ikB&2

buiqV@vkmViqV rFkk laxzg.k ;qfDr;k¡

(Input/output and Storage Devices)
buiqV ,oa vkmViqV ;qfDr;k¡ dEI;wVj rFkk ekuo ds e/; lEidZ (Communication)
cukus ds lk/ku gSa tcfd laxzg.k ;qfDr;ka MkVk] lwpuk vkfn ds Hk.Mkj.k dk dk;Z djrh gSaA
2-1 laxzg.k ;qfDr;ka (Storage Devices)
dEI;wVj ds MkVk vkSj izksxzke rkRdkfyd rFkk Hkfo"; ds mi;ksx gsrq laxzfgr djds j[ks
tkrs gSaA ftu ek/;eksa esa bUgsa laxzfgr fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk
gS& 1- izkFkfed laxzg.k ek/;e (Primary Storage Media) rFkk 2- f}rh;d laxzg.k ek/;e
(Secondary Storage Media)
izkFkfed laxzg.k ek/;e esa MkVk vkSj izksxzke dsoy rkRdkfyd :i ls laxzfgr fd, tk
ldrs gSaA dEI;wVj dh eseksjh (Memory) izkFkfed laxzg.k ek/;e dk mnkgj.k gS] ftldk
v/;;u ge iwoZ v/;k; esa dj pqds gSaA f}rh;d laxzg.k ek/;e ds vUrxZr os ;qfDr;k¡ lfEefyr
dh tkrh gSa] ftuesa MkVk] izksxzke vkSj izfØ;k ifj.kkeksa dks rkRdkfyd rFkk Hkfo"; esa ckj&ckj
mi;ksx gsrq LFkkbZ :i ls laxzfgr dj lqjf{kr j[ks tkrs gSaA ;gk¡ ge ,slh gh dqN izeq[k ;qfDr;ksa
ds ckjs esa v/;;u djsaxsA
¶ykWih fMLd (Floppy Disk)
¶ykWih fMLd ek;yj IykfLVd (Mylar Plastic) ls fufeZr ,d o`rkdkj pdrh gksrh gS]
ftldh lrg ij vk;ju vkWDlkbM ¼pqEcdh; inkFkZ½ dk ysiu gksrk gSA bldh nksuksa lrgksa ij
Hkh gkMZ fMLd ds leku ladsUnzh; VªSDl (Tracks) vkSj lSDVlZ (Sectors) gksrs gSA MkVk bUgha
VªSDl vkSj lSDVlZ esa laxzfgr gksrk gSA
¶ykWih fMLd dh lqj{kk gsrq bls IykfLVd ds vkoj.k esa j[kk tkrk gS tks bls [kajksp
vkfn ls cpkrk gSA blds vkoj.k esa ,d Hkkx [kqyk gksrk gS] ftlls jhM@jkbV gSM MkVk dks
fMLd ij laxzfgr ;k izkIr dj ldsA bl [kqys Hkkx dks ,Dlsl foUMks (Access Window) dgrs
gSaA ¶ykWih fMLd vkSj mlds vkoj.k esa ,d fNnz gksrk gS ftls bUMsDl gksy (Index Hole) dgrss
gSaA bUMsDl gksy tc Hkh QksVks lsUlj (Photo Sensor) ds uhps vkrk gS rks bldk vFkZ gksrk gS
fd jhM@jkbV gSM vc orZeku VªSd ds izFke lsDVj ij fLFkr gks x;k gSA
 ¶ykWih ds ,d vksj dqN Hkkx dVk gqvk gkssrk gS] ftls jkbV izksVsDV ukWp (Write Protect
Notch) dgrss gSaA bldk mi;ksx fMLd ij MkVk dks jkbV (Write) ;k laxzg.k ls cpkus esa fd;k
tkrk gSA tc ;g ukWp [kqyk gksrk gS rks ge MkVk dks i<+ Hkh ldrs gSa vkSj fy[k Hkh ldrs gSa
fdUrq tc bls fdlh fLVdj ;k Vsi ls cUn dj fn;k tkrk gS rks fMLd ij MkVk dks dsoy i<+k
tk ldrk gS] fy[kk ugha tk ldrk gSA

fp= 2-1 ¶ykWih fMLd fp= 2-2 ¶ykWih fMLd

Åijh lrg fupyh lrg
¶ykWih fMLd laxzg.k {kerk de gksrh gSA blesa dsoy 1-44 MB MkVk laxzfgr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ¶ykWih ikuh] vf/kd rki ,oa pqEcdh; {ks= esa j[kus ls [kjkc gks tkrh gSA tksj ls iVdus]
esXusfVd inkFkZ ds gkFk yxkus ls Hkh bldk MkVk [kjkc gks tkrk gSAa vr% buds mi;ksx esa dkQh
lko/kkuh cjrus dh vko’;drk jgrh gSA
gkMZ fMLd (Hard Disk)
gkMZ fMLd NksVs dEI;wVj tSls ekbØks dEI;wVj ,oa feuh dEI;wVj esa MkVk laxzg.k ds
fy, dke esa yh tkrh gSA ;g flLVe ;wfuV ds vUnj yxh gksrh gSA bldh vR;f/kd laxzg.k
{kerk ds dkj.k bls ekl LVksjst fMokbl (Mass Storage Device) rFkk flLVe ;wfuV ds vUnj
yxh gksus ds dkj.k vkWu ykbu LVksjst fMokbl (Online Storage Device) Hkh dgrs gSaA orZeku
esa 160 GB, 500 GB vkSj 1TB laxzg.k {kerk dh gkMZ fMLd vf/kd izpfyr gSA
gkMZ fMLd ij cgqr&lh lwpuk,a LFkkbZ :i ls laxzfgr gksrh gSaA vkijsfVax flLVe]
dEikbyj] ,lsEcyj] MkVkcsl] ,Iyhds'ku izksxzke vkfn Hkh gkMZ fMLd ij gh laxzfgr gksrs gSaA
vr% gkMZ fMLd lokZf/kd izpfyr vko';d ,oa LFkkbZ laxzg.k ;qfDr gSA
gkMZ fMLd esa ,Y;wehfu;e ;k vU; /kkrq ls fufeZr pdfr;ksa ;k fMLd IysVj (Disk
Platters) dk lewg gksrk gSA izR;sd IysVj ij pqEcdh; vk;ju vkWDlkbM dk ysiu gksrk gSA
IysVlZ dh nksuksa lrgksa ij ladUs nzh; VªDS l (Tracks) vkSj lSDVj (Sectors) gksrs gSAa MkVk bUgha VªDS l
,oa lSDVj esa laxzfgr jgrk gSA lHkh fMLd IysVj ,d fLi.My (Spindle) esa fijksbZ gksrh gaSA

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 fp= 2-3 gkMZ fMLd

fp= 2-4 gkMZ fMLd dh vkUrfjd lajpuk ,oa dk;Zfof/k

izR;sd IysVj dk vyx ls jhM@jkbV gSM gksrk gSA lHkh jhM@jkbV gSM~l ,d gh Hkqtk
;k vkeZ (Arm) ij da/ksuqek lajpuk esa yxs jgrs gSaA bl Hkqtk dks ,Dlsl vkeZ (Access Arm)
dgrs gSA izR;sd gSM ?kwerh gqbZ fMLd dh lrg ij mi;qDr VªdS ij igapq tkrk gSA bl izdkj MkVk
jhM@jkbV djus dh fØ;k lh/kh gksrh gSA izR;sd MkVk dh fLFkfr dk ,d irk ;k fMLd ,Mªsl
(Disk Address) gksrk gS ftlesa lrg la[;k] VªSd la[;k vkSj lSDVj la[;k gksrh gSA blh dh
lgk;rk ls ,Dlsl vkeZ MkVk dks [kkstrk gSA
gkMZ fMLd ,oa jhM@jkbV gSM ;s lHkh ,d gok cUn pSEcj esa lhy gksrs gSa ftlls ogka
rd /kwy ugha tk ikrh gSA ;g pSEcj ckgj ls ns[kus esa yap ckDl tSlk yxrk gSA
lh-Mh- jkse ;k dkWEiSDV fMLd (CD ROM or Compact Disk)
lh-Mh- jkse ,d izdk’kh; (Optical) laxzg.k ;qfDr (Storage Device) gS ftlesa laxzfgr

