Which of the following is a self adjusting 1) Both assertion and reason are true and
force ? reason is correct explanation of assertion

1) sliding friction 2) Both assertion and reason are true but

reason is not correct explanation of assertion
2) rolling friction
3) Assertion is true and reason is false
3) static friction
4) Both assertion and reason are false

4) dynamic friction 23. Assertion : An electric fan continues to

rotate for sometime after the
20. A cyclist bends while taking turn to current is switched off

1) reduce friction Reason : It is because of inertia of rest

2) generate required centripetal force 24. Assertion : Impulse and momentum

have different dimensions
3) reduce apparent height
Reason : Impulse = Rate of change of
linear momentum
4) reduce speed
25. Assertion : A rocket works on the
21. A stone of 10kg is tied to a string of length principle of conservation of
40m is whirled round in a horizontal circle. linear momentum
What is the maximum speed with which the
Reason : Higher the velocity smaller is
stone can be whirled around if the string can the pressure and vice-versa
withstand a maximum tension of 100N ?
26. Assertion : A body falling freely under
1) 5 m/s 2) 10 m/s gravity become weightless.

3) 15 m/s 4) 20 m/s Reason : R = m(g – a) = m(g – g) = zero

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LEVEL - II 6. If the tension in the cable supporting the lift

moving upwards is twice the tension when
1. Inertia is a measure of ....................... of the the lift is moving downwards with the same
body: acceleration, the acceleration of the lift is
equal to
1) Velocity 2) Momentum

3) Acceleration 4) Mass g
1)
2
2. In the given figure what is the force exerted
by the block B:
g
2)
3
g
3)
4
1) 159 N 2) 0 N
3) 100 N 4) 50 N g
4)
5
3. A body of mass 1 kg is acted upon by
two forces each of magnitude 1N, making
7. A block of mass M is pulled along a horizontal
an angle of 60o with each other. The net
acceleration of the body is surface (frictionless) by a rope of mass m. If
a force F is applied at one end of the rope,
1) 1 ms-2 2) 3 ms −2 the force which the rope exerts on the block
is:
3) 5 ms −2 4) 7 ms -2 F
1) 2) F
4. When forces F1, F2, F3 are acting on a particle M+m
of mass m such that F2 and F3 are mutually
perpendicular then the particle remain
FM
3) 4) Zero
stationary. If the force F1 is now removed, M+m
then the acceleration of the particle is
8. Consider two unequal masses m 2 > m 1
F F connected by a string which passes over a
1) 1 2) 2
m m frictionless and massless pulley. The tension
T in string is
F3 F22
3) 4) 2m1 + m 2
m m 1) T = g
m1 + m 2
5. A bomb splits in to three identical parts. If two
pieces are moving at right angles to each 2m1 m 2
other with same velocity v m/s, the velocity 2) T = g
m1 + m 2
of third fragment is:

v v 2 ( m1 − m 2 ) g
1) 2) 3) T =
2 2 m1 + m 2

3) 2v 4) v 2 =
4) T 2 ( m1 + m 2 ) g

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9. In the given figure acceleration of the system LEVEL - III

is (g = 10 m/sec2) :
12. Two bodies of mass 4 kg and 6 kg are
attached to the ends of a string passing over
a smooth pulley. A 4 kg mass is attached to
the table top by another string. The tension
in this string T1 is equal to

1) g

2) 0 m / s2

3) 1 m/ s2

4) 2 m/ s2

10. Consider a car moving on a straight road 1) 19.6 N 2) 25 N

with a speed of 100 m/s. The distance at 3) 10.6 N 4) 10 N
which car can be stopped is [µ k =0.5]
13. Two blocks A and B of masses 2m and m
1) 100 m respectively are connected by a massless
and in extensible string. The whole system is
2) 400 m suspended by a massless spring as shown in
the figure. The magnitudes of accelerations
3) 800 m of A and B immediately after the string is cut
are respectively
4) 1000 m

11. A cyclist is moving in a circular track of radius

80 m with a velocity 36 km/hr. He has to lean
from the vertical approximately through an
angle (g = 10 m/s2)
−1
1) tan 4

−1 1
2) tan  
8
g g
1
−1 1) g, 2) ,g
3) tan   2 2
4
4) tan-1(2) g g
3) g, g 4) ,
2 2

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14. An object of mass 5kg is attached to the 16. A 2kg accelerate at 11 m/s2 in a direction 300
hook of a spring balance and the balance is north of east as shown in figure. One of the
suspended vertically from the roof of a lift. forces has a magnitude 11N and is directed
north. The magnitude of second force is
The reading on the spring balance when
the lift is going up with an acceleration of
0.25 m/s2 is

1) 55.25 N

2) 48.75 N
1) 11 N
3) 52.75 N
2) 11 2 N
4) 51.25 N
3) 11 3 N
15. A small bug is placed between two blocks of
4) 122 N
masses m1 and m2 (m1>m2) on a frictionless
horizontal table. A horizontal force f can be 17. The pulley arrangements shown in figure
applied either to m1 or m2 as shown in figure are identical. The mass of the rope being
(i) and (ii) respectively. Of these two cases, negligible. In Case I, the mass m is lifted
by attaching a mass 2m to the other end
the bug has a greater chance of surviving
of the rope. In Case II, the mass m is lifted
by pulling the other end of the rope with
a constant downward force F = 2mg. The
i) acceleration of mass m in Case I is:

ii)

1) in case (i) 1) zero

2) in case (ii) 2) more than that in Case II

3) in both cases 3) less than that in Case II

4) none of these 4) equal to that in Case II

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18. The figure shows the position-time (x-t) graph 21. A horizontal force of 10N is necessary to just
of one dimensional motion of a body of mass hold a block stationary against a wall. The
0.4 kg. The magnitude of each impulse is
coefficient of friction between the block and
the wall is 0.2. The weight of the block is

1) 0.4 N-S 2) 0.8 N-S

3) 1.6 N-S 4) 0.2 N-S

1) 2N 2) 20N
19. A rocket has a mass of 20000 kg of which
16000 kg is fuel. The rocket engine can 3) 50N 4) 100N
exhaust fuel at the rate of 200 kg/s with an
exhaust velocity of 3000 m/s relative to the 22. Which one of the following statements is not
correct ?
rocket. Find the net force acting on the rocket
10 second after blast off [Take g = 10 m/s2] 1) coefficient of sliding friction has dimensions
of length
1) 4.2 × 105 N 2) 6 × 105 N
2) rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction
3) 1.8 × 105 N 4) Zero
3) frictional force opposes the relative motion
20. A block is released on smooth inclined plane
of inclination θ . The time at which it will 4) limiting value of static friction is directly
reach bottom is: proportional to normal reaction

23. The coefficient of static friction between two

surfaces is m = 0.8. The tension in the string
shown in the figure is

1 2h 2 2h
1) 2)
sin θ g sin θ g

3 2h 4 2h 1) 0 2) 6 N
3) 4)
sin θ g sin θ g 3) 4 N 4) 8 N

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Assertion - Reason Type Questions 25. Assertion : A bullet is fired from a rifle,
the rifle recoils freely, the
1) Both assertion and reason are true and kinetic energy of bullet is
reason is correct explanation of assertion more than that of rifle

2) Both assertion and reason are true but Reason : In case of rifle bullet system,
the law of conservation of
reason is not correct explanation of assertion
momentum obeys
3) Assertion is true and reason is false Numerical Type Question

4) Assertion is false but reason is true 26. A system consisting of two blocks as shown
in figure moves over a horizontal smooth
24. Assertion : If the net external force on surface when a horizontal force of 10N
the body is zero, then its is applied on it. Find tension (in N) in the
connecting string neglecting friction
acceleration is zero

Reason : Acceleration does not

depend on force

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ANSWER KEY

LEVEL - I (HOMEWORK)

1. 2 7. 1 12. 2 17. 4 22. 3

2. 4 8. 4 13. 4 18. 3 23. 3

3. 2 9. 3 14. 3 19. 3 24. 4

4. 1 10. 3 15. 4 20. 2 25. 2

5. 2 11. 2 16. 1 21. 4 26. 1

6. 3
LEVEL - II & III

1. 4 7. 3 13. 2 19. 1 25. 2

2. 4 8. 2 14. 4 20. 1 26. 5

3. 2 9. 4 15. 1 21. 1

4. 1 10. 4 16. 3 22. 1

5. 4 11. 2 17. 3 23. 1

6. 2 12. 1 18. 2 24. 3

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 Chapter
WORK ENERGY POWER
05

SYNOPSIS

Work is said to be done when a force F displaces its point of application. Workdone is measured as
 
W = F ⋅ S = FScos θ .
Unit of work:- Joule (J) in SI and erg in CGS system. Gravitational unit of work is kg.m.

1kgm = 9.8 J

1 J = 107 ergs. Dimensions ML2T-2

 
If θ = 0 F and S are along the same direction. Work done W = FS is maximum.
 
If θ = 900, Fand S are perpendicular to each other. Work done by the force is zero. ie,

W FScos
= = θ 0
0
If θ < 90= , W FScos θ , work done is positive: work is said to be done by the force
0
If θ > 90= , W FScos θ , work done is negative: work is said to be done against the force

Retarding force performs negative work. Accelerating force performs positive work.

Calculation of work:
 
(i) For constant force, W= F ⋅ S

(ii) For uniformly varying force, W = Av. force × Displacement

 
(iii) For non-uniformly varying force and in general, W
= ∫ ⋅ ds
F

The area under force - displacement graph gives the work done.

Energy of a body is the capacity of doing work. It is measured in terms of work. So the units and
dimensions of energy are the same as those of work.

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Mechanical energy exists in two forms:

(1) Kinetic energy - possessed by virtue of motion

1 P2
KE
= =mv 2 [ P mv]
=
2 2m

Work - Energy Principle: W = ∆KE = Work done by all forces

(2) Potential energy is the energy possessed by virtue of position, or state of strain.

Gravitational PE = mgh. (by virtue of position)

1 2
Elastic PE (of a stretched spring or body) = kx - the energy possessed due to the state of strain
2
where k is the force constant (or, spring constant), x is the stretching length or strain produced.

F mg
k= =
x x

For an elastic spring the stretching force F = +kx

1 2
Work done in stretching = kx . This amount of work will be stored in the spring as its elastic PE.
2

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

Total energy is conserved in a mechanical system if the force acting is conservative.

ie; KE + PE = a constant.
 
W F⋅s  
Power is the rate of doing work P= = = F⋅ v .
t t
dW
If F is varying Pinst =
dt

Unit: - Watt (W) = Joule/s. Dimension ML2T-3

Kilowatt (kW) = 103 W

Another commonly used unit of power is horse power (HP)

1 HP = 746 W

Kilo watt - hour (kWh) is the commonly used unit of energy. It is the energy consumed at the rate
of 1 kJ/s in one hour.

∴ 1 kWh = 1000 x 60 x 60 J = 3.6 x 106 J

Energy in kWh = Power in kW x time in hour.

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COLLISION

Elastic and inelastic collisions.

Elastic collision 1. Total linear momentum is conserved

2. Total KE is conserved

3. TE is conserved

4. Forces involved during collision are conservative

In the case of a linear elastic collision

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

1 1 1 1
m1u12 + m 2 u 22 = m1v12 + m 2 v 22
2 2 2 2

2m 2 u 2 ( m1 − m 2 ) u1
Solving , =v1 + ........... (1)
m1 + m 2 ( m1 + m 2 )

2m1u1 ( m 2 − m1 ) u 2
=v2 + ............ ( 2 )
m1 + m 2 ( m1 + m 2 )
v2 - v1 = u1 - u2 ..................................(3)

Relative velocity of separation = Relative velocity of approach

Special cases

(1) If m1 = m2 v1 = u2, v2 = u1 velocities interchange after collision

(2) If m1 >> m2 and u2 = 0, then v1 = u1 and v2 = 2 u1

(3) If m1 << m2 and u2 = 0, then v1 = -u1 and v2 = 0

Inelastic collision

(1) Total Linear momentum is conserved

(2) Total energy is conserved

(3) There is a loss of KE

(4) Some or all the forces involved during collision are non-conservative.

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Coefficient of restitution

A ball moving with a velocity u1 collides inelastically with another body moving with a velocity u2 in
the same direction and after collision if their velocities are v1 and v2 respectively, then,

v 2 − v1= e ( u1 − u 2 ) where, e is the coefficient of restitution

v 2 − v1 relative velocity of separation

=e = ............ ( 4 )
u1 − u 2 relative velocity of approach

The values of e lies between 0 and 1.

When a ball falls on a hard floor from a height h1 with a velocity u and rebounds with a velocity v
v h2
to a height h2 then, it can be shown that e = ......... ( 5 ) and also, e = ............ ( 6 )
u h1

Conservation of energy

Total energy is conserved

When a mass m is fully converted into energy, the energy produced E = mc2

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

QUESTIONS 5. A block hangs freely from the end of a spring.

A boy then slowly pushes the block upwards
LEVEL - I [HOMEWORK]
 so that the spring becomes strain free. The
1. A force F = 8iˆ − 6ˆj − 10kˆ N produces an gain in gravitational potential energy of the
acceleration of 1ms–2 in a body. The mass of block during this process is equal to
the body is
1) Work done by the boy against the
1) 10kg 2) 10 2 kg
gravitational force acting on the
3) 10 3 kg 4) 200 kg block

2. A chord is used to lower vertically a block

2) Loss of energy stored in the spring minus
of mass M, a distance d at a constant
downward acceleration of g/4. Then the work the work done by the tension in the spring
done by the chord on the block is
3) Work done on the block by the boy plus
1) Mg d 4 the loss of energy stored in the spring

3Mg d 4) Work done on the block by the boy minus

2)
4 the work done by the tension in the spring

3) Mgd
6. A body of mass 1 kg is rotated in a horizontal
4) −3Mg d 4 circle of radius 1 m and moves with velocity
2m/sec. The work done in 10 revolutions is
3. A bus and a car, moving with the same speed
are brought to rest by applying the same
1) 40 J
retarding force then

1) Bus will come to rest in a shorter 2) 20 J

distance
3) 10 J
2) Car will come to rest in a shorter distance

3) Both will come to rest in the same time 4) zero

4) None of the above 7. A body moves a distance of 10m along

4. A bullet of mass m and velocity a is fired into a straightline under the action of a force
a large block of wood of mass M. The final of 5 newton. If the work done is 25 joule,
velocity of the system is , the angle which the force makes with the
Ma (m + M)a direction of motion of the body is ?
1) 2)
(M + m) m
1) 00 2) 500
(m + a) a ma
3) 4)
M (m + M) 3) 600 4) 900

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8. A particle moves along the x-axis from x = 0 12. A body dropped from a height 1m onto a floor
to x = 5m under the influence of a force given rises a height of 25 cm after the first rebound.
2 The coefficient of restitution is
by F =7 − 2x + 3x . The work done in the
process is 1) 3/4 2) 1/4

1) 70 J 2) 270 J 3) 1/2 4) 1/3

3) 35 J 4) 135 J 13. The displacement of a particle of mass 1kg

on a horizontal smooth surface is a function
9. A long spring is stretched by xcm. Its PE is 1 3
of time given by X = t .The work done by
U. If the spring is stretched by Nx cm the PE 3
stored in it will be an external agent for first one second is

1) U N 1) 0.5 J

2) 2 J
2) NU
3) 0.60 J
3) N2 U
4) None of these
4) U 2
N
14. A light and a heavy body have equal
10. The negative of the work done by the momentum. Which one of them has more
conservative internal force on a system KE?
always equal the change in
1) Light body
1) Total energy
2) Heavy body
2) kinetic energy 3) Both of them have same velocity

3) potential energy 4) Cannot be defined

4) None of these 15. During the compression of the spring, the

work done on the block by the spring
11. A particle moves in a circle of radius r under 1) Positive 2) Negative
−k
the action of a centripetal force equal to 2 r̂
r 3) Zero 4) Cannot say
,where k is a constant. The total energy of
16. The dimension of potential energy is
the particle is
1) [M L T-2]
k k 2) [M L2 T-2]
1) 2)
r 2r
3) [M L-2 T2 K-1]
−k −k
3) 4) 4) [M L3 T-4]
2r r

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17. The potential energy of a particle in a force 22. Two identical balls A and B having velocities
A B of 0.5m/s and –0.3 m/s respectively collide
field is U
= − where A and B are positive elastically in one dimension. The velocities
r2 r
of B and A after the collision respectively will
constants and r is the distance from the
be
centre of the field. For stable equilibrium the
1) –0.5 m/s and 0.3 m/s
distance of the particle is
2) 0.5 m/s and –0.3 m/s
B 2A 3) –0.3 m/s and 0.5 m/s
1) A 2)
2 B 4) 0.3 m/s and 0.5 m/s
A 23. A stationary particle explodes into two
3) 4) B A particles of masses m1 and m2 , which move
B
in opposite directions with velocities v1 and v2.
18. The potential energy of the system increases, The ratio of their kinetic energies E1/E2 is
if work is done m1v 2
1) 1 2)
1) By the system aginst a conservative force m 2 v1
2) By the system against a non-conservative m2 m1
force 3) 4)
m1 m2
3) Upon the system by a conservative force 24. The co-efficient of restitution e for a perfectly
4) Upon the system by a non-conservative elastic collision is
force 1) 1 2) Zero
19. A ball of mass 2kg and another of mass 3) ∞ 4) –1
4kg are dropped together from a 60 ft tall 25. A body of mass m moving with velocity 3km/h
building. After a fall of 30ft each towards collides with a body of mass 2m at rest. Now
earth, their respective kinetic energies will the coalesced mass starts to move with a
be in the ratio of velocity
1) 1 km/h 2) 2 km/h
1) 2 :1 2) 1 : 4
3) 3 km/h 4) 4 km/h
3) 1 : 2 4) 1: 2 Assertion and Reason Type Question
26. Assertion : A spring has potential energy,
20. Two bodies with kinetic energies in the ratio both when it is compressed
4:1 are moving with equal linear momentum. or stretched
The ratio of their masses is Reason : In compressing or stretching,
work is done on the spring
1) 1:2 2) 1:1 against restoring force.
3) 4:1 4) 1:4 1) Assertion is correct, reason is correct,
reason is the correct explanation for assertion
21. How much water a pump of 2kW can raise 2) Assertion is correct, reason is correct,
in one minute to a height of 10m? reason is not the correct explanation for
assertion.
1) 1000 L 2) 1200 L
3) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
3) 100 L 4) 2000 L 4) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

LEVEL - II 6. A bomb of mass 30 kg at rest explodes into

two pieces of masses 18 kg and 12 kg. The
1. A particle moves along the x-axis from
velocity of 18 kg mass is 6 ms–1. The KE of
x=1 to x=3m under the influence of a force
other mass is
F=3x2–2x+5 Newton. The work done in this
process is
1) 324 J 2) 486 J
1) 9 J 2) 28 J
3) 27 J 4) Zero 3) 256 J 4) 524 J

2. In which case, workdone will zero 7. The KE of a body decreases by 19%. What
1) A weight-lifter while holding a weight of is the percentage decrease in momentum?
100 kg on his shoulders for 1 min
1) 20% 2) 15%
2) A locomotive aganist gravity when it is
running on a level plane with a speed of
3) 10% 4) 5%
60 kmh-1
3) A person holding a suitcase on his head 8. A body of 5kg has momentum 10kg m/s.
and standing at a bus terminal When a force of 0.2N is applied on it for 10s,
4) All of the above what is the change in KE?
3. A truck of mass 1000 kg changes its speed
1) 2.2 J 2) 4.4 J
from 36 km/h to 72 km/h in 2 minutes. Thus
the work done by the engine on the track is
3) 3.3 J 4) 1.1 J
1) 2.5 × 10 J 5
2) 3.5 × 10 J
5

3) 1.5 × 10 J 5
4) 5.5 × 105 J 9. A 1 kg body is initially at rest. A constant
force of 1N acts on it for 10 seconds. Then
4. Two particles of masses m and 4m have the average power of the force is
linear momenta in the ratio of 2 : 1. What is
the ratio of their kinetic energies? 1) 5 W 2) 50 W
1) 5 2) 2
3) 10 W 4) 100 W
3) 4 4) 16
5. A force F acting on an object varies with 10. A spring has a potential energy 5600 J when
distance x as shown in fig. The work done it is stretched to 10 cm. Its spring constant is
by the force in moving the object from x = 0
to x = 6 m is 1) 1.12 × 104 N/m 2) 1.12 × 105 N/m

