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New Anderson ch2 Lecture

Chapter 2 covers descriptive statistics, focusing on organizing categorical and quantitative data through various methods such as frequency distributions, bar charts, pie charts, and histograms. It includes examples for calculating relative and percent frequencies, constructing crosstabulations, and creating graphical representations like dot plots and ogives. The chapter also introduces stem-and-leaf displays for exploratory data analysis.

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Althea Rivadelo
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14 views4 pages

New Anderson ch2 Lecture

Chapter 2 covers descriptive statistics, focusing on organizing categorical and quantitative data through various methods such as frequency distributions, bar charts, pie charts, and histograms. It includes examples for calculating relative and percent frequencies, constructing crosstabulations, and creating graphical representations like dot plots and ogives. The chapter also introduces stem-and-leaf displays for exploratory data analysis.

Uploaded by

Althea Rivadelo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CH 2: Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical

Presentations
Part 1 Organizing Categorical Data

1. Case 1: One Variable Categorical Data (Sec 2.1)

(A) Frequency Distribution: A tabular summary of data showing the number (frequency) of data
values in each of several nonoverlapping classes.
(B) Relative Frequency Distribution: A tabular summary of data showing the fraction or propor-
tion of data values in each of several nonoverlapping classes.
Frequency (in the interval)
Note: Relative frequency of a class =
Total number of observations
(C) Percent Frequency Distribution: A tabular summary of data showing the percentage of data
values in each of several nonoverlapping classes.
Note: Percentage frequency of a class = relative frequency ×100%
(D) Bar chart: A graphical device for displaying categorical data that have been summarized in a
frequency, relative frequency, or percent frequency distribution.
(E) Pie chart: Use pie slices to display the percent frequency distribution of each category.

EX1 Given a summary table of 137 mutual funds:

Fund Objective Number of Funds Rel. Frequency % Frequency


Growth and Income (GI) 26
International (IL) 42
Midcap (MC) 20
SmallCap (SC) 37
Technology(TK) 12

(a) Provide the relative frequency and the percent frequency distributions.

(b) Construct a bar chart

Frequency Bar Chart Percent Frequency Bar Chart


(c) Construct a pie chart

(d) Based on the pie chart, what percentage of the fund is from M C + T K?

2. Case 2: Bivariate Categorical Data (Sec 2.4 Crosstabulations)


Crosstabulation: A tabular summary of data for two variables. The classes for one variable are repre-
sented by the rows; the classes for the other variable are presented by the columns.

EX2 Crosstabulation (contingency table) of whether the fund has a sales charge vs. mutual funds

Sales Charge GI IL MC SC TK Total


Y 17 25 6 15 9 72
N 9 17 14 22 3 65
Total 26 42 20 37 12 137

3. Side-by-side bar chart: Bar charts arranged side-by-side according to different categories. Useful
when looking for patterns or relationships.

EX 2 (cont.) Construct the side-by-side bar chart.

4. Note: If we divided each cell of Table 1 by the grand total, we obtain a % based overall table.

Sales Charge GI IL MC SC TK Total


Y 17/137=12.4% 18.3% 4.4% 10.9% 6.6% 52.6%
N 9/137=6.6% 12.4% 10.2% 16.1% 2.2% 47.4%
Total 26/137=19% 30.7% 14.6% 27% 8.8% 100%
CH 2: Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical
Presentations
Part 2 Organizing Quantitative Data

1. Dot Plot: A graphical device that summarizes data by the number of dots above each data value on
the horizontal axis.

EX3 Given a set of data: 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 1. Construct a dot plot.

2. Histogram:

(A) Histogram: A graphical presentation of a frequency distribution, relative frequency distribution,


or percent frequency distribution of quantitative data constructed by placing the class intervals on
the horizontal axis and the frequencies, relative frequencies, or percent frequencies on the vertical
axis.
(B) Width of the classes:

Largest data value - Smallest data value


Approximate class width =
Number of classes

EX3 (Cont.) Construct the distributions (with 2 classes).

EX4 The data set of the monthly finance charges of 50 customers from a store’s record is given: $20, $5,
$13, .... The following table is the frequency distribution of the data set.
Class interval number of customers (Freq) RelativeFrequency
$0-5 15
$ 5-10 20
$10-15 10
$15-20 5
a. Construct a histogram (with Relative Frequency)
b. Referring to the histogram, what % of the finance charges is between $5 to $15?

c. Referring to the histogram, what % of the finance charges is below $10?

d. Referring to the histogram, 70% of the finance charges is above what amount?

3. Cumulative distribution and Ogive


(A) Cumulative frequency distribution: A tabular summary of quantitative data showing the
number of data values that are less than or equal to the upper class limit of each class.
(B) Cumulative relative frequency distribution: A tabular summary of quantitative data showing
the fraction or proportion of data values that are less than or equal to the upper class limit of each
class.
(C) Cumulative percent frequency distribution: A tabular summary of quantitative data showing
the percentage of data values that are less than or equal to the upper class limit of each class.
(D) Ogive: A graph of a cumulative distribution.
EX4 (cont.) Construct a Ogive (cumulative % distribution).

$ Cumulative %
100 100
0 0%
90 90
5 30 % 70
60
10 70 %
30
15 90 % 30

20 100 %
0 5 10 15 20

4. Stem and Leaf Display:


(A) Ordered array: Sorting the observations in rank order from the smallest to the largest.
(B) Stem and Leaf: An exploratory data analysis technique that simultaneously rank orders quanti-
tative data and provides insight about the shape of the distribution. In this case, data are separated
into leading digits (stems) and the remaining digits (leaves).

EX5 Given a set of data: 269, 272, 305, 283, 438, and 343. Construct a stem-and-leaf display.

EX6 Given a stem-and-leaf display of the exam scores (0-100). What % of the exam scores is higher
than 80?
Stem Leaf
5 5 7
6 2 3
7 1 5 5
8 4
9 0 8

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