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MkVk dks dsoy i<+k tk ldrk gSA ROM 'kCn Read Only Memory dk laf{kIr :i gSA lh-Mh-
jkse esa yslj (LASER) fdj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls MkVk dks jhM (Read) vkSj jkbV (Write) fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g fMLd jsftu (Resin) tSls inkFkZ ikWyhdkcksZusV ls cuh gksrh gSA bldh lrg ij
,Y;wehfu;e ;kSfxdksa dk ysiu gksrk gS ftlls blesa izdk'k dks ijkofrZr (Reflect) djus dk xq.k
vk tkrk gSA MkVk laxzg.k dh izfØ;k esa lh-Mh- jkse dh ijkorZd lrg ij mPp rhozrk
¼25 esxkokV½ okyh yslj fdj.k Mkyh tkrh gS ftlls ogka ,d vfr lw{e xM~<k ;k fiV (Pit)
cu tkrk gSA ;g fiV ^1 fcV* dk lwpd gSA lrg ij tgka fiV ugha gS] og ^0 fcV* dk lwpd
gSA ,sls fiV jfgr LFky dks ys.M (Land) dgrs gSaA

fp= 2-5 lh-Mh- fp= 2-6 lh-Mh- jkse Mªkbo

lh-Mh- jkse esa MkVk dks fMLd ls i<+us ds fy, de rhozrk ¼5 esxkokV½ okyh ystj fdj.ksa
Mkyh tkrh gSaA ijkofrZr ystj fdj.kksa dks QksVks fMVsDVj (Photodetector) }kjk tkapk tkrk gSA
ys.M ls ijkofrZr fdj.k dh rhozrk esa dksbZ vUrj ugha vkrk fdUrq fiV ls ijkofrZr fdj.k vusd
fn'kkvksa esa QSy tkrh gS ftlls fiV dh mifLFkfr dk irk py tkrk gSA ijkofrZr izdk'k ds bl
vUrj dks fo|qr ladsrksa ¼0 vkSj 1 fcV½ esa ifjofrZr dj fy;k tkrk gS ftlls MkVk dh tkudkjh
gks tkrh gSA
lh-Mh- jkse esa Hkh MkVk laxzg.k ds fy, VªSDl dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s VªSDl lsDVj
(Sector) esa caVs jgrs gSaA fdUrq CD-ROM ds VªSDl ¶ykWih fMLd ;k gkMZ fMLd dh rjg cUn
u gksdj fujUrjrk fy, gksrs gSa ftudh yEckbZ yxHkx iakp fdyksehVj gksrh gSA ;s lfiZykdkj
:i esa O;ofLFkr gksrs gSaA lh-Mh- jkse dh laxzg.k {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSA ,d lh-Mh- jkse esa
650MB rd MkVk laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldh MkVk LFkkukUrj.k nj Hkh vf/kd gksrh gSA
lh-Mh- jkse dk mi;ksx eYVhfefM;k] dEI;wVj xsEl vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA vktdy lh-Mh- jkse
dk mi;ksx fofHkUu 'kS{kf.kd tkudkfj;ka] fp= vkfn ds laxzg.k gsrq Hkh cgqr vf/kd gks jgk gSA
fMftVy ohfM;ks fMLd ¼Digital Video Disk½
fMftVy ohfM;ks fMLd ¼DVD½ ns[kus esa fcYdqy lh-Mh- tSlh gh yxrh gS ysfdu nksuksa
esa dbZ fHkUurk,a gSaA DVD esa CD dh vis{kk 7-5 xq.kk vf/kd MkVk laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,d lk/kkj.k MhohMh dh laxzg.k {kerk yxHkx 4-7 thch gksrh gSA dqN MhohMh rks 17 thch rd
MkVk laxzg fd;k tk ldrk gSa MhohMh dk O;kl 4-7 bap gksrk gSA

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 CD dh rjg DVD ij Hkh MkVk VªSDl ds :i esa laxzfgr fd;k tkrk gS tks dbZ lsDVjksa
esa caVs gksrs gSaA fdarq DVD esa CD dh rqyuk esa fiaV~l ¼Pits½ dk vkdkj cgqr vf/kd lw{e rFkk
VªSDl ds e/; dh nwjh Hkh cgqr de gksrh gSA QyLo:i DVD dh {kerk CD dh rqyuk esa cgqr
vf/kd c<+ tkrh gSA DVD dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g jhM ys;j ds Qksdl dks cny
dj ,d ls ys;j ds Qksdl dks cny dj ,d ls vf/kd rF;ksa dks jhM dj ldrk gSA DVD
esa MkVk nks irksZ esa fy[kk tkrk gS blls bldh laxzg.k {kerk esa vkSj o`f) gqbZ gSA
bldh mez Hkh CD dh Hkk¡fr de ls de nl o"kZ gSA DVD jhM ,oa jkbV djus ds fy,
MhohMh Mªkbo ¼DVD Drive½ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA MhohMh Mªkbo lhMh dks Hkh jhM ,oa jkbV
dj ldrh gSA ueh] rkieku tSls i;kZoj.kh; dkjd lhMh dh rjg MhohMh dks Hkh izHkkfor ugha
djrs gSa fdUrq bls [kjkasp ls cpkuk vko';d gSA [kjkasp ls MhohMh iw.kZr% csdkj gks ldrh gSA
/kwy Hkh MhohMh dks jhM djus ls ck/kk mRiUu djrh gSA vr% bls ges'kk doj esa j[kuk pkfg,A

fp= 2-7 MhohMh Mªkbo

¶yS'k Mªkbo@iSu Mªkbo ¼Flash/Pen Drive½
;g MkVk LFkkukUrj.k ,oa laxzg.k ds fy, ,d vk'p;Z pfdr djus okys fo'ks"krkvksa ls
;qDr uohure ;qfDr gSA MkVk LFkkukUrj.k ,oa laxzg.k ds fy, vc rd izpfyr ;qfDr;ksa tSls
¶ykWih] fti] fMLd] lhMh vkfn izR;sd ds lkFk viuh leL;k,a gSa fo'kss"kdj fHkUu ifj/kh;
midj.kksa ;qDr dEI;wVjksa esa budk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA tcfd bUVsfytsUV fLVd dk
mi;ksx fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj ds lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gSA

fp= 2-8 ¶yS'k Mªkbo@iSu Mªkbo

bls dEI;wVj ds ;w,lch iksVZ esa yxk;k tkrk gS bldk vkdkj bruk NksVk gksrk gS fd
bls tsc ,oa ilZ esa vklkuh esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA budh vkdkj o {kerk fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA

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fti Mªkbo ¼Zip Drive½
fti Mªkbo] ¶ykWih fMLd ds i'pkr pqEcdh; ek/;e ¼Magnetic Media½ nqfu;k dk
nwljk vk'p;Z gSA lh-Mh- jkbVj ls iwoZ fti Mªkboj gh lcls vf/kd izpfyr cSdvi midj.k
FkhA fti Mªkbo lhMh jkbVj ls dkQh fdQk;rh gSA blesa MkVk laxzg.k ds fy, tks midj.k
dke esa fy;k tkrk gS mls fti dkfVZt dke esa fy;k tkrk gS mls fti dkfVªZt ¼Zip Cartridge½
dgrs gSA fti dkWfVªZt ykus ys tkus esa lqfo/kk tud rFkk vf/kd fo'oluh; gSA fti dkWfVªZt esa
yxHkx 100 ,ech MkVk laxfz gr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldk vkdkj 4 oxZ bap a gksrk gSA rFkk eksVkbZ
¶ykWih ls yxHkx nqxuh gksrh gSA fti MªkbZo ds lkFk ,d leL;k ;g gS fd orZeku esa miyC/k
vkWijsfVax flLVe fti MªkbZo dks liksVZ ugaha djrsA

fp= 2-8 fti Mªkbo

Cyw&js&fMLd ¼ Blue-Ray-Disk½
Cyw&js&fMLd lhMh rFkk MhohMh dh Hkkafr ,d vkfIVdy fMLd ek/;e gSA bldh HkkSfrd
fo'ks"krk,a ekud MhohMh rFkk lhMh ds leku gksrh gSA Cyw&js&fMLd dh laxzg.k {kerk 25 thch
izfr flaxy ys;j rFkk 50 thch M;wy ys;j gksrh gSA Cyw&js&fMLd dks i<+us ds fy, CY;w ok;ksysV
ystj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blh dkj.k bldk uke Cyw&js&fMLd iM+k gSA bldk eq[;
mi;ksx gkbZ MsfQus'ku ohfM;ks] ohfM;ks xse rFkk vU; MkVk dks laxzfgr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA

fp= 2-9 Cyw&js&fMLd

2-2 buiqV ;qfDr;k¡ ¼Input Devices½
buiqV ;qfDr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls mi;ksxdrkZ (User) }kjk dEI;wVj esa vkadMs]+ lwpuk,a rFkk
funsZ'k Mkys tkrs gSAa ;s ;qfDr;ka ekuoh; Hkk"kk esa fn, x, MkVk vkSj funsZ'kksa dks dEI;wVj ds le>us
;ksX; ladsrksa esa ifjofrZr djrh gaSA ;s v{kjksa] la[;kvksa vkSj vU; fpUgksa dk dEI;wVj dh Hkk"kk
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¼0 ,oa 1 fcV½ esa vuqokn Hkh djrh gSa rkfd dEI;wVj mUgsa le> ldsA blds i'pkr gh MkVk izfØ;k
(Data Processing) lEHko gks ikrh gSA bl izdkj buiqV ;qfDr;ka eq[;r% nks mÌs';ksa dh iwfrZ djrh
gSa %&
¼1½ vk¡dM+ksa o funsZ'kksa dks dEI;wVj rd ys tkukA
¼2½ vk¡dM+ksa o funsZ'kksa dks e'khuh Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr djukA
buiqV ;qfDr;ka mruh gh iqjkuh gSa] ftruk fd dEI;wVj] fdUrq le; ds lkFk&lkFk buesa
[kwc ifjorZu gqvk gSA vkt dh&cksMZ] ekml] LdSuj] tkW;fLVd] ykbViSu] vkWIVhdy ekdZ jhMj]
vkWIVhdy dSjsDVj jhMj vkfn vusd buiqV ;qfDr;k¡ izpyu esa gSA buesa ls dqN izeq[k buiqV
;qfDr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa vkidks ;gka crk;k tk jgk gSA
dh&cks M Z (Key-Board)
;g lokZf/kd iz;qDr gksus okyk ,oa egRoiw.kZ buiqV midj.k gSA ;g ,d rjg ls
VkbijkbVj dk la'kksf/kr :i gSA blesa dqaft;ksa (Keys) dh la[;k VkbijkbVj ls vf/kd gksrh gSA
lkekU;r% budh la[;k 101 ls 108 rd gksrh gSA dh&cksMZ ij lHkh v{kj (Characters), la[;k,a
(Numbers) rFkk vU; fpUg gksrs gSa] ftuds }kjk MkVk buiqV fd;k tkrk gSA

fp= 2-10 dh&cksMZ

dh&cksMZ ,d dscy ds ek/;e ls flLVe ;wfuV ls tqM+k jgrk gSA dscy dk Iyx
flLVe ;wfuV ds ihNs fufeZr ,d lkWdsV esa yx tkrk gSA
dh&cksMZ esa ,d dh&cksMZ ,udksMj (Key-Board Encoder) gksrk gS] tks bldh fdlh
dqt
a h (Key) dks nckus ij MkVk dks 8 fcV ¼1 vkSj 0½ ds dksM esa cnyus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
dh&cksMZ dh dqaft;k¡ VkbijkbVj dh rqyuk esa vklkuh ls ncrh gSa rFkk nckus ds ckn
rqjUr vaxqyh mBk ysuh iM+rh gSA ;fn 0-5 lSd.M ls vf/kd le; rd ,d gh dqath dks nckdj
j[kk tk, rks dh&cksMZ ckj&ckj ,d gh djsDVj ds ladsr dEI;wVj esa izfo"V djrk tk,xkA blls
LØhu ij ogh djsDVj vusd ckj iznf'kZr gks tk,xkA bl fØ;k dks VkbieSfVd (Typematic)
dgrs gSa] bl fØ;k dh nj 10 ckj izfr lSd.M gksrh gSA
dh&cksMZ dh fofHkUu dqaft;ksa (Keys) dks eq[;r% fuEu izdkjksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk
ldrk gS %&
¼1½ o.kZekyk dqaft;k¡ (Alphabet Keys) %& VkbijkbVj dh rjg gh dEI;wVj ds dh&cksMZ

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eas vaxzsth o.kZekyk ds lHkh 26 v{kjksa ds fy, vyx&vyx dqaft;k¡ gksrh gSaA ;s daqft;k¡ dh&cksMZ
dk eq[; Hkkx cukrh gSaA budk Øe fuf'pr gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh v{kj okyh dqath dks nckdj ge
ekuhVj dh LØhu ij ml v{kj dks ns[k ldrs gSAa vkt vaxt sz h ds vykok vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds o.kZekyk
ds dh&cksMZ Hkh miyC/k gSaA

¼2½ vad&dqaft;k¡ (Numeric keys) %& ;s dqaft;k¡ dh&cksMZ ds Åijh Hkkx esa vad 0 ls 9
rd gksrh gSaA ;s dqaft;k¡ fuEu Øe esa O;ofLFkr gksrh gSaA

¼3½ dk;Z dqaft;k¡ (Function Keys) %& ;s dqaft;k¡ dh&cksMZ ds lcls Åijh Hkkx esa F1
ls ysdj F12 rd dqy 12 gksrh gSaA ;s dqaft;k¡ fo'ks"k dk;ksZa (Function) dks djrh gSaA tSls&
dek.Mksa dk vkoaVu (Assignment), lkW¶Vos;j izksxzkEl esa LØhu ij ehuw (Menu) n'kkZuk vkfnA
fHkUu&fHkUu lkW¶Vos;j esa QaD'ku dqfta;ksa dk dk;Z fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gSA

¼4½ fn'kk dqaft;k¡ (Arrow Keys or Cursor Control Keys) %& ;s dh&cksMZ ds uhps
ds nk;sa Hkkx esa gksrh gSaA bu ij rhj (Arrow) ds fu'kku cus gksrs gSaA dlZj (Cursor) dks Åij]
uhps] nk;s]a ck;sa ys tkus ds fy, bu dqfa t;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dlZj ,d fo'ks"kk{kj vFkok
fo'ks"k fpà gksrk gS tks LØhu ij mi;ksxdrkZ (User) dh fLFkfr crkrk gS] ftlls mi;ksxdrkZ
dks ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd og tks Vkbi djsxk og LØhu ij dgk¡ fy[kk tk,xkA
¼5½ fo'ks"kk{kj dqaft;k¡ (Character Keys) %& ;s dqaft;k¡ fo'ks"k v{kjksa ;k fpàksa dks
fy[kus ds dke vkrh gSA tSls& ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + ; ' , . / : " < > M +
vkfnA