3) 1.12 × 106 N/m 4) 1.12 × 107 N/m

11. Calculate the K.E. and P.E. of the ball half

way up, when a ball of mass 0.1 kg is thrown
vertically upwards with an initial speed of
20 ms–1

1) 10 J, 20 J 2) 10 J, 10 J
1) 18 J 2)13.5 J
3) 9 J 4) 4.5 J 3) 15 J, 8 J 4) 8J, 16 J

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12. A body of mass m1 moving with a uniform 16. A rain drop of 1g falls from a height of 1km.
velocity of 40m/s collides with another of It hits the ground with speed of 50m/s. What
mass m2 at rest and then the two together is the work done by the air resistance on the
begin to move with a uniform velocity of drop?
30m/s. The ratio of their masses (m1/m2) is
1) 1.25 J 2) 8.75 J
1) 0.75 2) 4 3) –8.75 J 4) –1.25 J
3) 3 4) 1.33 17. The figure shows a particle sliding on a
13. A metal ball of mass 2 kg moving with a frictionless track which terminates in a straight
speed of 36 km/h suffers a head on collision horizontal section. If the particle starts slipping
with a stationary ball of mass 3 kg. If after from a point A, how far away from the track
the collision, the two balls move together, the will the particle hit the ground?
loss in KE due to collision is:
1) 40 J 2) 60 J
3) 100 J 4) 140 J
LEVEL - III
14. A bus of mass m kg is drawn up an inclined
road of inclination θ at a constant acceleration

a m/s2. If the coefficient of friction is µ , the 1) 0.5 m 2) 0.8m

3) 0.9m 4) 1m
work done by the engine in 10s starting from 18. An elastic spring of length  and force
rest is:
constant k is stretched through a small length
1) mg ( sin θ + µ cos θ ) x. It is further stretched by another small
length y. The work done in the second
2) 10 mg ( sin θ + µ cos θ ) stretching is:

1 2 1
1) ky 2) k ( x 2 + y2 )
3) 10 mg ( sin θ + a ) 2 2

1 1
k ( x + y) ky ( 2x + y )
2
4) 50 ma ( a + µg cos θ + g sin θ ) 3)
2
4)
2

15. A uniform chain of length  and mass m is 19. A running man has half the kinetic energy
of that of a boy of half of his mass. The man
lying on a smooth table. One third of the length speeds up by 1m/s so as to have same kinetic
of the chain is hanging vertically down over energy as that of the boy. The original speed
the edge. Work required to pull the hanging of the man will be
part of the chain on the table is:

1)
mg
2) mg
 1) 2 m/s 2) ( )
2 − 1 m/s
3 6
1 1
3) m/s 4) m/s
3) mg

4) mg
 ( 2 −1 ) 2
9 18

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

20. A car is moving with constant acceleration ‘a’ 23. A body falls on a floor from a height of 10m and
along a rough road. The coefficient of friction rebounds to a height of 2.5m. The percentage
of loss of KE is:
between the tyres and the road is . The
power delivered by the engine at time t from 1) 50% 2) 25%

the start is: 3) 75% 4) 60%

24. A string of a pendulum of length  is displaced

1) ma2 t
through 900 from the vertical and released.
2) µ ma gt Then the minimum strength of the string in
order to withstand the tension as the pendulum
passes through mean position.
3) µm ( a + µg ) t
1) mg 2) 2mg
4) m ( a + µg ) at 3) 3mg 4) 4mg
21. Power supplied to a particle of mass 3kg Assertion Reason type Questions
3 2
varies with time as P = t W . Where t is in 1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
2
seconds. Velocity of the particle at t = 0 is
2) Both Assertion and Reason are wrong
zero, then the velocity of the particle at t = 3s
will be: 3) Assertion is correct and Reason is wrong

1) 4ms–1 2) 3ms–1 4) Assertion is wrong and Reason is correct

25. Assertion : The work done in moving a

3) 2ms–1 4) 1ms–1
body over a closed loop is
22. A ball of mass ‘m’ is dropped from height ‘h’ on zero for every force in nature
a platform fixed at the top of a vertical spring. Reason : Work done depends on
The platform is depressed by a distance ‘X’. nature of force
What is the spring constant ? 26. Assertion : Workdone by friction is
always negative
Reason : If frictional force acts on a
body is kinetic energy may
decrease
Numerical Type Questions
27. The power supplied by a force acting on a
particle moving in a straight line is constant.
The velocity of the particle varies with the
displacement x is x1/n. Find the value of n.
2mgh 2mg
1) 2) 28. A bullet fired into a fixed target loses half of
x x its velocity after penetrating 3 cm. How much
2mg 2mg ( h + x ) further it will penetrate before coming to
3) 4) rest (in cm), assuming that it faces cosntant
(h + x)
2
x2 resistance to motion?

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ANSWER KEY

LEVEL - I (HOMEWORK)

1. 2 7. 3 12. 3 17. 2 22. 3

2. 4 8. 4 13. 1 18. 1 23. 3
3. 2
9. 3 14. 1 19. 3 24. 1
4. 4
10. 3 15. 2 20. 4 25. 1
5. 3
6. 4 11. 3 16. 2 21. 2 26. 1

LEVEL - II & III

1. 2 7. 3 13. 2 19. 3 25. 4

2. 4 8. 2 14. 4 20. 4 26. 4
3. 3 9. 1 15. 4 21. 2 27. 3
4. 4 10. 3 16. 3 22. 4 28. 1
5. 2 11. 2 17. 4 23. 3
6. 2 12. 3 18. 4 24. 3

109
 Chapter
SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND
06 RIGID BODY ROTATION

SYNOPSIS
Rigid body
• Ideally a rigid body is a body with a perfectly definite and unchanging shape
• The distance between different pairs of such a body do not change
• No real body is truly rigid
Centre of Mass
• The centre of mass of a body is a point where the whole mass of the body is supposed to be
concentrated
• Position vector of the centre of mass
  
 m r + m r + ....... + m r
rcm = 1 1 2 2 n n
m1 + m 2 + ...... + m n

• Co-ordinates of the centre of mass

m1x1 + m 2 x 2 + ...... + m n x n
X cm =

m1 + m 2 + ...... + m n

m1 y1 + m 2 y 2 + ...... + m n y n
Ycm =
m1 + m 2 + ...... + m n

m1z1 + m 2 z 2 + ...... + m n z n
Zcm =
m1 + m 2 + ...... + m n

• The sum of the moments of masses of all the particles of the body about the centre of mass is
zero
n

∑m r = 0
i =1
i i

• =
Centre of mass of a continuous mass distribution X cm
∫=
Xdm
,Y
∫=
Ydm
,Z
∫ Zdm
cm cm
∫ dm ∫ dm ∫ dm

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Centre of mass of two particle system

 m2   m1 
r1 =   d ; r2 =  d
 m1 + m 2   m1 + m 2 

• The position of centre of mass of a body depends on the shape, size and distribution of mass
within the body

• The centre of mass does not lie necessarily within the object

• In symmetrical bodies with homogeneous distribution of mass centre of mass coincides with the
geometrical centre

• The centre of mass changes its position in translatory motion but remains unchanged in rotatory
motion

• The centre of gravity has no relevance where there is no force of gravity, where as the centre of
mass is independent of gravitational forces
Centre of mass of some homogeneous bodies

A triangular plate

at the centroid

A rectangular plate

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

A semi-circular ring

A semi-circular disc

4R
Y=
3π

A hemispherical shell

R
Y=
2

A solid hemisphere

3R
Y=
8

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

A circular Cone

h
Y=
4

A circular Cone

h
Y=
3

Motion of Centre of Mass

• Velocity of centre of mass

  
 m1 V1 + m 2 V2 + ........ + m n Vn
V cm =
m1 + m 2 + ....... + m n

• Acceleration of centre of mass

  
 m1 a1 + m 2 a 2 + ........ + m n a n
a cm =
m1 + m 2 + ....... + m n

• Total momentum of the system of particles

 
P = MV cm

• The centre of mass of the system of particles moves as if all the mass of the system was concen-
trated at the centre of mass and all the external forces were applied at that point.
 
Ma cm = Fext

• When no external force acts on a body its centre of mass will remain either at rest or move with
a constant velocity.

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Moment of Inertia
• Moment of inertia gives a measurement of the resistance of a body to a change in its rotational
motion.
• Moment of inertia of a body about an axis depends on the mass as well as its distribution about
that axis.
• For a single particle of mass m rotating about an axis at a distance r from the axis
I = mr2
• For a system of particles about an axis I = ∑ mr 2

∫
2
• For a rigid body rotating about an axis I = r dm

• Radius of gyration of a body about an axis may be defined as the distance from the axis to a mass
point whose mass is equal to the mass of the whole body and whose moment of inertia is equal
to the moment of inertia of the body about the axis.
Parallel Axes Theorem
The moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia of the
body about a parallel axis passing through its centre of mass and the product of its mass and the
square of the distance between two parallel axes.

=I Icm + Ma 2

Perpendicular Axes Theorem

Moment of inertia of a planar body (lamina) about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to
the sum of its moments of inertia about two perpendicular axes cuncurrent with the perpendicular
axis and lying in the plane of the lamina.

I=
Z IX + IY

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Moment of inertia of some regular shaped bodies about specific axes

Body Axis Moment of Inertia

Passing through centre and
a) MR 2
perpendicular to the plane
Thin circular ring of radius R
MR 2
b) Diameter
2
Passing through centre and MR 2
a)
perpendicular to the plane 2
Circular disc of radius R
MR 2
b) Diameter
4

Passing through mid point and ML2

a)
perpendicular to length 12
Uniform thin rod of length L
Passing through one end and ML2
b)
perpendicular to length 3
2
Solid sphere of radiur R a) Diameter MR 2
5
2
Hollow sphere of radius R a) Diameter MR 2
3

a) Axis of cylinder MR2

Hollow cylinder of radius R
and length L Passing through centre and  L2 R 2 
b) M + 
perpendicular to length 12 4 

MR 2
a) Axis of the cylinder
2
Solid cylinder of radius R and
length L
Passing through centre and  L2 R 2 
b) M + 
perpendicular to length 12 4 
Thin rectangular plate of Axis passing through centre and M 2 2
a)  I + b 
length l and breadth b perpendicular to its plane 12 

Axis passing through centre and Ma 2

Thin square plate of side a a)
perpendicular to plane 6

Axis joining vertex to the 3

Cone of radius R a) MR 2
centre of the base 10

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Torque
• Torque or moment of force is the rotational analogue of force
• Torque or the moment of force about a point is measured as the product of force and the
perpendicular distance from the point to the line of action of the force
  
=τ rFsin θ ; τ = r × F

• Torque is related to angular acceleration as τ = I ∝

Angular Momentum
• Angular momentum is the rotational analogue of linear momentum
• =
Angular momentum L rp sin θ

  
L = r×p

dA
• Geometrical meaning of angular momentum L = 2m
dt

• Angular momentum of a rotating rigid body L = Iω

dL
• Relation between torque and angular momentum τ =
dt

Kinematic Equations of Rotational Motion

ωt = ω0 + ∝ t

1
θ = ω0 t + ∝ t 2
2

ωt 2 = ω0 2 +2 ∝ θ

Conservation of angular momentum

In the absence of an external torque, the angular momentum of the rotating system is conserved.
When I = 0 L = Iw = constant

I1ω1 = I 2 ω2

1 2
• Kinetic energy of a rotating rigid body KE
= Iω
2

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Analogy between translational motion and rotational motion

Translational Motion Rotational Motion

 
1. Linear displacement r 1. Angular displacement θ

 
2.  dr 2.  d θ
Linear velocity V = Angular velocity ω =
dt dt

 
3.  dv 3.  d ω
Linear Acceleration a = Angular acceleration ∝ =
dt dt
4. Time t 4. Time t
5. Mass m 5. Moment of inertia I
   
6. Linear momentum p = mv 6. Angular momentum L = Iω
   
7. Linear impulse F × ∆t = ∆p 7. Angular impulse τ× ∆t = ∆ L
   
8. Force F = ma 8. Torque τ = I∝
   
9. W= F ⋅ s W = τ⋅θ

10. 1 10. 1 2
KE = mv 2 KE
= Iω
2 2
   
11. Power P= F ⋅ v 11. Power P = τ ⋅ ω

12. Kinematic equations 12. Kinematics equations

V= u + at w=
t w0 + ∝ t
2
S= ut + 1 2 at θ = ω0 t + 1 2 ∝ t 2
V2 − u 2 =2as ω2t − ω02 = 2 ∝ θ
a ∝
Sn =U + ( 2n − 1) θn =ω0 + ( 2n − 1)
2 2

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QUESTIONS 5. Two spheres of masses 2M and M are initially

LEVEL - I [HOMEWORK] at rest at a distance R apart. Due to mutual

force of attraction, they approach each other.
R
1. A point object of mass m is kept at (a, 0) When they are at separation , the
along x-axis. What mass should be kept at 2
acceleration of their centre of mass will be
(–3a, 0), so that centre of mass lies at origin?
1) m 2) 2m 1) zero

m 2) g m/s2
3) 4) 3m
3 3) 3g m/s2
4) 12g m/s2
2. Consider a system of two identical particles.
6. Moment of inertia of a uniform circular ring
One of the particles is at rest and the other
 about its diameter is l. Its moment of inertia
has an acceleration f . The centre of mass
has an acceleration about an axis parallel to its plane and pass-
 ing through a point on its rim will be
1) Zero 2) f
 1) 3l 2) 4l
f 
3) 4) 2f 3) 5l 4) 6l
2
7. The moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod of
3. A shell following a parabolic path explodes mass M and length L about an axis passing
somewhere in its flight. The centre of mass through its midpoint and perpendicular to
of fragments will move in its length is l0. Its moment of inertia about
an axis passing through one of its ends and
1) Vertical direction
perpendicular to its length is
2) Any direction
ML2
3) Horizontal direction 1) l0 + ML
2
2) l0 +
2
4) Same parabolic path
ML2 2
4. Two skaters A and B, having masses 50 kg 3) l0 + 4) l0 + 2 ML
4
and 70 kg respectively, stand facing each
other 6m apart on a horizontal smooth 8. Moment of inertia of a straight thin rod of mass
M and length L about an axis perpendicular
surface. They pull on a rope stretched
to its length and passing through its one end
between them. How far does each move is:
before they meet
ML2 ML2
1) both move 3m 1) 2)
12 3
2) A moves 2.5m and B moves 3.5m
3) A moves 3.5m and B moves 2.5m ML2
3) 4) ML2
4) A moves 1.5m and B moves 4.5m 2

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

9. A uniform bar of mass M and length L is bent 13. A particle of mass m and radius of gyration
to make an equilateral triangle. Calculate the K is rotating with an angular acceleration α.
radius of gyration of the structure about an The torque acting on the particle is
axis passing through the centre of mass and
perpendicular to the plane of the triangle 1
1) mK 2 α 2
2) mK α
2
L 5
1) 2) L
54 2
mK 2 1
3) 4) mK 2 α 2
L L α 4
3) 4)
2 2 3
14. The angular momentum of a 10g particle
10. Three identical thin rods, each of mass m moving with velocity 5iˆ ms-1 and having
and length l are joined to form an equilateral
triangular fame. The radius of gyration of the
( )
position vector 10iˆ + 6ˆj metre about the
origin is
frame about an axis parallel to its one side
and passing through opposite vertex 1) -0.1 k̂ 2) -0.2 k̂

5 5 3) -0.3 k̂ 4) -0.4 k̂
1)  2) 
4 12
15. The angular velocity of a body changes from
ω1 to ω2 without applying torque but by
1 1
3)  4)  changing moment of inertia. The ratio of
12 6
initial radius of gyration to the final radius of
gyration is
11. A cylinder of mass 500 gm and radius 10 cm
has moment of inertia about its natural axis
2 2
equal to 1) ω1 : ω2 2) ω1 : ω2

1) 1.5 × 10–3 kgm2 3) ω2 : ω1 4) ω2 : ω1

2) 2.5 × 10–3 kgm2 16. A flywheel rotating about a fixed axis has
a kinetic energy of 360 J. When its angular
3) 5.5 × 10–3 kgm2 speed is 30 rad/ s The moment of inertia of
the wheel about the axis of
4) 7.5 × 10–3 kgm2
1) 0.6 kg m2 2) 0.15 kg m2
12. A stone attached to one end of a string, is
3) 0.8 kgm2 4) 0.75 kgm2
revolved around a stick so that the string
winds upon the stick and gets shortened. 17. A mass m is moving with a constant velocity
Which of the following is conserved? parallel to the x-axis. Its angular momentum
w.r.t the origin
1) Angular momentum
1) remains constant
2) K E
2) goes on increasing
3) Linear momentum 3) goes on decreasing
4) All of these 4) is zero

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18. A tangential force F acts at the rim of a ring 23. A constant torque acting on a uniform circular
of radius R and causes the ring to turn wheel changes its angular momentum from
through an angle θ .The work done by the A0 to 4A0 in 4 seconds. The magnitude of this
force will be
torque is
FR 3A 0
1) 2) FRθ
θ 1) 2) A0
4
−FR
3) 4) –FRθ 3) 4A0 4) 12A0
θ
19. When a torque applied on a system is zero,
24. An angular impulse of 20 Nms is applied to
which of the following will be constant?
a hollow cylinder of mass 2 kg and radius 20
1) Moment of inertia
cm. The change in its angular speed is
2) Angular velocity
1) 25 rad/s
3) Kinetic energy
2) 2.5 rad/s
4) Moment of linear momentum

20. The angular speed of a fly-wheel making 120 3) 250 rad/s

revolutions/minute is
2 4) 2500 rad/s
1) 4π rad/s 2) 4π rad/s

3) π rad/s 4) 2π rad/s 25. In the arrangement shown, MA = 2 kg and

MB = 1 kg. String is light and inextensible.

