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Lecture 12

The document discusses the conservation of momentum and its application in fluid dynamics, particularly in the context of forces acting on bodies in motion, such as water flow through pipes and the impact of jets on surfaces. It outlines the equations governing momentum changes and provides examples of calculating forces on fixed and moving blades in turbomachines. Key concepts include the relationship between mass flow rate, velocity, and pressure, as well as the effects of jet deflection on blade forces.

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mahdialijassimw25
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5 views18 pages

Lecture 12

The document discusses the conservation of momentum and its application in fluid dynamics, particularly in the context of forces acting on bodies in motion, such as water flow through pipes and the impact of jets on surfaces. It outlines the equations governing momentum changes and provides examples of calculating forces on fixed and moving blades in turbomachines. Key concepts include the relationship between mass flow rate, velocity, and pressure, as well as the effects of jet deflection on blade forces.

Uploaded by

mahdialijassimw25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Conservation of momentum:

Equation of momentum:
A flying baseball can simply be caught with a glove. A moving
automobile, however, is dificult to stop in a short time as shown in Fig.
below. Therefore, the velocity is not sufficient to study the effects of
body motion, but the product, Mv, of the mass M and the velocity v can
be used as an indicator of the consequences of motion.

This is called the Linear momentum. By Newton ,s second law of


motion, the change per unit time in the momentum of a body is equal
to the force acting on the body.
Now, assume that a body of mass M (kg) will be at velocity v(m/s) in t
seconds. The acting force F(N) is given by the following equation:
In other words, the acting force is conserved as an increase in unit time
in momentum. This is the law of conservation of momentum.

Whenever the reaction force of a jet or the force acting on a solid wall
contact with the flow is to be obtained, by using the change in
momentum, such a force can be obtained comparatively dimply
without examining the complex internal phenomena.
In an actual computation, keeping in mind an assumed control volume
in the flow, the relation between the change in momentum and the
force within that volume is obtained by using the equation of
momentum. In the case where fluid flows in a curved pipe as shown in
Fig, below:

Flow in a curved pipe


Let ABCD the control volume, then the equation of momentum:

-----(42)
Note: increase in momentum = momentum going out – momentum coming in
In this equation, m is the mass flow rate, If Q is the volumetric flow rate, then the
following relation exists:

------------------------------------------(43)
From equation (43), FX and Fy are given by:

∑ = ρ*Q*∆ ---------------------------------------(44)
F1X + FX – F2X = ρ *Q* ( V2X – V1X )
P1*A1*cos α1 + FX - P2*A2*cos α2 = ρ *Q* ( V2X – V1X )

∑ = ρ *Q* ∆ ---------------------------------------------(45)
F1Y + FY - F2Y = ρ *Q* ( V2Y – V1Y )
P1*A1*sin α1 + FX - P2*A2*sin α2 = ρ *Q* ( V2y – V1y )

F= √ ------------------------------------------- (46)

ϴ = tan-1 ------------------------------------------ (47)


Application of momentum equation:

1- Forces on pipe bends


2- Enlargement and contraction
3- Force of a jet
4- Forces on fixed blades
5- Forces on moving blades
6- Hydraulic Jump.
7- Structures in open flow
1- Forces on pipe bends
2- Enlargement and contraction

3- Force of a jet
4- Forces on fixed blades

5- Forces on moving blades


6- Hydraulic Jump.
7- Structures in open flow
1- Forces on pipe bends
Ex.19: 300 L/S of water flow through the pipe bend (200mm *300mm)
shown in Fig. The pressure at the entrance (P1= 70 kPa.). Compute the
force of water on the bend if the volume of water inside the bend
=0.085m3.

Solution

Continuity equation :
D1= 300 mm and Q=300 l/s then v1= Q /A1 = 4.24 m/s : v12/2g= 0.92m
D2= 200mm Q=300l/s v2= Q/A2 = 9.55 m/s : v22/2g=4.65m
Bernoulli equation:
Datum at section x-x
Z1=0 : P1/ϒ = 70/9.8 = 7.14m : v12/2g= 0.92
Z2=1.5m : P2/ϒ = ? : v22/2g = 4.65
Z1+v122g+P1/ϒ = Z2+V22/2g + P2/ϒ then = 1.91 m
P2= 1.91 *9.81 = 18.74 kPa.
Momentum equation:

F1= p1*A1= 70 000 Pa. * (∏*0.32/4) = 4948 N Note: F1 is horizontal


F2= p2*A2= 18 740 Pa. * (∏*0. 22/4) = 588N

F1X= + 4948N → : F1Z= 0

F2X= 588 cos 600= 294 N → : F2Z= 588 sin600 = 509 N


V1X=+ 4.24 m/s → : V1Z= 0

V2X = V2 cos 600 : V2Z= V2 sin 600


= 9.55 cos600 = 9.55 sin 600
= 4.775 m/s ← = 8.27m/s ↑
= - 4.775m/s = +8.27 m/s
ρwater = 1000kg/m3
Weight of water = ϒ* vol. = 9800* 0.085= 833N Wwater=833N↓
∑Fx = ρ*Q*∆Vx
F1- Fx + F2X = ρ*Q*( V2X-V1X)
4948 – FX + 294 = 1000 *0.3* (-4.775 -4.24) FX= 8197 N←

∑FZ = ρ*Q*∆VZ
F1+ FZ -F2Z = ρ*Q*( V2Z-V1Z)
0 + FZ – 509- 833 = 1000 *0.3* (8.27 -0)
FZ= 3823 N↑
Resultant of FX= 8197N← and Fy= 3823N↑
F= √ = 9044 N ϴ= tan-1 (Fy/Fx)= 27.780
to find r then moment about point of entrance center intersection:
-r*F+0.525 *W+1.5*F2cosϴ+0.6*F2sinϴ=ρ*Q*[1.5(-v2cosϴ)+(0.6v2sinϴ)] then r=? m.

EX.

EX.
Deflectors and blades
The theory of turbomachines is based on the relation between jets and
vanes. When a free jet is deflected by a blade surface, a change of
momentum occurs and a force is exerted on the blade.
Assumptions:
1- The jet is assumed to flow on the vane in a tangential direction,
without shock.
2- The friction resistance between vane and the jet is small and can be
neglected.
3. uniform velocity through out the jet upstream and downstream from
the vane.
4. same pressure at each end of the vane.
5. The only force acting on the fluid is the reaction of the blade.

4- Fixed blades:
Fig. ©
5- Moving blades:
Assuming the blade in Fig. © above moving to the right with velocity
U, were U<V1

then the relative velocity is Vr= (v1-U) and Q= Vr* AJET


∑ =-FX= ρ*Q*(Vr cos β –Vr )
∑ =Fy= ρ*Q*(Vr sinβ -0 )

Example of moving blade.


E.X.: Formulate the momentum equation in X and Y direction.

E.X.

E.X.
Force on Fixed Blade

Ex: A flat plate is struck normally by a jet of water 50mm in diameter. If the
discharge is 0.0353 m3/s.

a) Calculate the force on the plate when it is stationary.


b) Calculate the force on the plate when the plate velocity is 10 m/s to the right.
c) Calculate the force on the plate when the plate velocity is 10 m/s to the left.

Solution:
a) Fixed plate:

Schematic diagram

Area of the jet (A) = = = 1.96 *10-3 m2

Velocity (v) = = = 17.98 m/s

Forces exerted by the fluid on the plate:


Σ = ρ.Q.Δ -----------------------------------------(1)
Σ = ρ.Q. [
= 1000 . 0.0353 [ 0 – 17.98 m/s]
= 633.5 N → forces of the fluid on the plate
= 633.5 N ← reaction of the plate against the fluid force
b) Plate velocity is 10 m/s to the right.

Relative velocity ( vrx ) = vjet – vplate = 17.98 – 10 = 7.98 m/s

Then equation (1) Σ = ρ.Q.Δ :


Σ = ρ.Q.Δ
Σ = ρ.Q. [
= 1000 . 0.0353 [ 0 –7.98 m/s]
= 281.69 N → forces of the fluid on the plate
= 281.69 N ← reaction of the plate against the fluid force

c) Plate velocity is 10 m/s to the left.

Relative velocity ( vrx ) = vjet + vplate = 17.98 + 10 = 27.98 m/s


Then equation (1) Σ = ρ.Q.Δ :
Σ = ρ.Q.Δ
Σ = ρ.Q. [
= 1000 . 0.0353 [ 0 –27.98 m/s]
= 987.69 N → forces of the fluid on the plate
= 987.69 N ← reaction of the plate against the fluid force

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