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¼6½ fo'ks"k dqaft;k¡ (Special Keys) %& dh&cksMZ esa dqN fo'ks"k dqaft;k¡ Hkh gksrh gSaA
buds uke ,oa dk;Z fuEukuqlkj gSa %&
fjVuZ ;k ,UVj dh (Return or Enter Key) %& ;g fdlh dh&cksMZ esa lokZf/kd
iz;qDr gksus okyh daqth gSA dksbZ 'kCn] okD; ;k funsZ'k fy[kus ds i'pkr tc bl dqath dks nck;k
tkrk gS rks og dEI;wVj dh eseksjh esa pyk tkrk gSA

,.M~ dqath (End Key) %& ;g dlZj dks LØhu ds vUr esa ykrh gSA

gkse dqath (Home Key) %& bldk mi;ksx dlZj dks LØhu ij cuk, x, fdlh
MkWD;wesUV (Document) ds izkjEHk esa ys tkus ds fy, gksrk gSA
cSd Lisl dqath (Back Space Key) %& bl dqath ds mi;ksx ls dlZj ds ck;ha vksj
okyk v{kj feVk;k tkrk gSA

Lisl ckj dqath (Space Bar Key) %& ;g dh cksMZ dh lcls yEch dqath gS] bldk
mi;ksx nks v{kjksa] vadksa ;k fpàksa ds e/; LFkku NksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

fMyhV dqath (Delete Key) %& ;g dqath dlZj ds nk;ha vksj okys v{kj dks gVkus
(Delete) ds dke vkrh gSA

bUlVZ dqath (Insert Key) %& ;g dqath nks v{kjksa ds e/; vU; dksbZ v{kj Mkyus ds
dke yh tkrh gSA

VSc dqath (Tab Key) %& ;g dlZj dks ,d ykbu esa vFkok vxyh ykbu esa iwoZ
51
fu/kkZfjr LFkku rd ysdj tkrh gSA

,Ldsi dqath (Escape or Esc Key) %& ;g dh cksMZ ds ck;ha vksj Åijh dksus esa gksrh
gSA bldk mi;ksx fdlh vkns'k (Command) ;k ,UVªh dks jn~n djus vFkok iwoZorhZ dek.M ;k
,UVªh ij tkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

ikWt dqath (Pause Key) %& dEI;wVj ij py jgh fdlh izfØ;k (Processing) dks
vLFkk;h :i ls jksdus dk dk;Z djrh gSA

dSIl ykWd dqath (Caps Lock Key) %& bl dqath dks nckus ij lHkh v{kj dSfiVy
(Capital) esa Vkbi gksrs gSaA lkekU; v{kj Vkbi djus ds fy, bls ,d ckj iqu% nckuk gksrk gSA
;g dqath lfØ; gksrh gS rks dh&cksMZ ij Åijh nka;h vksj Caps Lock bfUMdsVj vkWu gks tkrk
gSA

f'k¶V dqath (Shift Key) %& dh&cksMZ dh vf/kdka'k dqaft;ksa ij Åij ,oa uhps nksuksa
rjQ v{kj@vad@fpà eqfnzr gksrs gSaA lkekU; :i ls fdlh cVu dks nckus ls uhps okyk v{kj
gh Vkbi gksrk gSA Åij okys v{kj dks Vkbi djus ds fy, ml dqath dks f'k¶V dh ds lkFk
nckuk gksrk gSA

fizUV LØhu dqath (Print Screen Key) %& ekWuhVj dh LØhu ij tks Hkh lkexzh
iznf'kZr gks jgh gSA mls fizUV djus ds fy, bl dqath dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

LØkWy ykWd dqath (Scroll Lock Key) %& bldk mi;ksx LØksfyax ¼LØhu dks Åij]
uhps] ck;sa] nk;sa ljdkus½ izkjEHk djus ,oa cUn djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
52
 ist vi rFkk ist Mkmu dqaft;k¡ (Page Up and Page Down Keys) %& ftl
ist ij dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gS mlls igys ist ij tkus ds fy, Page Up Key rFkk vxys ist
ij tkus ds fy, Page Down Key dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
¼7½ U;wesfjd dh&iSM (Numeric Key Pad) %& ;g dh&cksMZ ds nk;sa Hkkx esa 17 dqaft;ksa
dk lewg gksrk gS] ftlesa 0 ls 9 rd ds vadksa dh dqaft;k¡ gksrh gSa] ftuesa ls pkj dqaft;ksa ij
fn'kk,a iznf'kZr djus okys rhj (Arrow) vafdr gksrs gSaA bl Hkkx dh vU; dqaft;k¡ Num Lock,
/, *, -, +, Home, PgUp, PgDn, End, Ins, Del vkSj Enter gksrh gSaA tc MkVk dsoy vadksa esa gks
rks rhoz xfr ls MkVk ,UVªh ds fy, U;wesfjd dh&iSM dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
orZeku esa bUVjusV o eYVhehfM;k ds mi;ksx gsrq bUVjusV dh&cksMZ o
eYVhehfM;k dh&cksMZ Hkh yksdfiz; gks jgs gSaA buds mi;ksx ls dbZ dk;Z lh/ks muls lEcfU/kr
^dh* dks nckdj lEiUu fd, tk ldrs gSAa vkt dy dkWMZ ySl (Chord less) dh&cksMZ Hkh izpyu
esa vk x;s gSaA

ok;jySl dh cksMZ (Wireless keyboard):& bl rjg ds dh&cksMZ dks dEI;wVj ls

dusDV djus ds fy, rkj dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA bldks dEI;wVj ls tksM+us ds fy, ,d
fjlhoj dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftls lhih;w ls tksM+k tkrk gSA

fp= 2-11 ok;jySl dh&cksMZ

ekml (Mouse)
dEI;wVj ds lapkyu ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okys egRoiw.kZ midj.kksa esa ls ekml Hkh ,d gSA
orZeku esa miyC/k vkWijsfVax flLVeksa dks ns[krs gq, rks yxrk gS fd ekml ds cxSj dEI;wVj dk
lapkyu djuk Hkh vlEHko gSA ;g ,d NksVk lk midj.k gksrk gS ftldk vkdkj pwgs tSlk gksus
ds dkj.k bls ekml dgk tkrk gSA
ekml dks fdlh lery lrg ij j[ks ekml iSM (Mouse Pad) ij j[kdj gkFk ls b/kj&

53
m/kj ljdk;k tkrk gSA bleas nks ;k rhu cVu gksrs gSAa ekml ds cVu dks vaxy q h ls nck;k tkrk
gSA bl fØ;k dks ^fDyd* dgrs gSAa ekml dks ekml iSM ij b/kj&m/kj ljdkus ij ekWuhVj ij ,d
rhj dh vkd`fr dk fpà ¼ ½ Hkh b/kj&m/kj pyrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bl rhj ds fpà dks ekml ikWbUVj
(Mouse Pointer) ;k ekml dlZj (Mouse Cursor) dgrs gSAa