21. If the angular momentum of a rotating body
about an axis is increased by 10%. Its kinetic Find the acceleration of COM of both the
energy increases by blocks

1) 10 % 2) 21%

3) 30% 4) 20%

22. If torque and force acting upon a system is

zero, the quantity that remains constant are

1) Force

2) Linear momentum g g
1) 2)
3) Angular momentum
3 6

g g
4) Both 2 and 3 3) 4)
9 2

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26. A solid sphere of mass 2 kg and radius 1m is LEVEL - II

free to rotate about an axis passing through 1. A uniform square plate abcd has a mass of
1 kg. If two point masses each of 20g are
its centre. Find a constant tangential force
placed at the corners b and c as shown, then
F required to rotate the sphere with 10 rad/s the centre of mass shifts on the line
in 2s, starting from rest

1) 2N 2) 8N

3) 10N 4) 4N

27. Two discs A and B with moment of inertia

I and 2I are mounted co-axially on a vertical 1) OW
2) OX
axis. Disc A is imparted an initial angular
3) OY
velocity 2ω and disc B is imparted an initial
4) OZ
angular velocity ω . Both the discs are
rotating in clockwise direction. If disc B is 2. Three particles each of mass m gram are
situated at the vertices of an equilateral
brought in contact with disc A, they acquire triangle ABC of side 1cm as shown in figure.
a common angular velocity in time t. The The moment of inertia of the system about a
line AX perpendicular to AB and in the plane
average frictional torque in this time. of ABC in gram - cm2 will be

Iω 2Iω
1) 2)
t 3t

Iω Iω
3) 4)
2t 3t
28. A circular disc is rotating with angular velocity
ω . If a man sitting at the edge walks towards
the centre of disc, the angular velocity will 5 2
1) ml
4
1) decrease
3 2
2) ml
2) increase 2
3 2
3) remain same 3) ml
4

4) may increase or decrease 4) 2 ml2

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3. Moment of inertia of a thin uniform circular 7. The MI of a body about a given axis is
ring of radius ‘R’ and mass ‘m’ about a chord 1.2 kgm2 . Initially the body is at rest In order
of length R is .............
to produce a rotational KE of 1500 J, an
5 angular acceleration of 25 rads-2 must be
1) 4 mR2 2) mR 2
4 applied about that axis for a duration of
3 7
3) mR 2 4) mR 2 1) 4 s 2) 2 s
2 2
3) 8 s 4) 10 s
4. Moment of inertia of a uniform circular disc
about a diameter is I. Its moment of inertia 8. A thin circular ring of mass M and radius r is
about an axis perpendicular to its plane and rotating about its axis with a constant angular
passing through a point on its rim will be velocity ω . Two objects, each of mass m,
1) 5I 2) 3I are attached gently to the opposite ends of
the diameter of the ring. The wheel now
3) 6I 4) 4I
rotates with an angular velocity
5. Moment of inertia of solid sphere about a
diameter is I. What will be the moment of m
1) ω
inertia of spherical shell of same mass and M+m
radius about a diameter
m + 2M
2 I 2) ω
1) I 2) M
3 3
M
3) ω
M + 2m

5 3
3) I 4) I m − 2M
3 5 4) ω
M

6. When a ceiling fan is switched off its angular LEVEL - III

velocity reduces to 50% while it makes 36
9. Two bodies of masses 2 kg and 4 kg are
rotations. How many more rotation will it moving with velocities 20 m/s and 10 m/s
make before coming to rest (Assume uniform respectively towards each other due to
angular retardation) mutual gravitational attraction. What is the
velocity of their centre of mass?
1) 12
1) 5.3 ms-1
2) 24 2) 6.4 ms­-1
3) 18 3) zero

4) 30 4) 8.1 ms-1

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10. A child is standing at one end of a long 13. A thin rod of length L and mass M is bent
trolley moving with a speed v on a smooth at its mid point into two halves so that the
horizontal track. If the child starts running
angle between them is 900. The moment of
towards the other end of the trolley with a
inertia of the bent rod about an axis passing
speed u, the centre of mass of the system
(trolley + child) will move with a speed through the bending point and perpendicular
to the plane defined by the two halves of the
1) zero 2) (v + u) rod is

3) v 4) (v – u)
ML2 ML2
1) 2)
11. AB and CD are two identical rods each of 24 12
length l and mass m joined to form a cross.
The moment of inertia of these two roads
about a bisector XY of the angle between ML2 2ML2
3) 4)
the rods is 6 24

14. Two persons of equal height are carrying a

long uniform wooden beam of length l. They
 
are at a distance and from nearest
4 6
ends of the rod. The ratio of normal reactions
at their heads

3 4
1) 2)
m 2 m 2 4 3
1) 2)
2 4
m 2 m 2 2 3
3) 4) 3) 4)
6 12 3 2
12. Three identical thin rods each of length l and
15. A meter stick is held vertically with one end
mass M are joined together to form a letter
of it on the floor and is then allowed to fall.
H. The moment of inertia of the system about
Find the speed of other end which it hits the
one of the sides of H is
floor (assuming that the end of stick does not
slip)
M 2 M 2
1) 2) 1) 3.2 m/s
3 4
2) 5.4 m/s

3) 7.5 m/s
2M 2 4M 2
3) 4)
3 3 4) 9.2 m/s

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1 19. A uniform stick of length  and mass m lies

16. If the earth suddenly shrinks to of its
8 on a smooth table. It rotates with angular
original volume without change in mass, the velocity ω about an axis perpendicular to
duration of day becomes the table and through one end of the stick.
The angular momentum of the stick about
1) 12 hrs 2) 3 hrs the end is
3) 6 hrs 4) 18 hrs
2
1) m ω
17. A uniform rod of mass m and length L is
suspended with two massless strings as m 2 ω
2)
shown in figure. If the rod is at rest in 3
horizontal position, the ratio of tension in m 2 ω
T1 3)
strings is 12
T2
m 2 ω
4)
6
20. A particle is rotating with constant angular
acceleration on a circular track. If its angular
velocity changes from 20π rad/s to
40π rad/s in 10s, the number of rotation that
the particle has completed during this time

1) 100
3
1) 2 2) 2) 150
2
4 5 3) 250
3) 4)
3 3
4) 1000
18. A particle of mass 1 kg is moving along the
line y = x + 2 (x and y in m) with speed 2m/s. Numerical Type Question
The magnitude of angular momentum of
particle about origin. 21. A metre stick is balanced on a knife edge at
its centre. When two coins each of mass 5
2 −1
1) 4 kg m2s–1 2) 2 2 kg m s gm are put one on top of other at the 12.0
cm mark, the stick is found to be balanced
2 −1
3) 4 2 kg m s 4) 2 kg m2 s-1 at 45.0 cm. The mass of the metre stick is

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL - I (HOMEWORK)

1. 3 7. 3 13. 2 19. 4 24. 3

2. 3 8. 2 14. 3 20. 1 25. 3
3. 4 9. 1 15. 3
21. 2 26. 4
4. 3 10. 2 16. 3
22. 4 27. 2
5. 1 11. 2 17. 1
6. 1 12. 1 18. 2 23. 1 28. 2

LEVEL - II & III

1. 3 5. 3 9. 3 13. 2 17. 1

6. 1 10. 3 14. 3 18. 2

2. 1
19. 2
3. 2 7. 2 11. 4 15. 2
20. 2
4. 3 8. 3 12. 4 16. 3
21. 66

125
 Chapter
GRAVITATION
07

SYNOPSIS
Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• The force between two masses m1 and m 2 separated by a distance r
m1 m 2
F=G
r2
• G is the universal gravitational constant.
• G = 6.67x10-11 Nm2kg-2
• Dimensional formula of G is M-1L3T-2
Properties of Gravitational Force
• Always attractive.
• Independent of medium.
• Two body interaction. i.e., independent of the presence or absence of other bodies.
• Action reaction pair.
• Central force.
• Conservative force.
• Holds good over a wide range of distances.
Acceleration Due to Gravity (g)
• The uniform acceleration produced in a freely falling body due to the gravitational pull of earth.
• Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth,
GM
g=
R2
M – mass of earth, R - radius of earth
Variation of g

1. Due to the shape of earth

1
g∝
R2
Since polar radius is less than equatorial radius, g is more at the poles than at the equator.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

2. With latitude
g′ = g − Rω2 cos 2 λ
ω – angular velocity of earth, λ – latitude

3. With altitude
Acceleration due to gravity at a height h above the earth surface,
g
g′ =
(1 + h / R )
2

if h << R
 2h 
g′ g  1 − 
=
 R 
4. With depth
Acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below the earth surface,
 d
g′ g  1 − 
=
 R
Gravitational Field
• Gravitational field of a body is the space around the body where its gravitational influence is felt.
Intensity of Gravitational Field (I)
• Intensity of gravitational field at a point is the force experienced by a body of unit mass placed at
that point.
Gravitational intensity at a point due to a point mass
• Gravitational intensity at a distance r from a point mass M,
GM
I=
r2
• Intensity of gravitational field at a point on the surface of earth,
GM
=I = g
R2
Gravitational Potential (V)
• Gravitational potential at a point is the work done in bringing unit mass from infinity to that point.
• It is also measured as the potential energy per unit mass at that point.
Gravitational potential at a point due to a point mass
• Gravitational potential at a distance r from a point mass M,
−GM
V=
r

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Intensity and Potential due to a Sphere

Body Position of Gravitational Intensity Gravitational Potential

Point

GM −GM
r>R I= V=
r2 r

GM −GM
r=R I= V=
R2 R
Solid sphere (Mass M
and radius R) GMr −GM ( 3R 2 − r 2 )
r<R I= V=
R3 2R 3

−3GM
r=0 I=0 V=
2R

GM −GM
r>R I= V=
r2 r

GM −GM
r=R I= V=
Hollow sphere (Mass R2 R
M and radius R)
−GM
r<R I=0 V=
R
−GM
r=0 I=0 V=
R

Gravitational Potential Energy

• Gravitational PE of a mass at a point = Gravitational Potential x Mass of body
−GMm
U=
r

−GMm
• Gravitational PE of a body of mass m on the surface of earth, U = = −mgR
R
Satellite
GM GM gR 2
• Orbital velocity of a satellite,=
ν0 = =
r (R + h) (R + h)
GM
• If the orbit is close to the earth (minimum orbit), =
ν0 = = 7.92 kms −1
gR
R
• The velocity corresponding to minimum orbit is called first cosmic velocity.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

r3
• Time period of a satellite, T = 2π
GM
• A satellite which revolves around the earth with the same angular speed in the same direction as
that of earth is called geostationary satellite.
• Time period of geostationary satellite is 24 hours.
• The orbit of geostationary satellite is called parking orbit.
Energy of Satellite
−GMm
• Potential energy of the satellite, PE =
r
GMm
• Kinetic energy of the satellite, KE =
2r
−GMm
• Total energy of the satellite, TE =
2r
+GMm
• Binding energy of the satellite, BE =
r
Escape Velocity
• The minimum velocity with which a body must be projected so that it may escape from the
gravitational field of earth is called escape velocity from the earth.
• Escape velocity from the surface of earth,
2GM
=
νe = = 11.2 kms −1
2gR
R
• Escape velocity of a body from the surface of earth is called second cosmic velocity.
• If a body is projected with a velocity > , it will move in the interstellar space with,

ν′ = ν 2 − ν e2

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

First Law (Law of Orbits)
• Every planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit with sun at one of the foci.
Second Law (Law of Area)
• The line joining the planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time i.e., the
areal velocity of planet around the sun is constant.
Third Law (Law of period)
• The square of the time period of revolution of a planet around the sun is directly proportional to
the cube of the semi major axis.
T2 ∝ a3

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

QUESTIONS 6. If a planet consists of a satellite whose mass

and radius were both half that of the earth,
LEVEL - I [HOMEWORK]
the acceleration due to gravity at its surface
would be
1. Two point masses at a given distance exert a
gravitational interaction force on each other 1) 4.9 m/s2
equal to F. If one mass is doubled, the other 2) 9.8 m/s2
is halfed, and the distance between them is
doubled the resulting interaction force is 3) 19.6 m/s2
1) F/2 2) F/4 4) 29.4 m/s2
3) 2F 4) 4F 7. Assuming the earth to have a constant
2. The ratio between the values of acceleration density, point out which of the following
due to gravity at a height 1km above and curves shows the variation of acceleration
at a depth 1km below the earth’s surface is due to gravity from the centre of earth to the
(Radius of earth = R) points far away from the surface of earth
R −2 R
1) 2)
R −1 R −1

R −2 1)
3) 4) 1
R

3. If earth is supposed to be sphere of radius R,

if g30 is value of acceleration due to gravity
at latitude of 30o, then the value of g - g30 is

1 2 3 2
1) ωR 2) ωR
4 4

1 2 2)
2
3) ω R 4) ωR
2

4. At what height the gravitational field reduces

by 75% the gravitational field at the surface
of earth ?

1) R 2) 2R

3) 3R 4) 4R 3)

5. Weight of a body is maximum at

1) poles 2) equator

3) centre of earth 4) at latitude 45o 4) None of these

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

8. If M is the mass of earth and R its radius, 13. Two planets have radii r 1 and r 2 and
the ratio of gravitational acceleration and densities d1 and d2 respectively. The ratio of
gravitational constant is acceleration due to gravity on them will be

1) r1d1: r2d2 2) r1d2: r2d1

R2 M
1) 2) 3
M R 3) r1: r2 4) d1: d2
M 14. The weight of a body on surface of earth is
3) MR2 4)
R2 12.6 N. When it is raised to a height half the
radius of earth, its weight will be
9. A body is taken from equator to the poles,
its weight 1) 2.8 N 2) 5.6 N
3) 12.6N 4) 25.2 N
1) remains same
15. The height at which the acceleration due to
2) increases gravity becomes g/9 (where g = acceleration
due to gravity on the surface of the earth) in
3) decreases terms of R, the radius of the earth, is
4) become zero
1) R 2) R/2
2
10. If G is universal gravitational constant and g
is acceleration due to gravity, then the unit 3) R 2 4) 2R
g
of the quantity is 16. At what depth below the surface of the
G earth acceleration due to gravity will be half
1) kgm2 2) kgm-2 its value 1600 km above the surface of the
earth ?
3) kgm-1 4) kgm-3
1) 4.3×106 m 2) 2.4×106 m
11. A man weighs 80 kg on earth surface. The
height above ground where he will weigh 3) 3.2×106 m 4) 1.6×106 m
40 kg is (r = radius of earth 6400 km) 17. In a gravitational field, if a body is bound with
earth, then total mechanical energy is
1) 0.31 times r
1) positive
2) 0.41 times r 2) zero

3) 0.51 times r 3) negative

4) 0.61 times r 4) may be positive regular or zero

18. If ‘V’ is the gravitational potential on the

12. The acceleration due to gravity at the poles
surface of the earth, then what is its value
and at the equator is gp and ge respectively.
at the centre of the earth ?
Then gp – ge is given by
1) 2V 2) 3V
2
1) Rω 2) Rω
3 2
3) V 4) V
2
3) R ω 4) R ω
2 2
2 3

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

19. 3 particles each of mass ‘M’ are kept at 24. The potential energy of an object of mass m
vertices of an equilateral triangle of side ‘L’. at a height R above the surface of the earth
The gravitational field at centre due to these
particles is (where R is the radius of earth) is

3GM 1) –mgR
1) zero 2)
L2 mgR
2) −
9GM 12GM 2
3) 4)
L2 3 L2 mgR
3) −
20. Energy required in moving a body of mass 3
m from a distance 2R to 3R from centre of mgR
earth of mass M is 4) −
4
GMm GMm
1) 2)
12 R 2 3R 2 25. When a body is lifted from surface of earth
GMm GMm to a height equal to radius of earth, then the
3) 4)
8R 6R change in its PE, is

21. The gravitational potential energy of a body 1) mgR

of mass ‘m’ at a distance ‘r’ from the centre
of the earth is ‘U’. What is the weight of the 2) 2mgR
body at this distance?
mgR
1) U 2) Ur 3)
2
U U 4) 4mgR
3) 4)
2r r
26. Unit of gravitational potential is
22. The gravitational potential energy of an
isolated system of three particles, each of 1) Joule
mass m, at the three corners of an equilateral
triangle of side l is: 2) Joule/kilogram
2 2
Gm Gm
1) − 2) − 3) Joule kilogram
l 2l
4) None of these
2Gm 2 3Gm 2
3) − 4) −
l l 27. Inside a uniform shell

23. The kinetic energy needed to project a body 1) potential energy is zero
of mass m from the earth surface (radius R)
to infinity is 2) potential is zero

1) mgR/2 2) 2mgR 3) potential is constant

3) mgR 4) mgR/4 4) all of the above

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

28. The diagram showing the variation of 30. At what angle with the horizontal should a
gravitational potential of earth with distance projectile be fired with the escape velocity
from the centre of earth is to enable it escape from gravitational pull of
the earth
1) less than 45o 2) 45o
3) more than 45o 4) any angle
1)
31. The escape velocity of a particle of mass ‘m’
varies as
1) m2 2) m
3) mo 4) m–1
32. The change in potential energy when a body
2) of mass m is raised to a height nR from
earth’s surface is (R = radius of the earth)
n
1) mgR 2) mgR
n −1

n n2
3) mgR 4) mgR
n +1 n −1

3) 33. Gravitational potential energy of two point

masses M and m separated by a distance
‘R’ is given by
−GMm GMm
1) 2)
R R

−GMm GMm
3) 4)
2R 2R
4)
34. A satellite orbiting around earth of radius
R is shifted to an orbit of radius 2 R. How
many times the time taken for one revolution
increase?
1) 2.5 2) 2
29. Four particles each of mass m are placed at
3) 2.8 4) 8
the vertices of a square of side  . The
potential at the centre of square is 35. Force on a 1 kg mass on earth of radius R is
10 N. Then the force on a satellite revolving
Gm Gm around the earth in the mean orbital radius
1) −2 2) −3 2
  3 R/2 will be (mass of satellite is 100 kg)

1) 4.44 x 102 N 2) 3.33 x 102 N

Gm Gm
3) −2 2 4) −4 2 3) 500 N 4) 6.66 x 102 N
 

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

36. For a satellite moving in an orbit around the 41. There are two planets. The ratio of radius of
earth, the ratio of kinetic energy to potential the two planets is K, but ratio of acceleration
energy is due to gravity of both planets is g. What will
be the ratio of their escape velocity?
1) 1 2) 2 1) (Kg)1/2 2) (Kg)–1/2
2
3) (Kg)2 4) (Kg)–2
3) 2 4) 1/2
42. Earth is revolving around the sun. If the
37. For a satellite orbiting very close to earth’s distance of the earth from the sun is reduced
surface, total energy is to 1/4th of the present distance then the
present year length reduced to
1) Zero
1) 1/4 2) 1/2
GMm
2) 3) 1/8 4) 1/6
R
43. Reason of weightlessness in a satellite is
−GMm
3)
R 1) zero gravity

−GMm 2) no atmosphere
4)
2R
3) zero reaction force by satellite surface
38. An artificial satellite moving in a circular orbit
4) distance from the planet is very large
around the earth has total mechanical energy
E0. Its potential energy is 44. If the speed of a planet around the sun at a
distance r1 from the sun is v1, then its speed
1) -2E0 2) 2E0
at a distance r2 is
3) E0 4) E0/2
1) 2v1
39. The radius in kilometers, to which the present
radius of the earth (R = 6400 km) to be 2) v1r1/r2
compressed so that the escape velocity is
3) v1r1/2
increased 10 times, is

1) 6.4 2) 64 4) 2v1r1/r2

3) 640 4) 4800 45. A satellite is revolving in a circular orbit of

radius r around the earth of mass M. Time
40. The mass of a planet is six times that of the of revolution of satellite is
earth. The radius of the planet is twice that
of the earth. If the escape velocity from the r5 r3
earth is v, then the escape velocity from the 1) T ∝ 2) T ∝
GM GM
planet is

1) 3v 2) 2v r GM
3) T ∝ 4) T ∝
GM 2 4r 3
3) v 4) 5v

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

LEVEL - II 5. If a man weighs 90 kg on the surface of

earth, the height above the surface of earth
1. Two point masses A and B have masses in (of radius R), where the weight is 30 kg is
the ratio 1:4. The point masses are at 1 m
apart. At what distance from point mass A,
R R
1) 2)
be a point mass placed so that at that point 3 3
the resultant force on it is zero
3) R 3 4) 0.73 R
1 2 6. A body attains a height equal to the radius of
1) m 2) m
3 3 the earth when projected from earth’ surface.
The velocity of the body with which it was
3 1 projected is:
3) m 4) m
4 2 GM 2GM
1) 2)
R R
2. The ratio between the values of acceleration
due to gravity at a height 1 km above and 5GM 3GM
at a depth 1 km below the earth’s surface is 3) 4)
4R R
(radius of earth = R)
7. Infinite number of bodies, each of 2 kg, are
R −2 R situated on x-axis at distance 1m, 2m, 4m,
1) 2)
R −1 R −1 8m, ..... respectively, from the origin. The
resulting gravitational potential due to this
system at the origin will be
R −2 R+2
3) 4) −8
R R −1 1) -G 2) G
3
3. The height at which the acceleration due to −4
3) G 4) -4G
1 3
gravity becomes times the value at the
n
8. A particle of mass M is situated at the centre
surface of the earth (of radius R), is: of a spherical shell of same mass and radius
a. The gravitational potential at a point
( n − 1) a
1) R n 2) R situated at distance from the centre, will
n 2
be:
( n − 1)
3) R
2n
4) ( n −1 R ) 1) -4GM/a 2) -3GM/a
3) -2GM/a 4) -GM/a
4. The diameter of two planets are in the ratio 9. A satellite with kinetic energy E is revolving
4:1 and their mean densities in the ratio round the earth in a circular orbit. The
1:2. The acceleration due to gravity on the minimum additional kinetic energy required
planets will be in ratio for it to escape into outer space is

