10/5/2024

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Chapter 8

What is SQL?

• SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

• It is a standard language used for accessing and manipulating databases.
• SQL commands are helpful in managing Relational Database Management
Systems (RDBMS)
• SQL is used to perform a variety of operations on data, including creating,
retrieving, updating, and deleting data.
• SQL was developed in 1970 by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F.
Boyce at IBM

1
 10/5/2024

Features of SQL

SQL has the following salient features and strong processing capabilities:
• It can retrieve data from a database through Query processing.
• It can insert records into a database.
• It can update records in a database.
• It can create new databases and modify the existing ones.
• It can create new tables in a database.
• It can create views in a database.
• It can allow modifying security settings for the system

Advantages of SQL

1. Ease of use: It is very easy to learn and use and does not require high-end
professional training to work upon it.
2. Large volume of data can be handled quite easily.
3. No coding required: It is non-procedural and a unified language, i.e., we need not
specify the procedures to accomplish a task but only need to give a command to
perform the activity.
4. SQL can be linked to most of the other high-level languages which makes it the first
choice for database programmers.
5. Portable: It is compatible with other database programs like Dbase IV, FoxPro, MS
Access,Db2, MS SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, etc.

2
 10/5/2024

Advantages of SQL

6. SQL is not a case-sensitive language, i.e., both capital and small letters are recognized and
treated equally by it.
7. Powerful language: All SQL operations are performed at a prescribed and fixed level, i.e., one
SELECT command can retrieve data from multiple rows and one UPDATE command can edit
multiple rows at a time. These features make SQL a very powerful language as compared to
other languages where one command can process a single record at a time.
8. Reliable: SQL provides a well-defined set of commands that gives desirable results without
any ambiguity.
9. Freedom of data abstraction: SQL provides a greater degree of freedom of abstraction
compared to any other procedural language.
10. Complete language for a database: Apart from being a strong query-processing
language, it can also be used to create, insert, delete and control access to data in
databases

SQL Commands

SQL commands are classified into five:

• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Data Control Language (DCL)
• Data Query Language (DQL)
• Transaction Control Language (TCL)

3
 10/5/2024

Data Definition Language (DDL)

• DDL statements allows us to perform tasks related to data definition, i.e., related to the
structure of database objects.
• They are used to create, modify, and drop database objects, such as tables.
• Examples of DDL commands are:
• CREATE DATABASE
• USE DATABASE
• CREATE TABLE
• DESC
• ALTER TABLE
• DROP TABLE

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

• DML statements are used to manipulate data i.e. records or rows in a table or relation.
• It allows us to insert, update and delete data from tables.
• Examples of DML Statements are:
• INSERT INTO
• UPDATE
• DELETE

4
 10/5/2024

Data Query Language (DQL)

•DQL commands helps the user to access or retrieve data.

•Only one DQL command is there:
• SELECT

Most Commonly used SQL Commands

5
 10/5/2024

What is MySQL?

• MySQL is an open-source and freely available

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that
uses Structured Query Language (SQL)

Advantages of MySQL

1. Reliability and Performance: MySQL is a very reliable and high-performance RDBMS.

2. Modifiable: Being an open-source software, it is easily modifiable.
3. Multi-platform Support: MySQL supports several different platforms like UNIX, Linux,
macOS and Microsoft Windows.
4. Powerful Processing Capabilities: MySQL is a powerful, easy, compatible and fast and
can handle complicated corporate applications and processing requirements.
5. Integrity (Checks): MySQL provides various integrity checks in order to restrict user
input and processing.
6. Authorization: MySQL provides DDL commands to check for user authentication and
authorization by restricting access to relations and views

6
 10/5/2024

MySQL Data types

• In SQL, each column of the table is assigned a data type which conveys the kind
of value that will be stored in the column.
• MySQL datatypes are classified as follows:

Numeric Data types

7
 10/5/2024

Numeric Data types

Non-numeric or String Data types

8
 10/5/2024

Date & Time Data types

9
10/5/2024

10
10/5/2024

11
10/5/2024

12
10/5/2024

13
10/5/2024

14
10/5/2024

15
10/5/2024

16
10/5/2024

17
10/5/2024

18
10/5/2024

19
10/5/2024

20
10/5/2024

21
10/5/2024

22
10/5/2024

23
10/5/2024

24
 10/5/2024

Sorting in SQL - ORDER BY:

If you want to sort or order the records of a table , you can use the
ORDER BY clause of SQL, SELECT statement as per following format:

Syntax:-
SELECT <column names> FROM <table>
[WHERE <condition>]
ORDER BY <column name 1 > [ASC/DESC] [, <column name2>
[ASC/DESC], ...];

Keywords ASC and DESC denote the order - ASC stands for ascending
and DESC stands for descending.

25
 10/5/2024

Sorting in ascending order using ORDER BY:

• If you do not specify any order keyword ASC or DESC, then by default ORDER
BY clause sorts the result set in ascending order.

For example:

SELECT * FROM student

ORDER BY marks;

OR

SELECT * FROM student

ORDER BY marks ASC;

Sorting in descending order using ORDER BY:

• To sort records in descending order

For example:

SELECT * FROM student

ORDER BY marks desc;

26
 10/5/2024

Ordering Data on Multiple Columns:-

To order the result set on multiple columns, you can specify the multiple
column names in ORDER by clause along with the desired sort order, i.e.,
as:
SELECT <comma separated select list> FROM <table>
[WHERE <condition>]
ORDER BY <fieldname1> [ASC/DESC], [<field name1> [ASC|DESC], ..... ];

For example:
The following statement will sort the records firstly on the column name
and then on the basis of descending order of column marks.

SELECT * FROM student

ORDER BY name ASC, marks DESC;

Sorting on Column Alias:-

If you want, you can provide a column alias name to the

mathematical expression in the select list.
For example:

SELECT rollno, name, grade, section, marks * 0.35 AS term1 FROM

DATA
WHERE marks > 60
ORDER BY section ASC, term1 DESC;

27
10/5/2024

28
10/5/2024

29
10/5/2024

30
10/5/2024

31
10/5/2024

32