fp= 2-12 ekml

ekml ,d cgqr dh mi;ksxh buiqV midj.k gSA blds mi;ksx ls dEI;wVj esa funsZ'kksa dk
iz"s k.k dkQh vklku gks x;k gSA ekml }kjk dEI;wVj dks cgqr rhoz xfr ls pkfyr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA fp= vkfn xzkfQDl ds fy, Hkh ;g mi;ksxh gSA
ekml dk mi;ksx lkekU;r% fuEu izdkjksa ls fd;k tkrk gS %&
flaxy fDyd (Single Click) %& ck;sa cVu ds ,d ^fDyd* ls LØhu ij ^vkCtsDV*
;k ^vkWIlu* dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Mcy fDyd (Double Click) %& ck;sa cVu ls yxkrkj nks ckj ^fDyd* djus ls
^vkWCtsDV* [kqy tkrk gSA
jkbV fDyd (Right Click) %& nk;sa cVu dks ,d ckj fDyd djus ij 'Context
Menu' [kqyrk gS ftlesa dbZ ^vkWIlu* gksrs gSaA
Mªsx ,.M MªkWi %& flaxy fDyd }kjk fdlh vkWCtsDV dks ^lsysDV* djds rFkk ck;sa cVu
dks nck, gq, ekml dh lgk;rk ls bls LØhu ij dgha Hkh j[kk tk ldrk gSA
vkWfIVdy ekml & vkt dy bu ekml dk lcls T;knk iz;ksx gks jgk gSA blesa
izdk'k dh ,d fdj.k uhps dh lrg ls mRlftZr gksrh gSA ftlds ijkorZu ds vk/kkj ij
vkWCtsDV dh nwjh fn'kk rFkk xfr r; djrk gSA
ok;jysl ekml & ;g ekml ÝhDosUlh ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrk gSA blesa nks izeq[k
?kVd VªkalehVj ,oa fjlhoj gksrs gSA ;g bysDVªks eSxusfVd flXuy ds :i esa ekml dh xfr rFkk
fDyd djus dh lwpuk dEI;wVj dks miyc/k djokrk gSA

fp= 2-13 ok;jySl ekml

54
tkW; fLVd (Joystick)
orZeku ;qx rhoz ,oa vfr okLrfod fn[kkbZ iM+us okys 3D xseksa dk ;qx gSA ftlds ikl
loksZre lk/ku gSa ogha budk lEiw.kZ vkuUn mBk ldrk gSA izkjEHk esa dsoy dh&cksMZ rFkk ekml
dh enn ls gh dEI;wVj ij xse [ksys tkrs FksA fdUrq vkt bl dk;Z ds fy, vusd midj.k
miyC/k gS]a ftuesa tkW;fLVd lcls izeq[k gSAa tkW; fLVd esa pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa ?kweus okyk ,d gSM
a y
(Handle) gksrk gS] tks fd LØhu ij fp=ksa dks fgykus o pykus vkfn dk dk;Z djrk gSA bl gSaMy
esa ,d cVu Hkh gksrk gS] tks xsEl esa Qk;j (Fire) vkfn djus ds dke vkrk gSA

fp= 2-14 tkW; fLVd

LdSuj (Scanner)
LdSuj ,d buiqV fMokbl gS ftlls MkVk ,oa fp=ksa dks dEI;wVj ds vUnj buiqV dj
ldrs gSA ;g fdlh Hkh fdrkc QksVks ,oa vU; MsVk dks i<+ dj bls dEI;wVj esa QksVks ds :i esa
lqjf{kr djrk gSA blls ge gkMZdkWih dks lkW¶V dkWih esa ifjofrZr dj ldrs gSaA

fp= 2-15 LdSuj

oSc dSejk (Web camera)
vkWuykbZu buiqV midj.k gS ftldh lgk;rk ls ykbZo rLohjsa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA oSc
dSejksa dk mi;ksx vkWu ykbZu fofM;ks pSfVax ,oa fofM;ks dkaÝsflax esa rFkk fMikVZesaVy LVksj ,oa
vkWfQlksa esa ,oa vU; LFkyksa ij gj le; utj j[kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

55
 fp= 2-16 oSc dSejk
fMftVy dSejk (Desigtal Camera)
fMftVy dSejs ds }kjk QksVks ysus ds i'pkr bls fMftVy MkVk esa cny fn;k tkrk gSA
fMftVy dSejs dh dk;Z i)fr ijEijkxr dSejksa ls feyrh&tqyrh gSA blesa ftl n`'; dh QksVks
ysuh gksrh gS mls ,d ySal dh lgk;rk ls Qksdl fd;k tkrk gSA
;g ,d vkWQ ykbZu buiqV fMokbl gS bldk iz;ksx QksVks [khapus o LVksj djus ds fy;s
fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ,d Ldzhu gksrh gS ftl ij ge [khaps x;s QksVks ns[k ldrs gSA
bldks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA

fp= 2-17 fMftVy dSejk

ykbV iSu (Light Pen)
;g iSu dh vkd`fr dk ,d izdk'k laosnh midj.k gS] tks ,d rkj dh lgk;rk ls
dEI;wVj ls tqM+k gksrk gSA ;g LØhu ij lh/ks fy[kus dk dk;Z djrk gSA vr% bldk mi;ksx
xzkfQDl vkfn cukus ds dk;ksZa esa fd;k tkrk gSA dEI;wVj esa ykbV iSu dk mi;ksx djus ds fy,
fo'ks"k izdkj ds lkW¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA

fp= 2-18 ykbV iSu

56
fMftVkbtj (Digitizer)
Digitizing tablet ,d drawing lrg gksrh gSA blds lkFk ,d iSu ;k ekml gksrk gSA
bl Vsfcy ij irys rkjksa dk tky gksrk gSA ftl ij iSu pykrs gh ladsr dEI;wVj esa pys tkrs
gSaA blds Åij ,d LdSafuax gsM yxk jgrk gSA bldk iz;ksx v{kj dk bfPNr xzzkfQdy fLFkfr
esa ikus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls xzkQ dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy;s
bls xzkQ Vsfcy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

fp= 2-19 fMftVkbtj

ekbØks Qksu (Micro Phone)
ekbZØksQksu ,d buiqV midj.k gS tks /ofu dks fMftVy :i esa ifjofrZr dj dEI;wVj
dks izsf"kr djrk gSA bldk mi;ksx eq[;r% dkWy lsUVjksa ,oa vkWfQlksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA

fp= 2-20 ekbØksQksu

2-3 vkmViqV ;qfDr;k¡ (Output Devices)
vkmViqV ;qfDr;ka os lk/ku gSa ftudh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj mi;ksxdrkZ (User) ls izkIr
vk¡dM+ksa] lwpukvksa] funsZ'kksa vkfn ds ifj.kke izfØ;k (Processing) ds i'pkr mi;ksxdrkZ dks
izLrqr djrk gSA ;s ;qfDr;ka 0 vkSj 1 fcV dh dEI;wVj Hkk"kk dks ekuoh; Hkk"kk esa vuqokfnr dj
ifj.kke iznf'kZr djrh gSA ekWuhVj (Monitor), Lihdj] fizUVlZ] IykWVj vkfn vkmViqV ;qfDr;ksa ds
mnkgj.k gSA dEI;wVj ls izkIr ifj.kke izk;% nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa %&
lkW¶V dkWih (Soft Copy) %& ;fn ifj.kke dks LØhu ij ns[kk tk lds vFkok /ofu
ds :i esa izkIr fd;k tk, rks ;g lkW¶V dkWih dgykrh gSA bl izdkj ifj.kkeksa dks ¶ykWih]
dkEiSDV fMLd (CD) ;k iSu Mªkbo vkfn ij laxzfgr fd;k tk;s rks ;g Hkh lkW¶V dkWih dgykrh
gSA