1) 1:2 2) 2:3 1) E 2) 2E

3) 2:1 4) 4:1 3) 2E 4) E 2

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

10. For a satellite moving in an orbit around the 15. A body of mass 60g experiences a
earth, the ratio of kinetic energy to potential gravitational force of 3N when placed
energy is at a particular point. The magnitude of
gravitational field intensity at that point is
1) 2 2) 1/2
1) 0.05 N/kg 2) 50 N/kg
3) 1 2 4) 2 3) 20 N/kg 4) 180 N/kg
11. Two satellites A and B go round a planet 16. At what height from the surface of earth the
P in circular orbits having radii 4R and R gravitation potential and the value of g are
respectively. If the speed of the satellite A is -5.4 x 107 J/kg and 6.0 m/s² respectively?
3V, the speed of satellite B is
1) 2600 km 2) 1600 km
1) 12V 2) 6V
3) 1400 km 4) 2000 km
4 3
3) V 4) V 17. Masses M, m, m and m are placed at points
3 2
A, B, C and D of an equilateral triangle ABC.
D is the midpoint of BC. If the net field at the
12. If T0 time period of the surface satellite of
centroid is zero, then
earth, height of parking orbit above the sur-
face of earth is about 6 times radius of the 1) M = m 2) M = 5m
earth, the time period of parking satellite in
terms of T0 is 3) M = 2m 4) M = 3m
18. Masses m each are placed at the three
1) 7T0 2) 7 T0
vertices of an equilateral triangle of side a.
T0 The work done in moving the masses to the
3) 7 7 T0 4) vertices of a triangle of side 2a is
7
3Gm 2 −2Gm 2
LEVEL - III 1) 2)
2a 2a
13. Four point masses 2 kg, 2 kg, 4 kg and 2 kg
are placed at the four corners of a square 4Gm 2 −4 Gm 2
of side 1m. The net force acting on a 1 kg 3) 4)
3a 3a
mass placed at the point of intersection of
its diagonals is
19. Two satellites of earth, S1 and S2 are moving
1) 2G 2) 3G in the same orbit. The mass of S1 is four
3) 4G 4) 5G times the mass of S2. Which one of the
following statements is true?
14. When two spheres of equal volume and same
material are in contact, the gravitational 1) The kinetic energies of the two satellites
force between them is F. When another two are equal
spheres of volume eight times and made
up of another material are in contact, the 2) The time period of S1 is four times that of S2.
force between them is 36F. The ratio of the
densities of the two materials are 3) The potential energies of earth and
satellite in the two cases are equal
1) 1:1 2) 2:1
3) 4:9 4) 2:3 4) S1 and S2 are moving with the same speed

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20. The orbital velocity of a satellite in a circular 22. Given below are two statements: One is labelled
orbit just above the earth’s surface is V. For a as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
satellite orbiting at an altitude of half of earth Reason (B)
radius, the orbital velocity is Assertion : If we double the circular
3 orbital radius of a satellite,
1) V then its potential energy,
2
kinetic energy and total me-
chanical energy will become
3 half.
2) V
2 Reason : Orbital speed of a satellite
1
ν∝
r
2
3) V
3 In the light of the above statements, chose
the most appropriate answer from the
options given below:
2
4) V 1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
3
correct explanation of (A)
21. Match List - I with List – II 2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not
the correct explanation of (A)
3) (A) is true but (R) is false
List - I List - II
4) (A) is false but (R) is true

a. Gravitational constant G i. [L2T-2] Statement Type Question

1) Both statement I and II are true
Gravitational potential
b. ii. [M L T ]
-1 3 -2
2) Both statement I and II are false
energy
3) Statement I is true but statement II is false
c. Gravitational potential iii. [LT-2]
4) Statement I is false but statement II is true

d. Gravitational intensity iv. [ML2T-2] 23. Statement I : The total energy of a satellite
is negative

Choose the correct answer from the options Statement II : Gravitational potential en-
ergy for a bound system is
given below: negative

1) (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii) Numerical Type Question

24. A geostationary satellite is orbiting the earth
2) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii) at a height of 6R above the surface of earth,
R being radius of earth. The time period of
3) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(iii), (d)-(i)
another satellite at a height of 2.5R from the
surface of earth is n 2 where n is
4) (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)

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ANSWER KEY
LEVEL - I (HOMEWORK)

1. 2 10. 2 19. 1 28. 3 37. 4

2. 1 11. 2 20. 4 29. 4 38. 2
3. 2 12. 1 21. 4 30. 4 39. 2
4. 1 13. 1 22. 4 31. 3 40. 1
5. 1 14. 2 23. 3 32. 3 41. 1
6. 3 15. 4 24. 2 33. 1 42. 3
7. 3 16. 1 25. 3 34. 3 43. 3
8. 4 17. 3 26. 2 35. 1 44. 2
9. 2 18. 3 27. 3 36. 4 45. 2

LEVEL - II & III

1. 1 6. 1 11. 2 16. 1 21. 2

2. 1 7. 4 12. 3 17. 2 22. 2
3. 4 8. 2 13. 3 18. 1 23. 1
4. 3 9. 1 14. 3 19. 4 24. 6
5. 4 10. 2 15. 2 20. 3

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 Chapter MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
08 SOLIDS AND FLUIDS

SYNOPSIS
A. ELASTICITY
Elasticity is the property of the materials to regain the original state on the removal of the deforming
forces. (Quartz is almost perfectly elastic)
Hooke’s law
stress
Within the limits of elasticity, stress is directly proportional to strain. Then, = E is called
strain
Modulus of elasticity
Stress = F/A, Unit = N/m2, Unit of E is also N/m2
change in dimension
Since strain = it has no unit
orginal dimension

When a wire (or body) is stretched by a force F, a restoring force equal to F but opposite in direction
is developed in the wire. This restoring force/unit area is called tensile stress (=F/A, where A is
the area of cross section of the wire)

 ∆ 
The corresponding strain   produced is called longitudinal strain or linear strain
  
tensile stress FA
Then, = = Y is called the Young’s modulus of the material of the wire.
longitudinal strain ∆ 
F 
∴Y =
A ∆

The normal stress acting on a body of volume V producing volume change ∆V is usually taken

as the pressure P and the modulus involved is called Bulk modulus

normal stress (or Pr) FA F V
Then, Bulk modulus B= =     ie. B=
volumetric strain ∆V / V A ∆V

    If two equal and opposite forces are applied parallel to the cross sectional area of a body,
there is relative displacement between the opposite faces of the body. The restoring force then,
developed per unit area of the surface is called tangential stress or shearing stress.

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

The shearing stress can change only the shape of the body. The strain, thus produced is called
the shearing strain and is the ratio of relative displacement ∆r to the distance between the faces r

∆r
ie., = θ
r

The ratio of shearing stress to the corresponding shearing strain is called shear modulus or
modulus of rigidity and is represented by G or n.

Shearing stress F A F r
=
Then shear modulus G = ie., G =
Shearing strain ∆r r A ∆r

F 
Thus Young’s modulus Y =
A ∆

F V
Bulk modulus B =     
A ∆V

F r
Shear modulus G =    
A ∆r

F V V
=
Gases and liquids have volume elasticity only. Then B = P= E
A ∆V ∆V

V
E is called modulus of elasticity of the liquid or the gas. Also E = − P
∆V

–ve sign indicates than as P increases V decreases.

1 1 ∆V
Compressibility C is the reciprocal of Bulk modulus B ie; C
= = . It is the fractional change
B P V
in volume per unit increase in pressure.

1
unit of C is ie; N–1m2
Nm −2

Gases have isothermal elasticity EI = P, and adiabatic elasticity EA = γP

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Stretching a wire under increasing weights

σe - limiting stress B is elastic limit or yield point; σu - tensile strength or ultimate strength ; along

OA - Hooke’s law is obeyed

Poissons’ ratio
When a wire is extended its diameter decreases. Then the Poissons’ ratio

-lateral strain −∆r ∆l

=σ =
longitudinal strain r l

1 1
Theoretical limits - 1 to . Practical limits 0 to
2 2

Work done in stretching

1 1
W= load × extension = Fx ; This is the PE stored in the stretched wire.
2 2

1
ie; W = Fx = PE stored
2
1 1 stress 2 Y
Work done /unit volume = Energy stored per unit volume = stress × strain = = strain 2
2 2 Y 2

B. HYDROSTATICS
Density = Mass/Volume

Density of the substance

Relative Density =
Density of water (at 40 C)

Thrust = Normal force acting on a surface is Thrust. Unit → N

Thrust
Pressure = . Unit - N/m2, or Pascal (Pa). Dimensions - ML-1T-2
area

Pressure due to a fluid column of height h

P = hρg Unit Nm–2 or Pa

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Atmospheric Pressure P0 is the pressure exerted by the earth’s atmosphere. P0= Hρg where H is the
height of the atmosphere. ρ is the average density of air
At sea level P0 = 76 cm of Hg
3 5
ie, P0 = 0.76 × 13.6 × 10 × 9.8 = 1.01325 × 10 Pa This is the standard atmospheric pressure.
P0 ≅ 105 Pa is called one atmosphere or one Bar.
Gauge Pressure : The pressure measured in excess of atmospheric pressure is the gauge pressure.
If P is the actual pressure of a gas in a vessel and h is the manometer level difference P = P0 + hρg .
Here P − P0 =hρg is called gauge Pressure.
Pascal’s Law : (1) Pr. applied at any point in a liquid is equally transmitted to all other points in the
liquid in all direction.
(2) In a communicating column of liquid, pressure is same at all points in a horizontal plane.
Buoyancy : A body immersed fully or partially in a fluid experiences an upthrust called buoyancy. It is
acting through the C.G of the displaced fluid - the centre of Buoyancy (C.B).
For a floating body, wt. of the floating body = wt. of the liquid displaced by it.
For the equilibrium of the floating body, centre of mass and centre of buoyancy must be along the
same vertical line. For stable equilibrium CG lies below CB and for unstable equilibrium CG lies
above CB.
Archimedis principle : When a body is fully immersed in a liquid, the body experiences a loss of wt.
Then,
Apparent wt = wt in air – upthrust
Loss of wt = wt of displaced liquid = upthrust
Wt.in air
R.D of a body =
Loss of wt. in water
loss of wt. of a body in liquid
R.D of a liquid =
loss of wt. of the body in water

C. SURFACE TENSION
It is the property of a liquid surface to acquire minimum surface area. It is acting tangential to the
surface and is perpendicular to any line imagined to be drawn on the surface. Surface tension .
Unit N/m. Dimension MT-2
Molecules on the surface of a liquid have greater P.E. Work has to be done in increasing the
surface area. This work done will be stored in the surface in the form of P.E. Surface tension is
numerically equal to work done to increase surface area by unity.

work w
S.T = σ = , Energy = Area × S.T
area A

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Cohesive force is the force between molecules of same substances.

Adhesive force is the force between molecules of diff.substances.

Angle of contact θ is the angle between the tangent to the liquid meniscus and the solid surface
in liquid.

i) If θ < 90o, the liquid surface will be concave. Adhesive force > Cohesive force. Eg. water in glass

ii) If θ > 90o the liquid surface will be convex, adhesive force < cohesive force; eg. Hg in glass

cohesive force
iii) If θ = 90o, the liquid surface will be horizontal adhesive force =
2
eg:- water in silver capillary
Applications :
1. Capillary rise:

2T cos θ 2T 1
h= 0 h
; r is the radius of the capillary tube. If θ == h ∝ for a given liquid. graph
rdg rρg r
between h and r is a rectangular hyperbola. ST in general decreases with increase of temp.
ST = 0, at boiling point and also at critical temp. ST increases with temp for molten cadmium and
copper.
2. Excess of Pressure:
Pressure on the concave side of a surface is greater than that on the convex side. This pressure
difference is called excess of pressure. The excess pressure inside a spherical bubble of radius
r is given by

4T
P=
r
2T
A drop has only one surface, Therefore, the excess of presure inside a spherical drop P =
r
T
For a cylindrical drop, the excess of pressure P =
r

Radius of curvature of the interface of two bubbles of radii r1 and r2 (r1 < r2)

r1 r2
r=
r2 − r1

In case of a thin liquid layer between two glass plates, the excess pressure over the concave
surface.

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

2T 2T
P= ; d is the separation between the plates. So force required to separate the plates F = A.
d d

Detergents decreases S.T.

Notes:
(1) In case of capillarity, the excess pressure is balanced by the hydrostatic pressure

2T
ie, = hρg
R

Where R is the radius of curvature of the surface.

r
But R = where θ is the angle of contact. r is the radius of capillary tube.
cos θ

2T cos θ 2T cos θ
∴ hρg
= or, h=
r rρg

When θ =0 R=r
2T 2T
∴ hρg
= h=
r rρg

(2) In the case of capillaries of insufficient length ( l < h ) , there will be no overflow. At the upper

end radius of the meniscus increases such that hR = l r where, r is the radius of curvature of the
surface at the top.
D. VISCOSITY
Viscosity is the internal friction between successive layers of a fluid when it is in stream line motion
or it is the property of fluid to oppose the relative motion between successive layers. The force
developed is called Viscous force or Viscous drag, and is given by,

dv F
F = ηA , ; ∴η= ;
dx dv
A
dx
dv
η =F when A = 1, =1
dx

η is called the coefficient of viscosity. Its unit is poiseuille (Pl) in SI and poise in CGS system.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

1 Pl = 1 N/m2/ unit velocity gradient = Nm-2s or, kg m-1 s-1

Dimensions ML-1T-1
1 Poise = 1 dyne / cm2 / unit velocity gradient
1 Pl = 10 poise (1 deca poise)
Stoke’s formula :
When a spherical body of radius r and density d is moving down through a liquid of density ρ , its

weight is acting in the downward direction. At the same time, the force due to buoyancy and the
force due to viscosity are acting in the upward direction. When the down ward and upward forces
become equal, the body attains a constant velocity called the terminal velocity v. At this condition,
wt. of the body = upthrust + viscos force

The viscos force is given by Stoke’s formula as F = 6πrην

∴ Vdg = Vρg + 6πrην
4 3
Here V= πr the volume of the body.
3

2 r2
=
Substituting and simplyfing, the terminal velocity v ( d − ρ) g
9η

E. HYDRODYNAMICS
When a liquid is flowing through a pipe of varying area of cross section, the mass of liquid crossing
each section, must be a constant inorder to maintain continous flow

ie; a1 v1=
ρ1 a 2 v 2 ρ2 Since the liquids are incompressible, ρ1 =ρ2 ; a1v1 = a2v2
Bernoulli’s Theorem
Total energy of a small amount of liquid flowing from one point to another along a stream line is
a constant. ie, Potential energy + Pressure energy + Kinetic energy = a constant.

P 1 2 P v2 P
For unit mass, gh + + v =constant or h + + constant ; h is gravitational head,
= is
ρ 2 ρg 2g ρg

v2
the pressure head and is the velocity head.
2g
P v2 P v2
For horizontal flow, h is constant, + constant or + = constant
=
ρg 2g ρ 2

As velocity increases pressure decreases.

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Atomiser - Principle: As velocity increases pressure decreases

Velocity of Efflux is the velocity with which a liquid comes out of an orifice. This velocity is equal to
velocity acquired by a body falling freely from a height equal to the height of liquid above the orifice
v = 2 gh

Range, R = 2 h ( H − h ) ; R is max. when h = H/2.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

QUESTIONS 5. A cube is shifted to a depth of 100m in a

lake. The change in volume is 0.1%. The
LEVEL - I [HOMEWORK] bulk modulus of the material of the cube is
nearly:
1. The stress required to double the length of 1) 10Pa 2) 104Pa
a wire of Young’s modulus Y is
3) 107Pa 4) 109Pa
Y
1) 2) 2Y 6. A force of 400kg weight can break a wire.
2
The force required to break a wire of double
3) Y 4) 4Y cross-section will be (same material):
2. Calculate the bulk modulus of water from the 1) 1600kg wt 2) 800 kg wt
following data: initial volume = 100 litre, pressure
increase = 100atm. Final volume 100.5 litre 3) 400 kg wt 4) 200 kg wt
(1 atm = 1.013 × 105 Pa) 7. Two pieces of wires A and B of same
material have their lengths in the ratio 1:2
1) 3 × 109 Pa and their diameters are in the ratio 2:1. If
they are stretched by the same force, their
2) 5 × 109 Pa
elongations will be in the ratio
3) 3 × 105 Pa
1) 2 : 1 2) 1 : 4
4) 2 × 109 Pa 3) 4 : 1 4) 1 : 8
3. A and B are two wires. The radius of A is 8. For most metals, the Young’s modulus is n
twice that of B. If they are stretched by the times the rigidity modulus, where n is:
same load, the stress on A is
1) 2 2) 3
1) equal to that on B
3) 4 4) 5
2) twice that on B
9. A wire of length  , radius R is stretched by
3) 1/2 that on B a force F and a second wire of same material
4) 1/4 that on B with length 2 and radius 2R is stretched with
a force 2F, then the ratio of elongation in the
4. The youngs modulus of a rubber string 8 cm
two wires is:
long and density 1.5 kg m–3 is 5 × 108 Nm–2,
is suspended on the ceiling in a room. The 1) 1 : 1 2) 1 : 2
increase in length due to its own weight will
3) 2 : 14 4) 1 : 4
be
10. The poisson’s ratio of a material is 0.2. If
1) 9.6 × 10–6 m a force is applied to a wire of this material,
there is a decrease of volume by 3%. The
2) 9.6 × 10–3 m
percentage increase in length is
3) 9.6 × 10–11 m
1) 5% 2) 2.5 %
4) 9.6 cm
3) 10 % 4) 3 %

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

11. There is no change in volume of a wire 15. The density of a mixture of 1.5m3 of water
when it is stretched through a distance. The and 0.5m3 of alcohol of density 800 kg m–3 is
poissons ratio of the material of the wire is:
−3 −3
1) 350 kg m 2) 400 kg m
1) 0.5 2) 0.25
−3 −3
3) 950 kg m 4) 1600 kg m
3) 0.1 4) 0
16. A boat having length of 3m and breadth 2m
12. Three vessels A,B and C of different shapes is floating on a lake. The boat sinks by 1cm
contain a water upto the same height as when a man gets on it. The mass of the man is:
shown in the figure. PA , PB and PC be the
1) 65 kg 2) 60 kg
pressure exerted by the water at the bottom
of the vessels A,B and C respectively. Then 3) 70 kg 4) 78 kg
17. A body weighs 50g in air and 40 g in water.
How much would it weigh in a liquid of spe-
cific gravity 1.5 ?
1) 35 g 2) 45 g
3) 10 g 4) 60 g

1) PA > PB > PC 2) PB > PC > PA 18. A piece of wood is floating in water. When
the temperature of water rises the apparent
weight of wood will:
3) PC > PB > PA 4) P=
A P=
B PC
1) increases
13. If two liquids of same volume but different
2) decreases
densities ρ1 and ρ2 are mixed, then the
3) At first increases and then decreases
density of the mixture is given by :
4) remains same
ρ1 + ρ2 ρ1 + ρ2 3
1) 2) 19. A body of mass 100 kg and density 500 kg/m
2 2ρ1 ρ2 floats in water. The additional mass should
be added to the body so that the body will
2ρ1 ρ2 ρ1 ρ2 sink is
3) 4)
ρ1 + ρ2 ρ1 + ρ2
1) 80 kg 2) 200 kg
14. A block of steel of size 5cm × 5cm × 5cm is 3) 100 kg 4) 150 kg
weighed in water. If the relative density of
steel is 7, the apparent weight is : 20. A piece of ice floats in a beaker of water when
the ice melts completely, the level of water
1) 6 × 5 × 5 × 5g in the beaker

1) rises
2) 4 × 4 × 4 × 7g
2) remain unchanged
3) 5 × 5 × 5 × 7g
3) lowers
5× 5× 5× 9 g
4) 4) cannot predict anything
2

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

21. The pressure on a swimmer 20 m below 26. Surface tension of soap solution is
the surface of water sea level is ( Take, N
25 ×10−3 . The excess pressure inside a
atmospheric pressure = 1 × 105 Pa) m
soap bubble of diameter 1cm is:
1) 1.0 atm 2) 2.0 atm
1) 20 Atmosphere
3) 2.5 atm 4) 3.0 atm
2) 20 Pa
g
22. A hollow metal sphere having density 8 3) 20N
c.c
weigh 40g in air and 20g in water. Volume of 4) 10 Atmosphere
the internal cavity is:
27. If the surface tension of water is 0.061Nm–1,
1) 5cc 2) 10cc then the capillary rise in a tube of diameter
1mm is ( cos θ =1)
3) 15cc 4) 25cc
1) 1.22 cm 2) 2.44 cm
23. A piece of wood is floating in water. When
the temperature of water rises, the apparent 3) 3.12 cm 4) 3.86 cm
weight of wood will
28. Surface tension has the same dimensions
1) increases as that of

2) decreases 1) Coefficient of viscocity

2) Impulse
3) at first increases and then decreases
3) Momentum
4) may increase or decrease
4) Spring constant
24. A body floats with one-third of its volume
3 29. The surface tension of a liquid is 5Nm–1. If a
outside water and of the volume outside thin film is formed on a loop of area 0.02 m2,
4
then its surface energy will be
another liquid. Specific gravity of liquid is:
1) 5 × 10-2 J
9 8
1) 2) 2) 2 × 10-1 J
4 3
3 4 3) 2.5 × 10-2 J
3) 4)
8 9 4) 3 × 10-1 J

30. Small drops of liquid assume spherical shape

25. The volume of a helium filled gas balloon is because of
500 m3. How much mass can it lift. Density
of air = 1.29 kg/m3, density of helium = 0.18 1) Atmospheric pressure
kg/m3, mass of empty balloon = 30 kg 2) Gravity
1) 1050 kg 2) 525 kg 3) Surface tension

3) 10.5 kg 4) 52.5 kg 4) Excess pressure

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

31. A liquid rises in a glass capillary tube to 35. A small steel ball falls through a syrup at
surface tension. Then angle of contact of the cm
constant speed of 10 . If the steel ball is
liquid with the tube is s
pulled upwards with a force equal to twice
1) necessarily zero
its effective weight, how fast will it move
2) 90o upwards?

3) obtuse cm cm
1) 20 2) 10
s s
4) acute
cm cm
32. Work done in blowing a bubble of radius r is 3) 5 4) −5
s s
W. Then, the work done in making a bubble 36. A ball rises to the surface of a liquid with
of radius 2r with the same liquid is: constant velocity. The density of the liquid is
four times the density of the material of the
1) W 2) W/2
ball. The frictional force of the liquid on the
3) 2W 4) 4W rising ball is greater than the weight of the
ball by a factor of
33. Excess of pressure inside one soap bubble
is four times than in the other. Then the ratio 1) 9 2) 6

of the volume of the first bubble to the other 3) 2 4) 3

one is:
37. Two rain drops reach the earth with different
1) 1 : 4 2) 4 : 1 terminal velocities having ratio 9 : 4. Then
3) 1 : 64 4) 64 : 1 the ratio of their volume is:

34. A hollow sphere of external radius R and 1) 3 : 2 2) 3 : 4

thickness t(<<R) is made of a metal of
3) 4 : 9 4) 27 : 8
density ρ , sphere will float in water if
38. Water is flowing with a velocity 4ms–1 in a
R
1) t ≤ cylinder of diameter 8cm. It is connected
ρ
to a pipe with its end tip of diameter 2cm.
Calculate the velocity of water at the free
R
2) t ≤ end.
3ρ
1) 64 ms–1
R
3) t ≤
2ρ 2) 96 ms–1

R 3) 32 ms–1
4) t ≥
2ρ
4) 4 ms–1

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39. A lawn sprinkler has 20 holes each of cross- 44. Which of the following curves represents the
sectional area 2×10-2 cm2 and is connected velocity of a spherical body falling through a
to a hose-pipe of cross-sectional area
viscous medium ?
2.4 cm2. If the speed of water in the hose-
pipe is 1.5 ms–1, the speed of water as it
emerges from the hole in ms–1 is

1) 2.25 2) 4.5 1) 2)
3) 9 4) 16

40. Water Flows through a pipe of varying cross

section. Then the ratio of speeds of water at
two points 1 and 2 where the radii of the pipe
are r1 and r2 is, 3) 4)

r22 r2
1) 2 2)
r1 r1
45. Eight drops of water, each of radius 2 mm
r2 r1
3) 12 4) 2 are falling through air at a terminal velocity
r2 r
of 8 cm s-1 If they coalesce to form a single
41. A liquid flows through a pipe of varying di- drop, then the terminal velocity of combined
ameter. The velocity of the liquid is 2 ms-1 drop will be
at O point where the diameter is 6 cm. The
velocity of the liquid at a point where the 1) 32 cm s-1
diameter is 3 cm will be
2) 30 cm s-1
1) 1ms-1 2) 4ms-1­

3) 8ms-1 4) 16ms-1 3) 28 cm s-1

42. 27 identical drops of water are falling down 4) 24 cm s-1

vertically in air each with a terminal velocity
0.15ms–1. If they combine to form a single 46. A water barrel stands on a table of height
drop its terminal velocity will be (in ms–1)
h . If a small hole is punched in the side
1) 1.35 2) 13.5 of the barrel at its base, It is found that the
3) 5.31 4) 0.15 resultant stream of water strikes the ground
at a horizontal distance R from the table.
43. The onset of turbulence in a liquid is
determined by What is the depth of water in the barrel?

1) Pascals law R2 R2
1) 2)
2) Magnus effect h 2h

3) Reynolds Number R2 4R 2
3) 4)
4) Bernoullis principle 4h h

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Assertion and Reason Type Questions LEVEL - II

1) If both Assertion and Reason are true
and Reason is the correct explanation of 1. Bulk modulus of water is 2×109 Nm-2. The
Assertion change in pressure required to increase the
2) If both Assertion and Reason are true density of water by 0.1% is:
but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion 1) 2×109 Nm-2 2) 2×108 Nm-2

3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false 3) 2×106 Nm-2 4) 2×104 Nm-2

4) Both Assertion and Reason are false
2. A cable can support a load W. If the cable is
47. Assertion : If a metal wire of negligible cut into two equal parts, the maximum load
mass is attached to the that can be supported by each cable is:
ceiling of a room and mass
W
m is attached to other end, 1) W 2)
the energy stored in the
2
mg 3) 2W 4) 4W
stretched wire is where
2
 is the increase in length of 3. The stress - strain graph for two wires of
the wire. materials A and B are given in figure. If YA
and YB represent the Youngs modulus of the
Reason : In the above statement, loss materials of these wires, then
in gravitational potential
energy in mg while the loss
in energy to surroundings is
mg
.
2

48. Given below are two statements

In the light of the statements, choose the
most appropriate answer from the options
given below:
1) Statement I is correct but Statement II is 1) YA = 2YB 2) YB = 2YA
incorrect
3) YB = 3YA 4) YA = 3YB
2) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II
is correct 4. A piece of solid weighs 120 gwt in air, 80 gwt
3) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct in water and 60 gwt in a liquid. The relative
4) BothStatement I and Statement II are density of the solid and that of the liquid are
incorrect respectively
Statement I : The compressibility of solids 3
is less than that of gases 1) 3, 2 2) 2,
and liquids
4
Statement II : There is tight coupling 3 3
between the neighboring 3) ,2 4) 3,
atoms in solids
2 2

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5. The ratio of diameters of an air bubble at the 11. At what speed, the velocity head of water is
bottom and at the surface of a lake is 1 : 2. equal to pressure head of 40 cm of mercury ?
What is the depth of the lake? (1 atmospheric
pressure = 10 m depth of water) m
1) 2.8
s
1) 70 m 2) 60 m
3) 80 m 4) 35 m
m
2) 10.3
6. A wire suspended vertically is stretched by s
a 20 kg force applied at its free end. The
increase in length of the wire is 2mm. The
energy stored in the wire is (g = 10ms–B) m
3) 5.6
s
1) 22J 2) 0.1J
2) 0.4J 4) 0.2J m
4) 8.4
7. Radius of one arm of hydraulic lift is four s
times of radius of other arm. What force 12. A hole is made at the bottom of a tank
should be applied on the narrow arm to lift
filled with water. The total pressure at the
100 kg ?
bottom of the tank is three atmosphere
1) 26.5 N 2) 62.5 N (1 Atmosphere = 105 Pa), then the velocity
3) 6.25 N 4) 8.3 N of efflux is:

8. Two solids A and B floats in water. It is

1) 400 ms −1
observed that A floats with half its volume
immersed and B floats with 2/3 of its volume
immersed. Ratio of densities of A and B is 2) 200 ms −1
1) 3 : 4 2) 2 : 3
3) 600 ms −1
3) 3 : 2 4) 1 : 3
9. Two soap bubbles have their inside pressures 4) 500 ms −1
1.01 and 1.02 atmospheres respectively.
What is the ratio of their volumes?
LEVEL - III
1) 102 : 101 2) 1023 : 1013
5 2
13. Breaking stress for steel is 8 × 10 N/m
3) 8 : 1 4) 7 : 8
3 3
Density of steel is 8 × 10 kg/m . The
10. Surface tension of soap solution is
N maximum length of a steel rod that can be
25 ×10−3 . The excess pressure inside a
m suspended without breaking ?
soap bubble of diameter 1cm is:
1) 1000 cm
1) 20 Atmosphere
2) 500 cm
2) 20 Pa
3) 20N 3) 50 m

4) 10 Atmosphere 4) 20 m

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14. Two wire of same material and length are 19. If the terminal speed of a sphere of gold of
stretched by the same force. Their masses kg m
density 19.5 3 is
0.2 in a viscous liquid
are in the ratio 3:2. Their elongations are in m s
the ratio, kg
of density 1.5 3 , find the terminal speed of
m
1) 3:2 2) 9:4 kg
a sphere of silver of density 10.5 3 of the
3) 2:3 4) 4:9 m
same size in the same liquid.
15. A boat having length of 3m and breadth 2m
is floating on a lake. The boat sinks by 1cm m m
1) 0.1 2) 0.2
when a man gets on it. The mass of the man s s
is:
m m
1) 65 kg 2) 60 kg 3) 1.33 4) 0.4
s s
3) 70 kg 4) 78 kg
20. Pressure of water at a valve in a horizontal
16. The pressure acting on a diver in a lake is tube when the valve is closed and open are
respectively 4.5×105 Nm-2 and 4×105 Nm-2.
5 bar. The height of water column above
What is the velocity of water flowing through
him is nearly the valve when it is open.
1) 30 m 2) 40 m 1) 10ms–1 2) 100 ms–1
3) 50 m 4) 60 m
3) 3.5 × 104ms–1 4) 2.5 ms–1
17. If the work done is stretching a wire by
Matching Type Question
1 mm is 2J, the work necessary for stretching
another wire of same material but with 21.
double the radius and half the length by Column I Column II
1 mm is
1. Stress × Strain p. J
1
1) J 2) 4 J
4
YA
2. q. N/m
3) 8 J 4) 16 J L

18. The mercury in a barometer reach 75 cm in 3. YL3 r. J/m3

vertical position. If the tube is inclined by 600
to the vertical, the length of the mercury in F× L
4. s. m
the tube will be A×Y

1) 75 cm 1) 1-p,2-q,3-r,4-s

2) 112.5 cm 2) 1-q,2-p,3-s,4-r

3) 150 cm 3) 1-s,2-p,3-q,4-r

4) 1-r,2-q,3-p,4-s
4) 225 cm

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Assertion and Reason Type Questions 23. A lead sphere of mass 1 gm falls in a vis-
1) If both Assertion and Reason are true couse liquid with terminal velocity V. Another
and Reason is the correct explanation of lead sphere of mass 64 gm will falls through
Assertion
the same liquid with terminal velocity of
2) If both Assertion and Reason are true
but Reason is not the correct explanation of 1) 2V 2) 4V
Assertion
3) 8V 4) 16V
3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false
Numerical Type Question
4) Both Assertion and Reason are false
24. Water is flowing through pipes as shown in
22. Assertion : The maximum height of a
figure. The velocity V3 will be (in m/s)
mountain on earth can be
estimated from the elastic
behaviour of rocks at the
bottom of the mountain
Reason : At the base of mountain,
the stress must be less
than elastic limit of earth’s
supporting material

ANSWER KEY
LEVEL - I (HOMEWORK)

1. 3 11. 1 21. 4 31. 4 41. 1

2. 4 12. 4 22. 3 32. 4 42. 3
3. 4 13. 1 23. 1 33. 3 43. 1
4. 3 14. 1 24. 2 34. 2 44. 3
5. 4 15. 3 25. 2 35. 2 45. 1
6. 2 16. 2 26. 2 36. 4 46. 3
7. 4 17. 3 27. 2 37. 4 47. 1
8. 2 18. 1 28. 4 38. 1 48. 3
9. 1 19. 3 29. 2 39. 3
10. 1 20. 2 30. 3 40. 1
LEVEL - II & III
1. 3 6. 4 11. 2 16. 2 21. 4
2. 1 7. 2 12. 1 17. 4 22. 1
3. 4 8. 1 13. 1 18. 3 23. 4
4. 4 9. 3 14. 3 19. 1 24. 1
5. 1 10. 2 15. 2 20. 1

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 Chapter THERMAL PROPERTIES OF
MATTER, THERMODYNAMICS
09 AND KINETIC THEORY

SYNOPSIS

Temperature : Temperature of a body is that physical quantity which indicates degree of hotness
or coldness of the body.
Heat : Heat is a form of energy. The natural flow of heat is from higher temperature to lower
temperature.

Different types of temperature scales

Lower fixed Upper fixed No. of divisions

Name of scale Symbol
point point on the sacale

Celsius 0
C 00C 1000C 100

Fahrenheit 0
F 320F 2120F 180

Kelvin K 273 K 373 K 100

C F − 32 K − 273
Relationship between different scales= =
100 180 100

At the following temperature different temperature scales have the same reading

– 400C = –400F

574.250F = 574.25K

Celsius scale and Kelvin scale cannot have the same reading.

The Celsius and Kelvin scale have different zero points but the same size degrees.

Therefore any temperature difference is the same on the Celsius and Kelvin scales.

If f reading correspond to faulty thermometer and the true value then

t − LFP of truescale f − LFP of faultyscale

=
(UFP − LFP) of truescale (UFP − LFP) of faultyscale

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Thermometry
A branch of science which deals with the measurement of temperature. The linear variation in
some physical properties of a substance with change in temperature is the basic principle of
thermometry and this properties are defined as thermometric property which are:
1. Volume of liquid - liquid thermometers
2. Pressure of a gas - constant volume gas thermometers
3. Electrical resistance - resistance thermometers
4. Thermoemf - thermoelectric thermometer
5. Intensity of light - radiation pyrometer
6. Magnetic property - magnetic thermometer

 X − X0  0
=
If X is the thermometric property then the unknown temperature t  t  × 100 C x 1000C
 X100 − X 0 

Thermal expansion in solids

The length, area and volume of a solid increases with increase in temperature as

L t L0 (1 + αt)
= α → coefficient of linear expansion

A t A 0 (1 + βt)
= β → coefficient of superficial expansion

Vt V0 (1 + γt)
= γ → coefficient of cubical expansion

α : β : γ =1: 2 : 3

For anisotropic solids γ = α X + α Y + α Z where α x , α y , and α z represent coefficient of linear expansion

along three mutually perpendicular directions.

For small change in temperature

∆L =L α ∆ T, ∆A =Aβ ∆ T, ∆ V =Vγ ∆T

Contraction on Heating
Some rubber like substances contract with rise in temperature because transverse vibration of
atoms dominate over longitudinal vibrations which is responsible.
Effect of temperature on time period of pendulum
∆T 1
= α ∆t
T 2

1
If T = 1 sec Time loss/gain per day = α ∆t x 86400sec.
2

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Thermal Stress in Rigid Fixed Rod

Thermal stress = Y ∝ ∆t
Thermal Expansion of Liquid
Since liquid can be heated only by heating the container along with the liquid the container also
expands therefore apparent expansion of the liquid is not the real expansion. Thus a liquid has
got 2 expansities.

Re al increase in volume (∆V) r

γr =
Initial Volume × changein temp. V ×∆θ

Apparent increase in volume (∆V)a

γa =
Initial Volume × ∆θ V ×∆θ

γ r = γ app + γ vessel

Anomalous Expansion of Water

In the case of water it expands on heating if its temperature is greaten than 4oC. In the range 0oC
to 4oC water contracts on heating and expands on cooling. This behaviour of water in the range
of 0oC to 4oC is called anomalous expansion of water. Density of water is maximum a 4oC and
volume minimum.

Variation of Density with Temperature

In the case of a substance it expands on heating therefore density decreases.

ρ0
ρ= = ρ0 (1 − γ ∆θ)
1 + γ ∆θ

Expansion of Gases

Vt V0 (1 + αt )
At constant pressure =
α-Coefficient of volume expansion

Pt P0 (1 + βt )
At constant volume=
β-Coefficient of pressure expansion

1 0 −1
For an ideal gas α = β = C
273

Specific Heat C
It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a substance through 1oC
or 1K expressed in J/kgoC or J/KgK
Sp: heat capacity of water = 4200/JKgK or 4.2J/gmK = 1cal/gmoC

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Thermal capacity

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a body by 1oC

H = mc J/oC

Water equivalent

The mass of water which has got the same thermal capacity as that of the substance
mc
Water equivalent =
Cw

Dulong and petit law

Average molar sp:heat of all metals at room temperature is constant (except Be, B, C, Si)

Principle of mixtures

When two bodies at different temperature are placed in contact, heat will be transferred from a
body at higher temperature to lower temperature until both reach a common temperature. Then

Heat lost by hot body = heat gained by cold body

Specific Heat of Gases (Molar Specific Heat)

Molar specific heat at constant volume CV : The amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 mole of gas through 1oC or 1K keeping volume constant.

Molar specific heat at constant pressure Cp heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of
gas through 1oC or 1K keeping pressure constant.

CP - CV = R (Mayer’s relation)

CP 2
1
=+ =γ
CV f

f - degree of freedom

Latent heat

The Amount of heat required to change the state of unit mass of the substance

Latent heat of ice = 80 cal/g

Latent heat of steam = 536 cal/g

Solar constant : The amount of solar energy received in unit time by unit area of earth.

S = 1400 Wm-2

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Kinetic theory of gases

Boyle’s law

1
V∝ at constant temperature for a given mass of ideal gas
P

Charle’s Law
V ∝ T at constant pressure for a given mass of ideal gas

For an ideal gas

P ∝ T at constant volume
Avagadro’s hypothesis
Equal volume of all gases under the same pressure and temperature contain equal no. of molecules.
Ideal gas equation
PV = nRT
R = 8.31 J mol-1 k-1 = 1.98 cal mol-1 0C-1 = 2 cal mol-1 0C-1

R
=k N → Avagadro number
N
R → universal gas constant

k → Boltzman’s constant

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Kinetic theory of gases

C12 + C22 + .......Cn2

Root mean square velocity C rms =
n

3RT
Crms =
M

C1 + C2 + ........ + Cn 8RT
= C=
Average speed av ; C=
av
n πM

2RT
Most probable speed C mp =
M

1 T
Mean free=
path λ ;λα
2
2πd n P

d → diameter of molecule
n → no. of molecules per unit volume
Pressure exerted by a gas

1 2
P= ρCrms
3

KE of a gas : - KE is equally divided between degree of freedoms (Equipartition theorem)

1
KE of a molecule / degree of freedom = kT
2

1
KE of one mole / degree of freedom = RT
2

n
Total kinetic energy for one molecule = kT
2

n
Total kinetic energy for one mole = RT
2

where ‘n’ is the no. of degrees of freedom.

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THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics deals with processes involving heat, work and internal energy.

System: It is a portion of matter under consideration.

Surroundings: Anything outside the system which has got some bearing on the behaviour of the
system.

1. Open system → can exchange matter and energy with surroundings

2. Closed system → can exchange only energy

3. Isolated system → cannot exchange matter and energy.

First law of thermodynamics

∆Q = ∆U + ∆W

∆Q → heat absorbed or released

∆U → change in internal energy

∆W → work done
→ work done by the system is taken as positive

→ work done on the system is taken as negative

→ heat absorbed is taken as positive

→ heat released is taken as negative

Work done by a thermodynamic system

V2

W= ∫ PdV
V1

Thermodynamic Processes

Thermodynamic equilibrium → If the system is in mechanical equilibrium, thermal equilibrium and

chemical equilibrium it is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Quasistatic Process → A process in which all the states through which the system passes can
be considered as thermodynamic equilibrium is known as a quasistatic process.

Isobaric Process - Constant Pressure

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Isochoric Process - Constant Volume

Work Done = 0

Isothermal Process - Constant Temperature

∆U =0 ; ∆Q =W
PV = constant

=W 2.303nRT
= log ( V2 / V1 ) 2.303nRT log ( P1 / P2 )
Isothermal bulkmodulus of elasticity = P
Adiabatic Process → No heat exchange between system and surroundings.

∆Q =0, ∆U =− W

Equation of state
PV γ = constant
TV γ−1 = constant
T γ P1−γ = constant
nR
=
Work done = W ( T1 − T2 )
γ −1
→ The slope of adiabatic is γ times that of isothermal.
→ Adiabatic bulkmodulus of elasticity = γP
Cyclic Process

∆U = 0; ∆Q = W
Work done in cyclic process is the area of cyclic loop.