57
 gkMZ dkWih (Hard Copy) %& tc izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks fizUVj vFkok IykWVj }kjk dkxt
ij fizUV fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;g gkMZ dkWih dgykrh gSA ;g ifj.kkeksa dh LFkk;h dkWih gksrh gSA
ekWuhVj (Monitor)
;g vkmViqV ;qfDr;ksa esa lokZf/kd dke esa vkus okyk midj.k gSA mi;ksxdRkkZ (User)
ekWuhVj ds }kjk gh dEI;wVj ls vUrZfØ;k (Interact) djrk gSA ;g ,d Vh-oh- tSlh vkd`fr dk
gksrk gS] bls fotqvy fMLIys ;wfuV (Visual Display Unit - VDU) Hkh dgrs gSaA ekbØks dEI;wVj
esa eq[;r% nks izdkj ds ekWuhVj dke esa fy;s tkrs gSa&
1- lh-vkj-Vh- ekWuhVj 2- ,Q-ih-Mh ekWuhVj
lh-vkj-Vh ekWuhVj (CRT - Cathode Ray Tube Monitor)
vf/kdka'k dEI;wVlZ esa blh izdkj dk ekWuhVj dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g cgqr dqN ?kj
esa dke vkus okys Vsyhfotu ds leku gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds ekWuhVj esa dSFkksM js fiDpj V~;wc
(Cathode Ray Picture Tube) gksrh gS rFkk bldk LØhu QkWLQksjl ysi ;qDr gksrk gSA dSFkksM
V~;wc ls bySDVªkWu fudydj tc LØhu ij fxjrs gSa rks LØhu ml LFkku ij pedus yxrk gSA

fp= 2-21 lh-vkj-Vh- ekWuhVj fp= 2-22 dSFkksM js V~;wc

LØhu ij dksbZ Hkh vkd`fr NksV&
s NksVs fcUnqvksa ls feydj cuh gksrh gS] ftUgsa fiDlsy
(Pixels) dgrs gSAa izR;sd fiDlsy bySDVªkWu ds ,d iqt
a ls pedrk gSA ;s fiDlsy ckj&ckj pedrs
o fuf"Ø; gksrs jgrs gSa ftls fjÝs'k (Refresh) dgrs gSAa fjÝs'k nj 30 ckj izfr lSd.M gksrh gSA
fjÝs'k nj de gksus ij fiDpj fgyrh ;k ygjkrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] D;ksfa d QkWLQksjl ds d.k
viuh nhfIr (Glow) tYnh&tYnh [kks nsrs gSAa izR;sd fiDlsy dh ped bySDVªkWu iqt a (Beam) dh
rhozrk ij fuHkZj djrh gS rFkk bldh rhozrk bySDVªkWu xu ds oksYVst ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

fp= 2-23 ,ylhMh ekWuhVj

58
 eksuksØkse ;kfu CySd ,.M OgkbV ekWuhVj esa ,d bySDVªkuW xu gksrh gS tcfd jaxhu ekWuhVj
esa rhu bySDVªkuW xu gksrh gSa tks yky] gjs vkSj uhys jax ds fy, vyx&vyx yxk;h tkrh gSAa blds
vykok jaxhu ekWuhVj ds LØhu ij ,d fiDlsy ds fy, rhu QkWLQksjl d.k dk ysiu fd;k tkrk
gS] QyLo:i izR;sd fiDlsy ,d bySDVªkuW iqt a ls rhu izdkj ds jax mRiUu dj ldrk gSA yky] gjs
vkSj uhys jax ds vykok vU; jax rFkk muds 'kSM (Shades) bySDVªkuW iqt a dh rhozrk dks MkVk&c<+kdj
mRiUu fd, tkrs gSAa
LØhu ds izfr bdkbZ {ks=Qy esa mifLFkr fcUnqvksa dh la[;k ekWuhVj dk jstksY;w'ku
(Resolution) dgykrk gSA jstksY;w'ku dk rkRi;Z LØhu ds fp= dh Li"Vrk (Sharpness) ls gSA
LØhu ij ftrus vf/kd fiDlsy gksaxs] LØhu dk jstksyw'ku mruk gh vf/kd gksxkA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd fp= mruk gh Li"V gksxkA
lh-vkj-Vh- ekWuhVj lLrs gksrs gSa rFkk mPp dksfV dk jaxhu vkmViqV nsus esa l{ke gksrs
gSAa
,Q-ih-Mh- ekWuhVj (FPD - Flat Panel Display Monitor)
;s ubZ rduhd ij vk/kkfjr ekWuhVj gSaA buesa vkosf'kr jlk;uksa vkSj xSlksa dks dkap dh
IysVksa ds e/; la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA ;s iryh fMLIys fMokblsl ¶ySV iSuy fMLIys dgykrh
gSAa ,Q-ih-Mh- ekWuhVj vR;f/kd piVs] otu esa gYds vkSj de fo|qr [kir djus okys gksrs gSAa fdUrq
;s eagxs gksrs gSa rFkk budk jstksY;w'ku Hkh de gksrk gSA ,Q-ih-Mh- ekWuhVj eq[;r% ySiVkWi
(Laptop) dEI;wVj esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA
z ,Q-ih-Mh- ekWuhVj rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa& ¼1½ nzoh; fØLVy fMLIys ekWuhVj (LCD-
Liquid Crystal Display Monitor), ¼2½ xSl IykTek fMLIys ekWuhVj (GPD- Gas Plasma Dis-
play Monitor), ¼3½ bySDVªksY;wfeuslsaV fMLIys ekWuhVj (ELD- Electroluminescent Display
Monitor)
LCD ekWuhVj dk fjtksY;w'ku de gksrk gS] ftlls LØhu ij fMLIys lgh ugha vkrkA
GPD vkSj EL ekWuhVj esa ;|fi fjtksY;w'ku LCD ekWuhVj dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrk gS
fizUVlZ (Printers)
fizUVj vkmViqV dks dkxt ij Nkidj izLrqr djrk gSA dkxt ij vkmViqV dh izfrfyfi
gkMZ dkWih dgykrh gSA fizUVj dEI;wVj ls izkIr fMftVy lwpukvksa dks ekuoh; Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr
dj rst xfr ls dkxt ij Nkirk gS ftls ekuo i<+ ldrk gSA
fizUVlZ dks lkekU;r% nks izdkjksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS&
1- bEiSDV fizUVlZ 2- ukWu bEiSDV fizUVlZ
bEiSDV fizUVlZ (Impact Printers)
bl izdkj ds fizUVlZ esa /kkrq dk ,d NksVk gFkkSM+k (Hammer) ;k fizUV gSM (Print
Head) L;kgh ds fjcu ij izgkj (Strike) djrk gSA fjcu ds uhps og dkxt j[kk tkrk gS ftl

59
ij fizUV djuk gksrk gSA tc fizUV gSM }kjk izgkj fd;k tkrk gS rks fizUV gSM ij ml le; mifLFkr
djsDVj dkxt ij fizUV gks tkrk gSA bl Js.kh esa fuEu fizUVlZ vkrs gSa&
MkWV eSfVªDl fizUVj (Dot Matrix Printer - DMP) %& bl fizUVj ds fizUV gSM
esa vusd fiuksa (Pins) dk ,d eSfVªDl (Matrix) gksrk gSA izR;sd fiu ds fjcu o dkxt ij izgkj
ls ,d fcUnq (Dot) curk gSA vusd MkWV~l feydj djsDVj cukrs gSaA fizUV gSM esa 7] 9] 14] 18]
;k 24 fiuksa dk Å/okZ/kj lewg gksrk gSA fiuksa dh la[;k ftruh vf/kd gksrh gS] fizfUVax mruh
gh vkd"kZd gksrh gSA djsDVj Øec)rk ds lkFk ,d ds ckn ,d Nirs tkrs gSaA
MkWV eSfVªDl fizUVlZ dh xfr 30 ls 600 djsDVj izfr lSd.M (Character Per Second
- CPS) gksrh gSA buesa Bksl eqnzk v{kj (Solid Fonts) ugha gksus ds dkj.k ;s fofHkUu vkdkj] izdkj
,oa Hkk"kk ds djsDVj Nki ldrs gSaA buls xzkQ] pkVZl~ vkfn Hkh cuk, tk ldrs gSaA fdUrq budh
NikbZ dh Li"Vrk Bksl eqnzk v{kj fizUVlZ dh rqyuk esa de gksrh gSA ;s fizUVlZ nk;sa ls ck;sa ,oa
ck;sa ls nk;sa vFkkZr nksuksa vksj ls fizfUVax dj ldrs gSaA fizfUVax ykxr de vkus ls budk mi;ksx
fizfUVax gsrq lokZf/kd gksrk gSA