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Critical temperature: Temperature below which alone the gas can be liquified by the mere application
of pressure.
Critical Pressure: The minimum pressure that should be applied to the gas at its critical temperature
in order to liquify it.
Critical Volume: Volume at critical temperature and pressure.
Triple point → It is a point on the P - T plane at which the solid, liquid and vapour states of a substance
co exist in equilibrium.
Second law of thermodynamics
Kelvin statement: It is impossible to get a continuous supply of work from a body by cooling it to
a temperature lower than its surroundings.
Clausius statement: It is impossible for a self acting machine to transfer heat from a body at a
lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature.
Carnot’s heat engine

W
= Q1 − Q 2

W Q
η= = 1− 2
Q1 Q1

T2
η = 1−
T1

Carnot’s cycle:

1. Isothermal expansion
2. Adiabatic expansion
3. Isothermal compression
4. Adiabatic compression
Refrigerator
Q2 T2
Coefficient of performance =
β =
W T1 − T2
Heat Transfer
There are three modes of heat transfer
1. Conduction 2. Convection 3. Radiation

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Conduction
In conduction heat flows from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature with out
the transport of matter. Heat imparted to any part at a body sets the molecules of that part in to
more energetic vibrations. These molecules transmit the vibrations to their neighbours and heat
travels along the body from molecules to molecules.
Convection :
Heat flows along with the transport of matter. It is possible only in fluids. Trade winds, Land breeze
and sea breeze and monsoon are due to convection.
Radiation :
In radiation heat does not require any material medium. It travels in the form of electromagnetic
radiation
Law of heat conduction
∆Q  ∆T 
= kA  
∆t  ∆x 
A → cross sectional area of the slab
∆x → thickness of slab
∆T → difference in temperature between ends
∆Q
→ rate of heat flow
∆t
k → thermal conductivity
∆T
→ temperature gradient
∆x

KA
Thermal conductance = ;
l

l
Thermal resistance =
KA
If two conductors are connected in series equivalent thermal resistance R = R1 + R2
1 1 1
Connected in parallel = +
R R1 R 2

Properties of heat radiations

→ Radiant heat travels with the speed of light
→ It travels along a straight line
→ It can be reflected as well as refracted like light rays
→ Intensity of heat radiations decreases in inverse square proportionality with distance
→ It shows the phenomenon of interference, diffraction and polarisation

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Perfectly black body : A body which absorbs all radiation incident on it.
Absorptive power (a) : The ratio of radiant energy absorbed to the total energy incident on it.
a ≤1
a = 1 for perfectly black body
Emissive power : Energy emitted per unit area per unit time by a body
Kirchoff’s law :
emissive power
=constant ⇒ a good emitter is a good absorber
absorptive power
Stefan’s law
Radiant energy emitted by a black body per unit area per second is proportional to fourth power
of absolute temperature T.

E ∝ T4 ; E =
σT 4
σ 5.68 ×10−8 Wm −2 K −4
=

Stefan - Boltzman law

( 4 4
)
Net radiant energy lost from a black body per unit area per unit time, E ∝ T − T0 , T0 → , temp
of surroundings
Wien’s displacement law
The wavelength of maximum spectral intensity is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature
of the body
1
λm ∝ ; λm T =b Wien’s constant
T

b = 0.29 cm K
Newton’s law of cooling
When the temperature difference between the body and its surroundings is not very large, then
the rate of cooling is directly proportional to the temperature difference.

θ1 − θ2  θ1 + θ2 
∝  − θ2
t  2 

θ1 → initial temperature of body

θ2 → final temperature of the body

t → time taken to cool from θ1 to θ2

θ0 → temperature of surroundings

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QUESTIONS 6. Hot water cools from 60oC to 50oC in the first

10 minutes and to 42oC in the next 10 minutes.
LEVEL - I [HOMEWORK] The temperature of the surroundings is
1) 10oC 2) 5oC
1. A constant pressure air thermometer gave
a reading of 47.5 units of volume when 3) 15oC 4) 20oC
immersed in ice cold water, and 67 unit in a
boiling liquid. The boiling point of the liquid 7. Two litre of water at 27oC heated by 1kW
will be: heater in an open container. On an average
heat is lost to surroundings at the rate
1) 112°C 2) 125°C 160 J/s. The time required for the temperature
3) 135°C 4) 100°C to reach 77oC is:
1) 8 min 20 s 2) 10 min
5) 200°C
3) 14 min 4) 7 min
2. A Celsius thermometer and Fahrenheit
thermometer are dipped in boiling water. 8. A thin copper wire of length L increases
The water is cooled until the Fahrenheit in length by 1% when heated from 0°C
thermometer reads 140°. What is the fall to 100°C. If a thin copper plate of area
in temperature as registered by the other 2L x L is heated through the same range of
thermometer? temperature the percentage increase in its
area will be
1) 80° C 2) 60° C
1) 1% 2) 2%
3) 40° C 4) 20° C
3) 3% 4) 4%
5) 30°C
5) 8%
3. At what temperature the centigrade (Celsius)
and Fahrenheit, readings are the same 9. An aluminium measuring rod, which is
correct at 5°C measures the length of a line
1) -40 o
2) +40 o
80cm at 45°C. If thermal coefficient of linear
3) 36.6o 4) -37o expansion of aluminium is 2.5 x 10-5/°C, the
correct length of the line is:
4. The specific heat of gas in an isothermal
process is: 1) 80.08 cm 2) 79.92 cm

1) infinite 3) 81.12 cm 4) 79.62 cm

2) zero 5) 62.62 cm

3) negative 10. The temperature of equal masses of three

different liquids A, B and C are 12°C, 19°C
4) remains constant and 28°C respectively. The temperature
5. In a mercury thermometer the ice point (LFP) when A and B are mixed is 16°C and when
is marked as 100C and steam point (UFP) is B and C are mixed is 23°C. The temperature
marked as 1300C. At 400C temperature, what when A and C are mixed is:
will this thermometer read? 1) 18.2°C 2) 22°C
1) 78 0
2) 66 0
3) 20.2°C 4) 24.2°C
3) 62 0
4) 58 0
5) 28.2°C

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11. Steam at 1000C is passed into 20g of water 15. A slab consists of two parallel layers of
at 10°C. When water acquires a temperature two different materials of same thickness
of 80°C the mass of water present will be and area of cross sections. The thermal
[Take specific heat of water = 1cal g-1 0C-1 conductivity of the slabs are K1 and K2. The
and latent heat of steam = 540cal g -1 ] equivalent conductivity of the combination.

1) K1 + K2
1) 42.5g 2) 22.5g

3) 24g 4) 31.5g K1 + K 2
2)
2
5) 38 g
2K1 K 2
12. A gas is compressed at a constant pressure 3)
K1 + K 2
of 50N/m² from a volume 10m³ to 4m³.
Energy of 100J is then added to the gas by
K1 + K 2
heating. Its internal energy is 4)
2K1 K 2
1) Increased by 400J
16. Three rods made of same material and
2) Increased by 200J having same cross section have been joined
as shown in the figure. Each rod is of same
3) Increased by 100J
length. The left and right ends are kept at
4) Decreased by 200J 00C and 900C respectively. The temperature
of the junction of the 3 rods will be :
5) Decreased by 400J

13. An ideal monatomic gas at 27°C is

1
compressed adiabatically to times its
8
present volume. The increase in temperature
of the gas is

1) 1200K 2) 900K
1) 450C 2) 600C
3) 12000C 4) 450°C
3) 300C 4) 200C
5) 300K
17. The quantity of heat required to raise the
14. During an adiabatic process, the pressure temperature of one mole of a gas through
of a gas is found to be proportional to cube one kelvin for monoatomic gas at constant
of its absolute temperature. The ratio Cp/Cv volume is:
for the gas is
3 5
1) R 2) R
3 2 2 2
1) 2)
2 3
4 5 7
3) 4) 3) R 4) 3R
3 3 2

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

18. Two gases are at absolute temperatures 22. The P - V plots of two gases during adiabatic
300K and 350K respectively. Ratio of processes are shown in the figure. Plots 1
average K. E. of their molecules: and 2 should correspond respectively to:

1) 7 : 6 2) 6 : 7

3) 36 : 49 4) 6: 7

19. An ideal gas is expanded from volume

V 1 to volume V 2 first isothermally, then
adiabatically and finally isobarically. The
work done in each process are W1, W2 and
W3 respectively. Then 1) He and O2

1) W3 > W1 > W2 2) O2 and He

3) He and Ar
2) W2 > W1 > W3
4) O2 and N2
3) W3 > W2 > W1
23. When an ideal diatomic gas is heated under
4) W2 > W3 > W1 constant pressure the fraction of heat energy
supplied which increases the internal energy
20. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen and work done are respectively:
and 4 moles of Argon at temperature T K.
2 3
Neglecting vibrational modes total energy 1) ,
of the mixture 5 5

1) 4 RT 2) 9RT
3 2
2) ,
3) 11 RT 4) 13 RT 5 5
21. When a system is taken from state i to a
state f along path iaf, Q = 50J and W = 20J. 3 4
Along path ibf, Q = 35J . If W = –13J for the 3) ,
7 7
curved return path fi W for the ibf and Q for
the fi respectively are:
5 2
4) ,
7 7

24. A system is provided with 200 cal of heat

and the work done by the system on the
surrounding is 40J. Thus its internal energy
1) increases by 600J
2) decreases by 800J
3) increases by 800J
1) 5J, 43 J 2) 5J, –43 J
4) decreases by 50J
3) 20J and 15J 4) 20J , –15

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25. In which of the following process, convection 28. At what temperature rms velocity of gas
does not take place primarily? molecule doubles w.r.t. its value at STP

1) Sea and land breeze 1) 1092 K

2) 819 C
2) Boiling of water
3) 1092 C
3) Warming of glass of bulb due to filament
4) Both 1 and 2
4) Heating air around a finance
29. A gas mixture contains one mole O2 gas and
one mole He gas. Find the ratio of sp. heat at
26. Two rods of lengths L1 and L2 are made of
constant pressure to that at constant volume
materials whose coefficients of linear
of the gas mixture:
expansion are α1 and α 2 . If the difference
between the two lengths is independent of 1) 2 2) 1.5
temperature
3) 2.5 4) 4
1) ( L1 / L 2 ) =( α1 / α 2 )
30. By keeping open the door of a refrigerator in
a closed room
2) ( L1 L 2 ) =( α 2 α1 )
1) you can cool the room to a certain
temperature
2 2
3) L1 α1 = L 2 α 2
2) you can cool it to the temperature inside
the refrigerator
2
α 22 L 2
4) α1 L1 =
3) you can ultimately warm the room slightly

27. The rms speed of oxygen molecules at a 4) you can neither cool or warm the room
certain temperature is v. If the temperature
is doubled and the oxygen gas dissociates 31. A body cools in 10 minutes from 60°C to
into atomic oxygen, the rms speed would be 400C What will be temperature after next
10 minutes? Temperature of surroundings
1) v is 10°C assume Newton’s law of cooling to
be valid
2) 3v
1) 24°C

2) 28°C
3) 2v
3) 30°C

4) 2 2v 4) 32°C

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32. Out of the following wrong statement is 2. A clock with a metal pendulum beating
seconds keeps correct time at 0°C. If it loses
1) Radiation is universal and fastest mode 12.5 sec a day at 25°C, the coefficient of
of heat transfer linear expansion of metal of pendulum is
1 1
1) /0 C 2) /0 C
2) Thermal radiation shows reflection, 86400 43200
refraction, polarization
1 1
3) /0 C 4) /0 C
3) All bodies above 0K will emit radiations 14000 28800

3. A thin copper wire of length  increases is

4) The amount of heat radiated per second
length by 1%, when heated from temperature
do not depend on the nature of the surface,
t1 to t2 what is the percentage change in area
its area and its temperature when a thin copper plate having dimension
2l x l is heated through the same temperature
Assertion and Reason Type range
1) Assertion is true; Reason is true; Reason 1) 10% 2) 2%
is a correct explanation for Assertion
3) 20% 4) 2.50%
2) Assertion is true; Reason is true; Reason
4. A pendulum clock is 5s fast each day at
is not a correct explanation for Assertion
temperature of 150C and 10 sec slow at a
3) Assertion is true; Reason is false. temperature of 300C. The temperature at
which it is designed to give correct time is:
4) Assertion is false; Reason is true.
1) 180C 2) 200C
33. Assertion : A beaker is completely filled
with water at 4°C. It will over- 3) 240C 4) 250C
flow, both when heated or 5. 100 g of ice at 0oC is added to 100 g of
cooled water at 30oC. When the system reaches
Reason : There is expansion of water equilibrium, what is the final temperature of
below and above 4°C the system and mass of ice remaining?
LEVEL - II 1) 30oC, 37.5 gm
1. On a new scale of temperature (which 2) 0oC, 37.5 gm
is linear) and called the ‘w’ scale, the 3) 30oC, 62.5 gm
freezing point and boiling points of water
4) 0oC, 62.5 gm
are 39°w and 249°w respectively. What
will be the temperature on the new scale, 6. A graph is plotted between the temperature
corresponding to a temperature of 39°C on of a copper strip in °C scale versus 0F scale.
the celsius scale? The sine of angle made by the graph with °F
axis is [x axis is 0F]
1) 117°W
2 9
1) 2)
2) 200°W 106 5
3) 139 W 32 5
3) 4)
4) 78°W 9 106

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7. The volume of a metal sphere increases by 11. A black body emits peak radiation at
0.24% when its temperature is raised by weavelength λ m when the temperature of
40°C. The coefficient of linear expansion of
the metal is the body is 2000K. The change in wavelength
1) 2 x 10 -5
2) 6 x 10 -5 if the temperature increase to 3000K is

3) 18 x 10-5 4) 1.2 x 10-5 3 2

1) λm 2) λm
8. The apparent coefficient of expansion of a 2 3
liquid when heated in a copper vessel is C
and when heated in a silver vessel is S. If A is 1 1
the linear coefficient of expansion of copper, 3) λm 4) λm
then the linear coefficient of expansion of 3 2
silver is:

C + S − 3A C + 3A − S 12. Which is the wrong statement

1) 2)
3 3 1) In isochoric process no work is done
S + 3A − C C + S + 3A
3) 4) 2) In isothermal process temperature
3 3 remains constant

3) In adiabatic process the system is

9. An ideal monoatomic gas is taken through insulated from the surrounding
a cyclic process as shown in P-V diagram.
Work done per cycle is 4) Adiabatic process is a slow process

5) Isothermal process is a slow one

1) 1 2) 2

3) 3 4) 4

13. A monoatomic gas ( γ =5 3) at pressure P

1
is suddenly comprised of its volume
64
1) 2pv 2) 3pv adiabatically. Then pressure of gas is
3) 6pv 4) zero
1) 8P 2) P
10. 70 Calories of heat are required to raise
3) 256 P 4) 1024 P
the temperature of 2 moles of an ideal gas
at constant pressure from 30°C to 350C 14. RMS velocity of gas molecules is 300 m/s.
The amount of heat required to raise the The rms velocity of molecules of gas with
temperature of same through the same twice molecular weight and at half the
range at constant volume (R = 2 cal/mol K) absolute temperature is

1) 300 m/s 2) 600 m/s

1) 30 cal 2) 50cal
3) 75 m/s 4) 150 m/s
3) 70cal 4) 45cal

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

LEVEL - III 19. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas at

127oC occupies a volume V. If the gas is
15. A water fall is 84m high. Assuming that expanded adiabatically to the volume 8V.
half the KE of falling water get converted Then the work done by the gas will be
to heat, the rise in temperature of water is  25 
(g= 9.8m /sec2 )  R = J / mol k 
 3 
1) 9.8°C 2) 0.980 C 1) 7500 J 2) 6000 J

3) 0.0980 C 4) 0.0098°C 3) 4500 J 4) 3000 J

20. A diatomic ideal gas is used in a Carnot

16. 1 g of steam at 100 0 C melts to how
engine as the working substance. If during
many grams of ice at 00C? (Latent heat of
the adiabatic expansion part of the cycle, the
ice = 80 cal/g and latent heat of
volume of the gas increases from V to 32V,
steam = 540 cal/g)
the efficiency of the engine is
1) 4 g 2) 6 g 1) 0.5 2) 0.99

3) 8 g 4) 12 g 3) 0.75 4) 0.25

21. Two spheres of the same material have radii

17. A wall has two layers A and B each made
1 m and 4m. They are at temperature 4000
of different materials. The layers A is 10
K and 2000 K respectively. The ratio of the
cm thick and B is 20cm thick. The thermal
energy radiated per second by the Ist sphere
conductivity of A is thrice that of B. Under
to that by the 2nd is
thermal equilibrium temperature difference
across the wall is 35°C. The difference 1) 1:1 2) 16:1
across the layers A is
3) 4:1 4)1:9
1) 30 C
0
2) 140 C 0
22. A body cools from 600C to 500C in 10 minutes.
If room temperature is 250C, temperature of
3) 8.750 C 4) 50 C the body at the end of next 10 minutes will
be
18. 5.6 L of helium gas at STP is adiabatically
compressed to 0.7 L. taking the initial 1) 38.50C 2) 400C
temperature to be T1, the work done in the
3) 450C 4) 42.850C
process is
23. When the temperature of a blackbody
9 increases, it is observed that the wavelength
1) − RT1
8 corresponding to maximum energy changes
3 from 0 0.26 µm . to 0.13 µm . The ratio of
2) RT1 emissive powers of the body at the respective
2
temperatures is
15
3) RT1
8 1) 16 1 2) 4 1
9
4) RT1
2 3) 1 4 4) 1 16

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24. Match the column : 25. Given below are two statements:
In the light of the statements, choose the
most appropriate answer from the options
Column I Column II
given below:
Degree of hotness or 1) Both statement I and statement II are
A. Heat P. coolness of a incorrect
substance 2) Both statement I and statement II are
correct
Amount of heat 3) Statement I is correct but statement II is
required to rise the incorrect
Internal
B. Q. temperature of unit
energy 4) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is
mass of a substance
by 10C correct
Statement I : The pressure exerted by an
C. Temperature R. Energy in transit enclosed ideal gas does not
depend on the shape of the
The sum of energy container.
due to attractive force Statement II : The pressure of an ideal gas
D. Specific heat S. between molecules depends on the number of
and due to random
moles, temperature and vol-
motion
ume of the enclosure
26. A liquid cools from 50oC to 45oC in 5 min.
and from 45oC to 41.5oC in the next 5 min.
1) A → R, B → S, C → P, D → Q The temperature of the surrounding is
1) 27oC 2) 40.3oC
2) A → R, B → P, C → S, D → Q 3) 23.3oC 4) 33.3oC
Numerical Type Question
3) A → R, B → Q, C → P, D → S 27. At a dam project water falls from a height of
210 m. Assuming whole of energy due to fall
is converted into heat the temperature rise
4) A → R, B → S, C → Q, D → P of water (in oC) would be .(J = 4.3 J/cal)

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ANSWER KEY

LEVEL - I (HOMEWORK)

1. 1 8. 2 15. 2 22. 2 29. 2

2. 3 9. 1 16. 2 23. 4 30. 3
3. 1 10. 3 17. 1 24. 3 31. 2
4. 1 11. 2 18. 2 25. 3 32. 4
5. 4 12. 1 19. 1 26. 2 33. 1
6. 1 13. 2 20. 3 27. 3
7. 1 14. 1 21. 2 28. 4

LEVEL - II & III

1. 1 7. 1 13. 4 19. 1 25. 2

2. 1 8. 2 14. 4 20. 3 26. 4
3. 2 9. 2 15. 3 21. 1 27. 0.49
4. 2 10. 2 16. 3 22. 4
5. 4 11. 3 17. 4 23. 4
6. 4 12. 4 18. 1 24. 1

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 Chapter
OSCILLATIONS
10

SYNOPSIS
1. Periodic Motion
Motion that repeats in regular intervals of time
Eg: Revolution of Earth around the sun
2. Oscillations or Vibrations
A periodic to and fro motion about a mean position
Eg: Motion of pendulum of a clock
3. Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M)
It is an oscillatory motion in which the restoring force (F) acts on the body at any position (x) from
the mean position,

Fα − x
F = −kx
Where k is force constant and its unit is N/m
4. Terms related with oscillatory motion
(i) Amplitude (A)
Maximum displacement from the mean position

(ii) Time period (T)

Time taken for one complete oscillation. SI unit, seconds(s)

(iii) Frequency ( υ )
1
No of oscillations in unit time υ = SI unit: s-1 or Hertz (Hz)
T

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

(iv) Angular frequency ( ω)

2π
ω= 2πυ= SI unit: rad/s
T
(v) Phase
It represents the state of vibration of an oscillating body
It is represented as the argument of sine or cosine function
=
Eg: in Y A sin ( ωt + φ0 ) , ( ωt + φ0 ) is the phase
Initial phase or epoch is the phase of the particle at t = 0
5. Uniform circular motion and simple harmonic motion
• Uniform circular motion is a periodic motion. But it is not simple harmonic
• Projection of a body in uniform circular motion about any one of the diameter of the circle is an
example for SHM

(i) Displacement in SHM

Here, displacement can be written as

• =Y A sin ωt : If the particle starts from the mean position. or,

•=x A cos ωt : If the partice starts from the extreme position.

In general, position of the body in SHM from the mean position is

•=Y A sin ( ωt ± φ0 )
Y - displacement from the mean position at a time t

A - Amplitude ( ωt ± φ 0 ) - Phase at time t

φ0 - Initial phase (Phase at t = 0) or epoch

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(ii) Velocity in SHM

=
If Y A sin ωt
dY
V=
dt

V=Aω cos ωt
or

ω A 2 − Y 2 Note: V-Y graph is an ellipse

V=
(iii) Acceleration in SHM

If V =A ω cos ωt

dV
a=
dt

a=− Aω2 sin ωt

or

a = −ω2 Y
2
Note: a-Y graph is a straight line with slope −ω

(iv) Force in SHM

Since, F = ma

∴ F =−mω2 A sin ωt
or

F =−mω2 Y

−kY =−mω2 y
Since
k= mω2

(v) Energy in SHM

(i) Potential Energy (U)

Since F = -kY

1
∴ U= mω2 y 2
2

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

(ii) Kinetic Energy (K)

1
K= mv 2 , v =
ω A2 − Y2
2

1
K = mω2 ( A 2 − Y 2 )
2

(iii) Total Energy (T)

T=U+K

1
T
= mω2 A 2
2

Left extreme Mean Right extreme

Quantity
(Y = -A) (Y = 0) (Y = +A)
Displacement -A (maximum) 0 (minimum) +A (maximum)

Velocity 0 (minimum) Aω (maximum) 0 (minimum)

Acceleration ω2 A (maximum) 0 (minimum) −ω2 A (maximum)

1 1
PE mω2 A 2 0 (minimum) mω2 A 2 (maximum)
2 2

KE 0 (minimum)
1 0 (minimum)
mω2 A 2
2 (maximum)

TE 1 1 1
mω2 A 2 (constant) mω2 A 2 (constant) mω2 A 2 (constant)
2 2 2

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

A T 3
• At Y =
± , U=,K=T
2 4 4

±A T
• At y= , U= K=
2 2

6. Differential Equation of SHM

d2Y
2
+ ω2 Y = 0
dt

2 k
Where, ω =
m

7. Simple Pendulum and its time period

Restoring force F =
−mg sin θ
x
for small θ, sin θ ≈ θ, θ =


F=
−mgθ

x
F = −mg − − − − − − (1)


∴ Fα − x ( SHM )

In SHM F = − mω x − − − − − ( 2 )
2

(1) = (2)

g
ω=


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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS


T = 2π
g

T∝ 
4π 2
• Graph between T2 and  is a straight line with slope
g
1
• T∝
g

• T is independent of m

Second’s Pendulum: Its a simple pendulum with time period two seconds. On the surface of the earth,

( g ≈10 m / s ) 2

 
T = 2π ; 2= 2π ; ∴  ≈1m
g 10

8. Spring pendulum

Here restoring force, F = −kx ........... (1)

Fα − x ( SHM )

In SHM F = − mω x − − − − − ( 2 )
2

(1) = (2)

k
ω=
m

m
T = 2π
k

Here,

• T∝ m
1
• T∝
k

• T is independent of g

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9. Combination of springs
(i) Series combination

1 1 1
= +
K eff K1 K 2

m
T = 2π
K eff

(ii) Parallel combination

K eff
= K1 + K 2

m
∴ T =2π
K eff

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

QUESTIONS 4. A particle executes simple harmonic motion

according to the displacement equation
LEVEL - I [HOMEWORK]
 π
=y 10 cos  2πt +  cm ; w h e r e t i s i n
 6
1. Displacement vs. time curve for a particle seconds. The velocity of the particle at
executing S.H.M. is shown in figure. Choose t = 1/6 seconds will be:
the correct statements
1) -6.28 ms-1

2) -0.628 ms-1

3) 0.628 ms-1

4) 6.28 ms-1

5. Displacement of a body in SHM at t sec. is

=y A sin ωt . The following graph represents:
1) Phase of the oscillator is same at t = 0s
and t = 2s

2) Phase of the oscillator is same at t = 2s

and t = 6s

3) Phase of the oscillator is same at t = 1s

and t = 7s

4) Phase of the oscillator is same at t = 1s

and t = 6s

2. A simple harmonic motion having an 1) Velocity - time graph

amplitude A and time period T is represented
by the equation: 2) Acceleration - time graph

y= 5sin π ( t + 4 ) m 3) Displacement - time graph

Then, the values of A (in m) and T (in sec) 4) Velocity - displacement graph
are:
6. A particle is executing SHM with amplitude
1) A = 5; T = 2 2) A = 10; T = 1 A and has maximum velocity V0. Its speed
at displacement A/2 will be:
3) A = 5; T = 1 4) A = 10; T = 2

3.
=
A particle moves according to the equation
x a cos πt . The distance covered by it in 1)
( 3)V 0
2)
V0
2.5 sec is
2 2

1) 3a 2) 5a
V0
3) V0 4)
3) 2a 4) 9a 4

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7. Which of the following statement is incorrect 12. Velocity at the mean position and acceleration
for a simple harmonic oscillator? at extreme position of a body in SHM are
equal in magnitude. What will be the time
1) Force acting is directly proportional to
period?
displacement from the mean position and
opposite to it
1) 1.57 s
2) Motion is periodic

3) Acceleration of the oscillator is constant 2) 3.14 s

4) The velocity is periodic 3) 4.7 s

8. Which one of the following statements is true
for the speed v and the acceleration a of a 4) 6.28 s
particle executing simple harmonic motion?
13. The KE and PE of a particle executing SHM
1) When v is maximum, a is maximum with amplitude A will be equal when its
2) Value of a is zero, whatever may be the displacement is:
value of v
A
3) When v is zero, a is zero 1) A 2 2)
2
4) When v is maximum, a is zero
A
3) 4) A 2 3
9. For a particle in SHM, if the amplitude of 2
displacement is ‘a’ and the amplitude of
14. The total energy of simple harmonic motion
velocity is ‘v’ the amplitude of acceleration is
is E. What will be the kinetic energy of the
v2 particle when displacement is half of the
1) va 2) amplitude?
a
v2 v
3) 4) 1) 3E/4 2) E/2
2a a
10. The maximum velocity of particle, executing 3) E/4 4) E/3
SHM with an amplitude 7 mm, is 4.4 m/s. The
time period of oscillation is
15. When a particle oscillates simple harmonically,
1) 100 s 2) 0.01 s its kinetic energy varies periodically. If
frequency of the particle is f, the frequency
3) 10 s 4) 0.1 s of the kinetic energy is:
11. A particle executes SHM with amplitude
of 20cm and time period of 12s. What is 1) f/2
the minimum time required for it to move
between two points 10cm on either side of 2) f
the mean position?
3) 2f
1) 1 s 2) 2 s

3) 3 s 4) 4 s 4) 4f

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16. The total energy of a particle executing 20. For a simple pendulum the graph between
simple harmonic motion is: L and T will be:

1) ∝ x 1) a hyperbola
2
2) ∝ x
2) a parabola
3) independent of x
12
3) a curved line
4) ∝ x

17. Total energy of a particle performing SHM 4) a straight line

depends on:
21. The time period of second’s pendulum is
1) amplitude and time period
2 s. The spherical bob which is empty from
2) amplitude and time period and
inside, has a mass of 50g. This is now
displacement
replaced by another solid bob of same radius
3) amplitude and displacement
but having a different mass of 100g. The new
4) time period and displacement time period will be:
18. A particle is executing linear SHM. The
average kinetic energy and average 1) 4 s
potential energy, over a period of oscillation,
respectively are Kav and Uav. Then,
2) 1 s

U av
1) K av = 3) 2 s
2

K av 4) 8 s
2) U av =
2
22. A simple pendulum suspended from the
3) Kav = Uav
ceiling of a train has a period T when the
K av train is at rest. When the train is accelerating
4) U av =
3 with a uniform acceleration, the time period
of the simple pendulum will:
19. A girl is swinging in a swing in a sitting
position. If she stands and swings, how will
the period be affected? 1) decrease

1) The period will not change

2) increase
2) The period will now be longer

3) The period will now be shorter 3) remain unchanged

4) The period will first increase and then

decrease 4) become infinite

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

23. A spring with 10 coils has spring constant k. 26. The displacement time graph of a particle
It is exactly cut into two halves, then each executing SHM is as shown in the figure.
The corresponding force-time graph of the
of these new springs will have a spring
particle is:
constant:

1) k/2 2) 3k/2

3) 2k 4) 3k

24. Two identical springs of constant k are

connected in series and parallel as shown
in figure. A mass M is suspended from them.
The ratio of their frequencies of vertical 1) 2)
oscillations will be:

3) 4)

27. A man measures time period of a pendulum

(T) in stationary lift. If the lift moves upwards
with acceleration g/2, then the new time
1) 2:1 period will be:
2) 1:2 2 3T
1) T 2)
3) 1:4 3 2

4) 4:1
3 2
3) T 4) T
25. A simple harmonic motion has an amplitude 2 3
A and time period T. The time required by it
to travel from x = A to A = A/2 is: 28. If a body of mass 36gm moves with SHM of
amplitude A = 13cm and period T = 12 sec.
1) T/6
At a time t = 0, the displacement x is +13cm,
2) T/4 the force acting on the body at t = 2 sec is:

3) T/3 1) 36 dyne 2) 32 dyne

4) T/2 3) 65 dyne 4) 128 dyne

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

29. A particle at the end of a spring executes 4. A particle executes SHM with a time period
simple harmonic motion with a period t1, 16s. At time t=2s, the particle crosses the
while the corresponding period for another mean position while at t=4s, its velocity is
spring is t2. If the period of oscillations with 4ms–1. The amplitude of motion in metre is
the two springs in series is T, then:
2
1)
1) T= t1 + t 2 π
2 2 2
2) T = t1 + t 2 16 2
2)
−1 −1 −1
π
3) T = t1 + t 2
24 2
−2 −2 −2
4) T = t1 + t 2 3)
π
LEVEL - II
32 2
4)
1. Which of the following relationship between π
acceleration a and displacement x of a
particle shows SHM?
5. The total energy of a particle executing SHM
1) a = 0.7x 2) a = -200x 2
is 80 J. What is the potential energy when
3
3) a = -10x 4) a = 100 x 3 the particle is at a distance of of amplitude
4
from the mean position
2. A particle is moving with constant angular
velocity along the circumference of a circle.
1) 60 J 2) 45 J
Which of the following statement is true?
3) 10 J 4) 40 J
1) The particle so moving executes SHM

2) The projection of the particle on any one 6. A particle moves such that its acceleration is
of the diameters executes SHM given by a = -bx. Where x is the displacement

3) The projection of the particle on any of the and b is a constant the period of oscillation
diameters executes SHM is

4) None of the above

1) 2π b
3. A simple harmonic oscillator has an amplitude
2π
A and time period T. The time required by it 2)
to travel from x = A to x = A/2 is b

T T 2π
1) 2) 3)
6 4 b

T T π
3) 4) 4) 2
3 2 b

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

7. A chimpanzee swinging on a swing in a sitting 11. The kinetic energy and potential energy of a
position, suddenly stands up, the time period particle executing SHM are equal. The ratio
will
of its displacement and amplitude is
1) Decreases 2) Increases
3) Remain same 4) Becomes infinite
1 3
1) 2)
2 2
8. A second’s pendulum is taken from Earth’s
1
surface to another planet of twice the mass 3) 4) 2
2
and twice the radius of the Earth. Its new
time period will be
12. A man measures the period of a simple
1 pendulum inside a stationary lift as T. If the
1) s
2 lift accelerates up with an acceleration g/4,
the period of the pendulum will be
2) 2 2 s T
1) T 2)
3) 2 s 4
2T
1 3) 4) 2T 5
4) s 5
2
LEVEL - III
9. A mass connected to a spring is oscillating 13. A particle executes linear SHM with an
with a time period T. If the spring is cut into n amplitude of 3cm. When the particle is at
equal parts and the same mass is attached 2cm from the mean position, the magnitude
of its velocity is equal to its acceleration.
to any one of the part, the new time period
Then its time period in seconds is
is
T 5 4π
1) T n 2) 1) 2)
n 2π 5

T 2π 5
3) nT 4) 3) 4)
n 3 π

14. A body oscillates with SHM according to the

10. The vertical extension of a light spring by a
equation (in SI units)
weight of 1kg suspended from the wire is
9.8cm. Its period of oscillation is 5 2  π
=x cos  2πt +  its initial speed is
π  4
π 2π
1) s 2) s
10 100 5 2
1) 5 2 m/s 2) m/s
π
π π
3) s 4) s 3) 5 m/s 4) 10 m/s
5 10

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15. A particle is moving in a circle with uniform 19. A body makes 5 SHM in 31.4 seconds. At y
speed. Its motion is displacement ratio between velocity and
2
1) Periodic and simple harmonic acceleration is . The displacement y is
3
2) Periodic but not simple harmonic
2
3) A periodic 1) A
3
4) None of the above

16. A body of mass 36 gram makes SHM with a 3

2) A
time period 12 second and amplitude 13cm. 5
At t=0, displacement is 13cm. Force acting
on the body at t=2 sec is  π =
2
10 
3
3) A
1) 36 dyne 5

2) 54 dyne
2
4) A
3) 18 dyne 5

4) 65 dyne
20. A pendulum of length '  ' is suspended from
17. Motion of a ball bearing inside a smooth
curved bowl, when released from a point the roof of a lift. When the lift is stationary, T
slightly above the lower point, is is the time period. When the lift moves with
an acceleration ‘a’ time period becomes
1) simple harmonic motion (SHM)  4T 
  . What will be the value of ‘a’?
 5 
2) non-periodic motion

3) parabolic 9g
1) upwards
16
4) periodic but not SHM

18. What is the effect on the time period of a 9g

simple pendulum, if the mass of the bob is 2) downwards
16
doubled?

1) halved 3g
3) upwards
5
2) doubled

3) become eight times

3g
4) downwards
4) no effect 5

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21. A coin is placed on a horizontal platform Assertion and Reason Type Question
which undergoes vertical SHM of angular 23. Read the assertion and reason carefully to
mark the correct option out of the options
frequency ω . The amplitude of oscillation is
given below.
gradually increased. The coin will leave 1) If both assertion and reason are true
contact with the platform for the first time and reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion
2
1) for an amplitude of g ω 2) If both assertion and reason are true but
2 reason is not the correct explanation of the
2) for an amplitude of ω g assertion
2 3) If assertion is true but reason is false
3) for an amplitude of ω2 g
4) If assertion is false but reason is true
Assertion : In SHM, velocity is maximum
4) At the mean position of the platform when acceleration is
minimum
22. A pendulum is executing SHM and its
Reason : Displacement and velocity of
maximum kinetic energy is k1. If the length π
SHM differ in phase by
of the pendulum is doubled and it performs 2
SHM with the same amplitude as in the first Numerical Type Question
case, its maximum kinetic energy is k2. Then 24. Velocity of a particle at an instant in SHM is

k =
given by v 144 − 16x 2 m/s. Where x is in
1) k2 = k1 2) k 2 = 1
2 meter. The maximum velocity of that particle
k is: (in m/s)
3) k 2 = 2k1 4) k 2 = 1
4

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ANSWER KEY

LEVEL - I (HOMEWORK)

1. 2 7. 3 13. 3 19. 3 25. 1

2. 1 8. 4 14. 1 20. 2 26. 4

3. 2 9. 2 15. 3 21. 3 27. 1

4. 2 10. 2 16. 3 22. 1 28. 3

5. 3 11. 2 17. 1 23. 3 29. 2

6. 1 12. 4 18. 3 24. 2

LEVEL - II & III

1. 3 6. 2 11. 1 16. 4 21. 1

2. 3 7. 1 12. 3 17. 1 22. 3
3. 1 8. 2 13. 2 18. 4 23. 2
4. 4 9. 2 14. 4 19. 2 24. 12
5. 2 10. 3 15. 2 20. 1

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 Chapter
WAVES
11

SYNOPSIS
When a disturbance is made in an elastic medium the particles of the medium are disturbed
successively and put into SHM. At any instant the disturbed particles are in different states of
SHM. A line joining all the disturbed particles at an instant will form a wave.

The length of a full wave is called wave length ( λ ) λ is defined as the distance between two
successive particles on a wave having the same state of vibration.
λ is also defined as the distance moved by the wave in the time taken for one SHM, called the
time period (T).

Two particles on a wave separated by λ distance have a difference of one SHM, equivalent to a
difference of ( 2π ) radians or 360o.

ie, if the distance between two particles on a wave is λ . they have a phase difference of
( 2 π) radians.
A transverse wave is produced by alternate crest and trough. Distance between successive crests
or successive troughs is λ .

Distance from a crest to next trough = λ 2

Any vibrating body is a source of sound. The sound energy produced by the source moves in any
medium in the form of a longitudinal wave and it will be a progressive wave. To move, a sound
wave requires a material medium and sound wave does not move in vacuum.

If ν is the frequency of the source and λ is the wave length, velocity of the sound wave is given

by V = v ×λ
Depending upon the frequency of the source sound produced is divided into three groups namely.
1. Infrasonic sound
2. Audible sound
3. Ultrasonic sound
If ν of the source is in the range, 0 - 20 Hz. Sound is called infrasonic and it cannot be heard.
If ν of the source is in the range 20 - 20000 Hz, sound is called audible sound and it can be heard
If ν of the source is larger than 20000 Hz, sound is ultrasonic and it cannot be heard.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

In the same medium all the sound wave move with same velocity, but ν and λ are different.

If ν is minimum λ is maximum and vice versa

Factors affecting velocity of sound wave in a medium

1. Bulk modulus (B) or Elasticity
As elasticity of a medium increases velocity of wave in the medium increases and vice versa

2. Density ( ρ )
As density of medium increases velocity of wave in the medium decreases and vice versa

Velocity of a sound wave in a medium of bulk modulus (B) and density ( ρ ) is given by

B
v=
ρ

According to Newton a sound wave moves through a medium isothermally. Then elasticity of the
medium is isothermal = Pressure (P) of the medium

P
Then v = , called Newton’s equation. But v calculated from Newtons eqn. is not the same as
ρ
in experiment. Therefore Newton’s eqn. is wrong, means sound wave is not moving isothermally
in a medium.
According to Laplace a sound wave moves through a medium adiabatically. Then elasticity of the
CP
medium is adiabatic = γ × P , where =
γ >1
CV

E ( adiabatic ) γP
Then v
= = , called Laplace’s eqn. v calculated from Laplace’s eqn. is the
ρ ρ
same as in expt.
∴ Laplace’s eqn is correct, means sound wave moves through a medium adiabatically.

3. Pressure (P)

γP
v=
ρ

P
As the pressure P changes, density ρ proportionately changes. Then   will be a constant. For
ρ
a medium γ is a constant. Therefore v is a constant. It means at all pressures of a medium,

velocity of the wave is same or velocity is independent of pressure of the medium.

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

4. Temperature (T)
As temperature of the medium increases, velocity of the wave in the medium increases and vice
versa.

v ∝ T where T is the absolute temperature.

γρ
5. Humidity v =
ρ

As humidity in air increases density of air decrease and velocity of wave in air increases and vice
versa.

PV = nRT

For 1 mole of medium

n=1
∴ PV = RT, where V, is the molar volume = 22.4 liters, same for all gases.
If molar mass = M and molar volume = V

M
density ( ρ ) =
V

γP γP γ (PV)
V
= = =
ρ M/V M

γ RT
V =
M

Progressive wave
A progressive wave moving in the positive direction is represented by the equation

=y A sin ( kx − ωt + φ )

Intensity of a Wave

I ∝ A 2    A → Amplitude
I also depends upon the distance (d) between source and listener. As d increases I decreases
and vice versa.

∴ I∝ 1
d2

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

The SI unit of intensity is w/m2. However as human ear respond to sound intensities over a wide
range, ie from 10–12 W/m2 to 1 W/m2. So instead of specifying intensity of sound in W/m2, we use
a logarithmic scale of intesity called sound level defined as

I
SL =10 log   ; unit dB
 I0 
Where I0 is the threshold of human ear. ie 10–12 W/m2
Superposition of waves
When two waves are produced simultaneously in the same medium they superpose each other
producing a resultant wave.