fp= 2-24 MkWV eSfVªDl fizUV~l

Msth Oghy fizUVj (Daisy Wheel Printer) %& ;g fizUVj MkWV eSfVªDl fizUVj ls
vf/kd Li"V vkmViqV nsrk gSA ;g lkWfyM QkWUVl~ okyk fizUVj gSA bldk fizUV gSM IykfLVd ls
fufeZr ,d xksy pØ (Wheel) ds :i esa gksrk gS] ftldh vkd`fr Msth ¼xqycgkj½ ds iq"i tSlh
gksrh gSA blh dkj.k bls Msth Oghy (Daisy Wheel) uke fn;k x;k gSA

fp= 2-25 Msth Oghy fizUVj

60
 pØ esa iq"i dh ia[kqfM+;ksa ds leku vusd rkusa (Spokes) gksrh gSa rFkk izR;sd rku ij ,d
djsDVj dk Bksl QksUV mHkjk jgrk gSA pØ dkxt dh {kSfrt fn'kk esa xfr djrk gSA tc Nius
;ksX; djsDVj dk Liksd fizUV iksft'ku ij vkrk gS rks ,d NksVk gFkkSMk+ (Hammer) Liksd ij izgkj
djrk gS ftlls ml ij mHkjk QkWUV dkxt ij Ni tkrk gSA NikbZ ds fy, pØ vkSj dkxt ds
chp esa fjcu gksrk gSA
Msth Oghy fizUVj ,d /kheh xfr dk fizUVj gSA bldh Nkius dh xfr izk;% 90 CPS gksrh
gSA fdUrq blds vkmViqV dh Li"Vrk mPp dksfV dh gksrh gSA blfy, bldk mi;ksx i= vkfn
Nkius esa gksrk gS vkSj ;g ySVj DokfyVh fizUVj (Letter Quality Printer) dgykrk gSA bl fizUVj
ls dsoy oks gh djsDVj Nkis tk ldrs gSa tks blds fizUVj gSM esa mifLFkr gksrs gSAa blls xzkfQDl
vkfn dh NikbZ ugha dh tk ldrhA bldh izfr i`"B NikbZ ykxr Hkh vis{kkd`r vf/kd vkrh gSA
pSu fizUVj (Chain Printer) %& bl fizUVj esa /kkrq ls fufeZr fuf'pr xfr ls ?kweus
okyh ,d pSu gksrh gSa ftls fizUV pSu (Print Chain) dgrs gSAa psu esa djsDVj gksrs gSAa psu dh izR;sd
dM+h (Link) es ,d djsDVj dk QkWUV gksrk gSA pSu {kSfrt (Horizontally) pyrh gS rFkk dkxt
psu ds lkis{k Å/okZ/kj (Vertically) pyrk gSA ftl LFkku ij dksbZ djsDVj fizUV gksuk gksrk gS ml
LFkku ij gFkkSM+s (Hammer) dk izgkj gksrk gS ftlls djsDVj dkxt ij Ni tkrk gSA bl fizUVj
ls iwjh iafDr ¼ykbu½ ,d lkFk Nirh gSA ;g ,d mPp dksfV dk fizUVj gSA blds Nkius dh xfr
300 ls 3000 ykbu izfr feuV gSA

fp= 2-26 psu fizUVj

Mªe fizUVj (Drum Printer) %& bl fizUVj esa ,d csyukdkj vkd`fr dk rst ?kweus
okyk Mªe (Drum) yxk gksrk gS ftldh lrg ij djsDVj yxs jgrs gSaA tc Mªe ?kwerk gS rks rhoz
xfr ds gFkkSMs+ (Hammer) }kjk Nkis tkus okys djsDVj ij izgkj fd;k tkrk gS ftlls og djsDVj
dkxt ij Ni tkrk gSA Mªe ds izR;sd ?kw.kZu esa ,d iafDr (Line) Nirh gSA ;g Hkh ,d mPp xfr
dk fizUVj gSA

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 fp= 2-27 Mªe fizUVj
ukWu&bEiSDV fizUVlZ (Non-Impact Printers)
ukWu&bEiSDV fizUVlZ djsDVlZ dks jklk;fud] rkih; vFkok bysDVªkfud ek/;e ls Lo:i
iznku djrs gSA bu fizUVlZ esa fizUV gSM vkSj dkxt ds e/; lEidZ ugha gksrk gSA bu fizUVlZ dh
NikbZ dh xq.koRrk mRd`"V gksrh gSA fdUrq bu fizUVlZ ls ,d ckj esa dsoy ,d gh izfr fizUV gks
ldrh gS rFkk buds fy, fo'ks"k vkSj eagxs dkxt dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
ukWu&bEiSDV fizUVlZ Hkh dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSAa ;gka rhu izdkj ds ukWu&bEiSDV fizUVlZ dh
ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
badtSV fizUVj (Inkjet Printer) %& bl fizUVj ds fizUV gSM esa vusd ckjhd fNnzksa
okys uksty yxs gksrs gSa ftuls ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh L;kgh cwanksa dh ckSNkj ds :i esa dkxt ij
QSadh tkrh gS] ftlls dkxt ij djsDVj ,oa vkd`fr;ka Ni tkrh gSaA bl fizUVj esa cgqr vf/kd
?kuRo okyh L;kgh (High Density Ink) gksrh gS tks ,d fo'ks"k izdkj ds iSd esa jgrh gS ftls
dkjfVªt (Cartridge) dgrs gSaA L;kgh dh cwUnksa dh ckSNkj dkxt ij lgh LFkku ij fxjs blds
fy, uksty dks fo|qr bysDVªksM ls funsZf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA bl fizUVj dk vkmViqV vf/kd Li"V
gksrk gS] D;ksafd izR;sd djsDVj vusd MkWV~l ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA vkmViqV dh fizUV
DokWfyVh 300 ls 600 dpi (dots per inch) gksrh gSA orZeku esa ,d ls vf/kd fizfUVax gSM okys
bad tSV fizUVj Hkh miyC/k gSa] ftudh lgk;rk ls fofHkUu jaxksa okyh jaxhu fizfUVax dh tk ldrh
gSA

fp= 2-28 badtSV fizUVj

izkjEHk esa badtSV fizUVj vR;f/kd eagxs Fks] fdUrq vkt budh dher cgqr de gks xbZ gSA
bl fizUVj dh eq[; leL;k fizUV gSM ds uksty ds fljksa ij L;kgh te tkus (Ink Clogging) ls

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fNnzksa dk cUn gks tkuk gSA bldh fizfUVax ykxr Hkh rqyukRed :i ls vf/kd gksrh gSA
ystj fizUVj (Laser Printer) %& ;g orZeku dk lcls vf/kd fodflr fizUVj gSA
;g ystj fdj.kksa (Laser Beam) ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA fdlh djsDVj dks Nkius ds fy, ml ij
ystj fdj.ksa Mkyh tkrh gSaA blesa djsDVj dks Nkius ds fy, Vksuj (Toner- ,d fo'ks"k L;kgh dk
ikmMj½ iz;qDr gksrk gSA

fp= 2-29 ystj fizUVj

ystj fizUVj eagxs gksrs gSa ysfdu vis{kkd`r vf/kd rhoz xfr rFkk mPp DokWfyVh dh NikbZ
djus esa l{ke gksus ds dkj.k ;s vktdy lokZf/kd yksdfiz; gSaA jaxhu ystj fizUVj mPp DokWfyVh
dk jaxhu vkmViqV nsrs gSAa buesa fo'ks"k Vksuj gksrk gS] ftlls fofo/k jaxksa ds d.k miyC/k jgrs gSAa
IykfLVd 'khV ;k vU; fdlh 'khV ij Hkh ;s fizUVlZ vkmViqV dks Nki ldrs gSaA
IykWVj ¼Plotter½
IykWVj dk mi;ksx cM+s vkdkj ds uD'ks] pkVZ] f=fofe; js[kk fp= xzkQ] fMtk;u]
bysDVªkfud lfdZV vkfn fizUV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vkmViqV fMokbl gS ftlds
}kjk xzkfQDl fizaV fd;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk cSuj] iksLVj rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSaA IykWVlZ izk;% nks
izdkj ds gksrs gSa&Mªe iSu IykWVj] rFkk ¶ysV cSM IykWVjA