If A1 and A2 are the amplitudes and φ is the phase difference of the two superposing waves, the
resultant amplitude A of the resultant wave is given by

A= A12 + A 2 2 + 2A1A 2 cos φ

If φ = 0, A = A1 + A2, the maximum amplitude

ie., A max
= A1 + A 2

If φ = 180, A = A1 – A2, the minimum amplitude

ie., A min
= A1 − A 2

Resultant intensity is given by

I = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1I 2 cos φ

( ); ( )
2 2
I=
max I1 + I 2 I min
= I1 − I 2

Beats

When two vibrating bodies having nearly equal frequencies υ1 and υ2 are put into vibration
together the intensity of the resultant sound increases to a maximum called waxing, decreases
to a minimum called waning. The variation in intensity between maximum and minimum produces
beats.

Number of beats/second = υ1 − υ2 .
Beat frequency
1
The time interval between successive maximum or successive minimum = .
υ1 − υ2
1 1
Time interval between a maximum and next minimum= ×
2 υ1 − υ2

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

Stationary or Standing wave

When two similar waves are simultaneously produced along the same line in opposite directions
they superpose each other producing a resultant wave. The resultant wave does not move in the
medium and hence it is called a stationary wave.
The amplitude of particles on a stationary wave varies from zero at a point called node to a
maximum at a point called antinode.

λ
Distance between successive nodes or antinodes = .
2

λ
Distance from a node to the next antinode = .
4

Usually a stationary wave is produced by superposing a progressive wave and its own reflected
wave. If progressive wave is represented by

=y1 A sin ( kx − ωt ) its reflected wave is y = + A sin ( kx + ωt )

Where ( 2A sin kx ) is the amplitude of the stationary wave.

Since amplitude of each superposing wave is A, maximum amplitude at an antinode
= A1 + A2 = A + A = 2A.
Then stationary wave is represented by the equation, y = y1 + y2.

=y ( 2A sin kx ) cos ωt
Vibration of a stretched wire
Fundamental vibration or 1st mode

AB is a stretched wire of length l m, tension T newton and mass per unit length or linear density
µ.

When it is put into vibration as shown, it produces a sound. The velocity of the sound wave is
T
given by v = .
µ

The whole length of the wire vibrates in one segment. Then A and B are successive nodes.

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

λ v
Therefore, AB = l = λ =2l v = υλ or υ =
2 λ

v
υ= Frequency υ is called the fundamental frequency or 1st Harmonic.
2l

1 T
or υ =
2l µ

2nd mode

There are two segments in the wire. The frequency of vibration is given by, υ1 = 2 × υ

υ1 is called the 1st overtone or 2nd harmonic.

∴ 1st overtone = 2nd harmonic
3rd mode

There are three segments in the wire.

The frequency of vibration is given by ν 2 = 3 × ν .

∴ 2nd overtone = 3rd harmonic
[NB: The number of segments in the wire give the number of mode of vibration.
nth overtone = (n + 1) harmonic
In a stretched wire all the harmonics can be heard and hence the quality of sound is rich.

1 T
υ=
2l µ

From the above equation the three laws of transverse vibration of a string are concluded.
1
1. υ ∝ , when T and m are constants.
l

2. υ ∝ T , when l and m are constants.

1
3. υ ∝ , when l and T are constants.
µ

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

VIBRATION OF AIR COLUMNS

The air inside an empty pipe is called air column. The length of air column is equal to the length of
empty pipe. When the air column in a pipe is put into vibration a stationary wave is formed inside
the pipe, with a node at the closed end and an antinode at the open end of the pipe
Closed Pipe: Ist Mode

v
 = λ 2 ; λ = 2 ; ν = ν λ ; ∴ν =
2

ν is called the 1st harmonic or fundamental frequency

2nd mode 3rd mode

Frequency of vibration is υ1 = 3 × ν Frequency of vibration is,

ie 1st overtone = 3rd Harmonic υ2 = 5 × ν

ie 2nd overtone = 5th Harmonic
nth overtone is equal to (2n+1) harmonic
In a closed pipe only the odd multiples of harmonics can be heard, no even multiples are heard.
Therefore quality of sound is poor
Open pipe: Ist mode

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

v
 =λ 2 ; λ = 2 ; ν = v λ ∴ν = . ν is called 1st Harmonic or fundamental frequency
2

[NB : Number of nodes inside the pipe gives the number of mode of vibration.
nth overtone = (n + 1) harmonic
In an open pipe all the harmonics can be heard and hence the quality of sound is rich]

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

QUESTIONS 5. Equation of motion in the same direction is

given by
LEVEL - I [HOMEWORK]
y1 A sin ( ωt − kx=
= ) ,y2 A sin ( ωt − kx − θ )
The amplitude of the medium particle will be
1. Velocity of sound wave in air is 330 m/s. For
a particular sound in air, a path difference of
θ
1) 2A cos 2) 2A cos θ
2
40 cm is equivalent to a phase difference of
1.6 π . The frequency of this wave is: θ
3) 2 A cos 4) 2A
2
1) 165 Hz 2) 150 Hz 6. =
The wave equation is y 0.30sin ( 314t − 1.57x )

3) 660 Hz 4) 330 Hz where t, x and y are in second, meter and

centimeter respectively. The speed of the
2. The temperature at which the speed of wave is:
sound in air becomes double of its value at
1) 100 m/s 2) 200 m/s
0oC is:
3) 300 m/s 4) 400 m/s
1) 273 K 2) 546 K
7. A wave is represented by the eqution
3) 1092 K 4) 0 K
=y a sin ( 0.01x − 2t ) where a and x are in
3. Frequency of infrasonic sound, f is cm. velocity of propagation of wave is:
1) less than 20 Hz 1) 10 cm/s 2) 50 cm/s
2) greater than 20,000 Hz 3) 100 cm/s 4) 200 cm/s
3) equal to 2000 Hz 8. If two waves having amplitudes 2A and A and
same frequency and velocity in the same
4) between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz direction in the same phase, the resulting
4. The speed of sound in a gas of density ρ at amplitude will be:

a pressure P is proportional to: 1) 3A 2) 5A

2
P 3) 2A 4) A
1)  
ρ
9. Find the correct one
3
P 2
2)   1) A= A12 + A 22
ρ max

ρ 2) A=
min A12 − A 22
3)
P
( )
2
3) I=
max I1 + l2
P
4)
ρ 4) I min= I1 − I 2

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

10. The transverse displacement of a string fixed 15. For the stationary wave
at both ends is given by,
 πx 
= y 4sin   cos ( 96πt ) , t h e d i s t a n c e
 2πx   15 
y 0.06sin   cos (120πt )
 3  between a node and the next antinode is:
y and x are in metres and t in seconds. The
wavelength and frequency of the two 1) 7.5 2) 15
superposing waves are:
3) 22.5 4) 30
2
1) 2m, 120Hz 2) m,60Hz
3 16. A string fixed at both the ends is vibrating
in three segments. The wavelength of the
3 corresponding wave is:
3) m,120Hz 4) 3m, 60Hz
2
11. An unknown frequency x produces 8 beats 1) l/4 2) l/2
per seconds with a frequency of 250 Hz and 2l
12 beats with 270 Hz source, then x is 3) 4) 2l
3
1) 258 Hz 2) 242 Hz 17. A closed organ pipe and an open organ
pipe are tuned to the same fundamental
3) 262 Hz 4) 282 Hz
frequency. What is the ratio of lengths
12. Two tuning forks have frequencies 380 and
384 Hz respectively. When they are sounded 1) 1 : 2 2) 2 : 1
together, they produce 4 beats. After hearing
the maximum sound, how long will it take to 3) 2 : 3 4) 4: 3
hear the minimum sound
18. The maximum wavelength of a transverse
1 1 wave that can be set up in a string of length
1) s 2) s
2 4 ‘l’ is
1 1
3) s 4) s
8 16 1) l 2) 2l
13. Two vibrating tuning forks produce progres-
3) 3l 4) l 2
by Y1 4sin 500πt and
sive waves given =
=Y2 2sin 506πt . Number of beats produced 19. Velocity of sound in a medium

per minute is: 1) Increases with density of medium but

decreases with elasticity of medium
1) 360 2) 180
2) Increases with elasticity and density of
3) 3 4) 60 medium

14. Amplitude of a stationary wave is 3) Decreases with density and elasticity of

medium
1) 2A 2) 2A sin kx
4) Decreases with density and increases with
3) zero 4) 2A elasticity of the medium

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

20. The temperature at which the speed of sound 24. Choose the correct combination from each
column.
in a gas becomes half as it was at 9270C is

1) 273 K 2) 1027 K
Column I Column II

3) 270C 4) 27K
Laplace’s
A. y= A sin (wt - kx) p.
equation
21. The speed of sound wave in hydrogen at NTP
is 1270 ms-1|. Then the speed of sound wave frequency of a
B. y= 2A coskx sin wt q.
stretched wire
in oxygen will be (at N.T.P) approximately

1) 317 ms-1 2) 635 ms-1 C.

γP r. progressive wave
V=
ρ
3) 830ms-1 4) 950 ms-1
 V − VL 
22. Two sound waves are represented by D. f ′ '= f=   s. stationary wave
 V − VS 
y 1 = a sin (wt -kx) and y2 = a cos (wt - kx).
The phase difference between the waves in
ρ T
radian is : E. f= t. Doppler effect
2 µ
π
1) Zero 2)
2
1) A - p ; B - q ; C - r; D - s ; E - t
π
3) π 4)
4 2) A - p ; B - r ; C - s; D - q ; E - t

3) A - r ; B - s ; C - p; D - t ; E - q
23. Assertion : Velocity of sound in dry air is
larger than velocity in moist 4) A - t ; B - r ; C - s; D - p ; E - q
air
25. A man standing between two parallel hills
Reason : As humidity of air increases,
fires a gun. He hears the first echo after 1.5 s
density of air decreases. and the second after 2.5 s. If the speed of
1) Both assertion and reason are correct and sound is 332 ms-1 the distance between the
two hills is :
reason is correct explanation of assertion
1) 332 m
2) Both assertion and reason are correct but
reason is not correct explanation of assertion 2) 166 m

3) 664 m
3) Assertion is wrong but reason is correct
4) 498 m
4) Assertion is correct but reason is wrong

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 LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

26. A plane progressive wave is given as 31. Two tuning forks of frequency 250 Hz and
 x 256 Hz produce beats. If a maximum is
y = 4 sin π/2  2t +  cm. The phase observed just now, after how much time the
 8 next immediate minimum is observed at the
difference between two particles separated
same place
by a distance of 12 cm is 1 1
1) s 2) s
18 24
π π
1) 2) 1 1
4 2 3) s 4) s
6 12
3π 3π 32. The ratio of the speed of sound in nitrogen
3) 4) gas to that in Helium gas at 300 K is
2 4
27. How many times more intense is a 60 dB
sound than a 30 dB sound ? 2 1
1) 2)
7 7
1) 2 2) 4
3 3
3) 4)
3) 100 4) 1000 5 5
28. A turning fork of frequency 220Hz produces Assertion - Reason questions
sound waves of wavelength 1.5 m in air at 1) If both assertion and reason are correct
S.T.P. Increase in wavelength of sound when and reason is the correct explanation of
the temperature of air is 2730C is : assertion

1) 0.621 m 2) 0 2) If both assertion and reason are correct

but reason is not the correct explanation of
3) 1.5 m 4) 0.75 m assertion
3) Assertion is true but reason is false
29. A mixture has 1 mole of helium and 2 mole
of oxygen at 270C. The speed of sound in 4) Assertion is false but reason is true
this mixture is nearly 33. Assertion : The Laplace correction for
velocity of light was that,
1) 480 m/s 2) 401 m/s exchange of heat between
the region of compression
3) 322 m/s 4) 243 m/s and rarefaction of air is not
possible
30. A closed organ pipe has length '  ' . The air Reason : Light travels faster
in it vibrates in 3rd overtone with maximum than sound as both are
amplitude ‘a’. The amplitude at a distance of mechanical waves
 34. Assertion : Under given conditions of
from the closed end of the pipe is
7 pressure and temperature,
a sound travels faster in a
1) a 2) monoatomic gas then in
2 diatomic gas.
3a 1 Reason : Gases have two
3) 4) a bulkmodulus, adiabatic and
2 2
isothermal

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

35. The first overtone of a stretched string of 2. For the travelling harmonic wave
given length is 320Hz. The first harmonic y (x, t)= 2 cos 2 π (10t − 0.008 x + 0.35)
is :
where x and y are in cm and t is s. The phase
1) 320 Hz 2) 640 Hz difference between oscillatory motion of two
points separated by a distance of 0.5 m is:
3) 160 Hz 4) 480 Hz
36. A uniform horizontal rod of length 40 cm and 1) 0.2 π rad 2) 0.4 π rad
mass 1.2 kg is supported by 2 identical wires
as shown in figure. Where should a mass of
3) 0.6 π rad 4) 0.8 π rad
4.8 kg placed on the rod so that the same
turning fork may excite the wire on left into 3. When a wave travels in a medium, the
the fundamental vibrations and that on right
particle displacement is given by the
into first ovetone ? Take g = 10ms-2
equation y= a sin 2π ( bt − cx ) where, b and
c are constants. The maximum particle
velocity will be twice the wave velocity if
TL TR
1
1) c = 2) c = πa
πa
1) 5 cm from left end
1
2) 5 cm from right end 3) b= ac 4) b =
ac
3) 10 cm from left end
4. At what temperature will the speed of sound
4) 10 cm from right end
in air becomes double of its value at 00C
LEVEL - II
1) 10920C 2) 8190C
1. A wave travelling in positive x-direction with
A = 0.2 m has a velocity of 360 m/sec. If
3) 9190C 4) 7190C
λ =60 m then correct expression for the
wave is : 5. Speed of sound in mercury at a certain tempera-
ture is 1450 m/s. Given the density of mercury is
  x 
1) y 0.2 sin 2 π  6t +
= 13.6 × 103 kg/m3. The bulk modulus for
  60  
mercury is:
  x 
2)=y 0.2 sin  π  6t + 10
1) 2.86 × 10 N / m
2

  60  
10 2
2) 3.86 × 10 N / m
  x 
3) y 0.2 sin 2π  6t −
=
  60   10 2
3) 4.86 × 10 N / m
  x 
4)=y 0.2 sin  π  6t − 10
4) 5.86 × 10 N / m
2

  60  

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6. A steel wire 0.72m long has a mass of 11. If a stretched wire is vibrating in the second
5.0×10–3 kg. If the wire is under a tension of overtone, then the number of nodes and
60N, what is the speed of transverse waves
antinodes between the ends of the string are
on the wire?
respectively
1) 73 ms–1 2) 83 ms–1
1) 2 and 2 2) 1 and 2
3) 93 ms–1 4) 103 ms–1
7. The fundamental frequency of a closed pipe 3) 4 and 3 4) 2 and 3
1
is 220 Hz. If of the pipe is filled with water,
4 12. The velocity of sound in air is 330ms-1. For a
the frequency of the first overtone of the pipe particular sound in air, a path difference of
now is 40 cm is equivalent to a phase difference of
1) 220 Hz 2) 440 Hz 1.6 π . The frequency of this wave is :
3) 880 Hz 4) 1760 Hz
1) 165 Hz
8. If the ratio of amplitude of two waves is
4 : 3. Then the ratio of maximum and 2) 150 Hz
minimum intensity will be:
3) 660Hz
1) 16 : 18 2) 18 : 16

3) 49 : 1 4) 1 : 49 4) 330 Hz

9. 56 tunning forks are so arranged that each 13. Two pipes A and B, one closed at an end and
fork gives 4 beats/sec with the previous other open at both ends are similar in length.
one. The frequency of first is (1/3) times the The ratio of 3rd overtones in them are in the
frequency of the last one. Then the frequency ratio
of the 25th fork will be:
14 7
1) 2)
1) 135 Hz 2) 206 Hz 15 8
3) 210 Hz 4) 220 Hz 3 1
3) 4)
4 2
10. The equations of stationary wave along a
stretched string is given by
πx LEVEL - III
=y 5 sin cos 40 π t, where x and y are in
3
14. The equation of a transverse wave is given
cm and t in second. The separation between
by y =10sin π ( 0.01x − 2t ) where x and y are
two adjacent nodes is :-
in cm and t is in second. Its frequency is:
1) 1.5 cm 2) 3 cm
1) 10s–1 2) 2 s–1
3) 6 cm 4) 4 cm
3) 1 s–1 4) 0.01 s–1

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15. =
Thewavedescribed by y 0.25sin (10πx − 2πt ) 19. A wave of frequency 500Hz has velocity
360 m/s. The distance between two nearest
where x and y are in meters and t in seconds, point 60o out of phase, is:
is a wave travelling along the
1) 0.6 cm
1) Positive x direction with frequency 1 Hz
and wavelength λ =0.2 m 2) 12 cm

2) Negative x direction with amplitude 0.25m 3) 60 cm

and wavelength λ =0.2 m
3) Negative x direction with frequency 1Hz 4) 120 cm

4) Positive x direction with frequency π Hz 20. A tuning fork of frequency 100 Hz when
and wavelength λ =0.2 m sounded together with another tuning fork
of unknown frequency produces 2 beats per
16. Sound waves travel at 350 ms-1 through second. On loading the tuning fork whose
warm air and 3500 ms-1 through brass. The frequency is not known and sounded to-
wavelength of a 700 Hz acoustic wave as it
gether with a tuning fork of frequency 100
enters brass from air
Hz produces one beat, then the frequency
1) decrease by a factor 10 of the other tuning fork is :-

2) Increase by a factor 10 1) 102 Hz 2) 98 Hz

3) decrease by a factor 20 3) 99 Hz 4) 101 Hz

4) Increase by a factor 20 21. 56 tuning forks are so arranged that the fre-
17. A plane progressive wave is represented by quency of last fork is 3 times the frequency
of the first fork and when two consecutive
=
the equation y 5sin ( 8πt − 0.2x ) meter. The
forks are vibrated together 4 beats/sec are
velocity of the wave is
heard. Then the frequency of the 25th fork
−1 −1 is :
1) 80 π ms 2) 40 π ms
−1 −1 1) 110 Hz 2) 220 Hz
3) 20 πms 4) 60 πms

18. The velocity of a sound wave in air medium: 3) 206 Hz 4) 330 Hz

1) increases with temperature of the medium 22. A string is clamped at both the ends and is
but decreases with the humidity in air vibrating in its 4th harmonic. The equation
2) increases with temperature but decreases of the stationary wave is y = 0.3 sin (0.157
with pressure x) cos ( 200πt ) . The length of the string is (all
3) increases with pressure and decreases quantities are in SI Units)
with temperature
1) 20 m 2) 40 m
4) increases with temperature and humidity
in air
3) 60 m 4) 80m

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23. Two waves represented as, Assertion and Reason Type Questions

(
Y1 a sin ωt − kx + π
= )
6 and
1) If both assertion and reason are correct
and reason is the correct explanation of
Y2 a cos ( ωt − kx ) , the resultant amplitude
= assertion
2) If both assertion and reason are correct
is: but reason is not the correct explanation of
the assertion
1) a
3) If assertion is correct but reason is incorrect
2) a 2 4) If both assertion and reason are incorrect

3) a 3 25. Assertion : The fundamental frequency

of an open organ pipe in-
4) 2a creases as the temperature
is increased.
24. Equation of a standing wave is given by Reason : As the temperature increas-
y 2sin ( 0.02 πx ) cos ( πt ) Distance between
= es, the velocity of sound in-
creases more rapidly than
consecutive node and antinode is : length of the pipe.

1) 100 Numerical Type Question

26. A string of mass 2.5 kg is under a tension

2) 75
of 200 N. The length of the stretched string
is 20 m. If the transverse jerk is struck at
3) 50
one end of the string. The velocity (v) of the
transverse wave in the string is _____ m/s.
4) 25

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LT-2026 (One Year) PHYSICS

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL - I (HOMEWORK)

1. 3 8. 1 15. 1 22. 2 30. 1

2. 3 9. 2 16. 3 23. 3 31. 4

24. 3
3. 1 10. 4 17. 1 32. 4
25. 3
4. 4 11. 1 18. 2 33. 3
26. 4
5. 1 12. 3 19. 4 34. 2
27. 4
6. 2 13. 2 20. 3 35. 3
28. 1

7. 4 14. 1 21. 1 29. 2 36. 1

LEVEL - II & III

1. 3 6. 3 11. 3 16. 2 21. 3

2. 4 7. 3 12. 3 17. 2 22. 4
3. 1 8. 3 13. 2 18. 4 23. 3

4. 2 9. 2 14. 3 19. 2 24. 4

25. 1
5. 1 10. 2 15. 1 20. 1
26. 40

208