fp= 2-30 IykWVj

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Lihdj ¼ Speaker½
Lihdj vkmViqV midj.k gS tks dEI;wVj ls izkIr lwpukvksa dks /ofu esa ifjofrZr djrs
gSaA Lihdj dk mi;ksx eYVhehfM;k vuqiz;ksxksa esa cgqr gksrk gSA ;g /ofu izlkj.k esa mi;ksxh gksrs
gSA bldk mi;ksx eq[;r% lsehukj] lHkkvksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA

fp= 2-31 Lihdj

eYVhehfM;k izkstsDVj ¼ Multi Media Projector½
;g dEI;wVj LØhu ij gksus okyh ?kVukvksa vkSj fp= rFkk lwpukvksa dks cM+s insZ ij fn[kkrk
gS ftlls bls yksxksas ds lewg }kjk ns[kk tk ldsA bldk mi;ksx eYVhfefM;k iztsUVs'ku ds fy;s
fd;k tkrk gSA vkt ds ;qx eas f'k{kk esa bldk cgqrk;r ls mi;ksx gks jgk gSA

fp= 2-32 izkstsDVj

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 egRoiw.kZ fcUnq
1- buiqV ;qfDr;ksa (Input Devices) dh lgk;rk ls mi;ksxdrkZ (User) }kjk dEI;wVj esa
vkadMs+] lwpuk,a rFkk funsZ'k Mkys tkrs gSaA
2- dh&cksMZ ,d lokZf/kd iz;qDr gksus okyk egRoiw.kZ buiqV midj.k gSA ;g Vkbi jkbVj dk
la'kksf/kr :i gSA
3- dEI;wVj ds lapkyu ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okys egRoiw.kZ midj.kksa esa ls ekml Hkh ,d gSA
ekml dk vkdkj pwgs tSlk gksus ds dkj.k bls ekml dgk tkrk gSA
4- ekml ds lapkyu dks ekWuhVj dh LØhu ij n'kkZus ds fy, ,d rhjuqek fpà LØhu ij
gksrk gS ftls ekml ikWbUVj dgrs gSaA
5- tkW; fLVd LØhu ij fp=ksa dks fgykus o pykus vkfn dk dk;Z djrk gSA bldk mi;ksx
eq[;r% dEI;wVj xsEl [ksyus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
6- ykbV iSu LØhu ij lh/ks fy[kus dk dk;Z djrk gSA bldk mi;ksx xzkfQDl vkfn cukus
ds dk;ksZa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
7- vkmViqV ;qfDr;ka (Output Devices) os lk/ku gSa ftudh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj mi;ksxdrkZ
(User) ls izkIr vk¡dM+ksa] lwpukvksa] funsZ'kksa vkfn ds ifj.kke izfØ;k ds i'pkr mi;ksxdrkZ
dks izLrqr djrk gSA
8- ekWuhVj eq[;r% nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa& 1- lh-vkj-Vh- ekWuhVj
2- ,Q-ih-Mh- ekWuhVj
9- fizUVlZ dks lkekU;r% nks izdkjksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS& 1- bEiSDV fizUVj 2- ukWu&bEiSDV fizUVj
10- bEiSDV fizUVj ds eq[; mnkgj.k gSa& 1- MkWV eSfVªDl fizUVj 2- Msth Oghy fizUVj 3- pSu
fizUVj 4- cS.M fizUVj 5- Mªe fizUVj
11- ukWu&bEiSDV fizUVj ds eq[; mnkgj.k gSa& 1- rkih; fizUVj 2- bad tSV fizUVj 3- ystj
fizUVj
12- MkVk] lwpuk] izksxzke vkfn dks rkRdkfyd ,oa Hkfo"; esa mi;ksx gsrq laxzfgr djds j[kk
tkrk gSA
13- eSeksjh izkFkfed laxzg.k ;qfDr gSA
14- pqEcdh; Vsi] pqEcdh; fMLd] gkMZ fMLd] ¶ykWih fMLd] lh-Mh- jkse f}rh;d laxzg.k
;qfDr;ka gSaA

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 vH;klkFkZ iz'u
cgq p ;ukRed iz ' u
1- U;wesfjd dh iSM dk eq[;r% mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS&
¼v½ VSDLV izkslsflax esa ¼c½ xzkfQDl dk;ksZa esa
¼l½ cSafdx dk;ksZa esa ¼n½ mDr lHkh esa
2- ekml gS ,d&
¼v½ buiqV midj.k ¼c½ vkmViqV midj.k
¼l½ laxzg.k midj.k ¼n½ mDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
3- VkbieSfVd dh nj gksrh gS&
¼v½ 20 ckj izfr lSd.M ¼c½ 10 ckj izfr lSd.M
¼l½ 5 ckj izfr lSd.M ¼n½ 1 ckj izfr lSd.M
4- fdlh dkxt ij fizUVj }kjk Nik gqvk vkmViqV dgykrk gS&
¼v½ gkMZ dkWih ¼c½ lkW¶V dkWih
¼l½ ekbØks fQYe ¼n½ ¶ykWih
5- lh-vkj-Vh dh vkUrfjd lrg ij ysfir jgrk gS&
¼v½ dSfY'k;e inkFkZ ¼c½ QkWLQksjl inkFkZ
¼l½ fØLVy inkFkZ ¼n½ vk;ju vkWDlkbM
6- fizfVax dh og rduhd tks Vkbi jkbVj dh rduhd ds leku gksrh gS&
¼v½ VkbieSfVd fizafVax ¼c½ bEiSDV fizafVx
¼l½ ukWu bEiSDV fizafVx ¼n½ ystj fizafVx
7- Mªe fizUVj gS&
¼v½ djsDVj fizUVj ¼c½ ykbu fizUVj
¼l½ ist fizUVj ¼n½ xzkfQDl fizUVj
8- izkFkfed laxzg.k ek/;e gS&
¼v½ gkMZ fMLd ¼c½ eseksjh
¼l½ lh-Mh- jkse ¼n½ pqEcdh; Vsi

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9- izdk'kh; rduhd dk iz;ksx gksrk gS&
¼v½ gkMZ fMLd esa ¼c½ ¶ykWih fMLd esa
¼l½ bad tSV fizUVj esa ¼n½ lh-Mh- jkse esa
10- ekbØks ¶ykWih dh lkekU;r% laxzg.k {kerk gksrh gS&
¼v½ 1.2 MB ¼c½ 650 MB
¼l½ 1.44 MB ¼n½ 2.8 MB

vfr y?kwÙkjkRed iz'u

1- MkVk dks fMLd ij i<+us o fy[kus dk dk;Z fdlds }kjk gksrk gS\
2- ekWuhVj ds LØhu ds NksVs&NksVs fcUnqvksa dks D;k dgrs gSa\
3- MkWV eSfVªDl fizUVj fdl izdkj ds fizUVj dk mnkgj.k gS\
4- ¶ykWih fMLd vkSj mlds vkoj.k esa fLFkr fNnz dks D;k dgrs gSa\
5- ekbØks ¶ykWih dk O;kl fdruk gksrk gS\
6- eSeksjh fdrus izdkj dh gksrh gS\
7- ekWuhVj D;k dk;Z djrk gS\
8- nks buiqV vkSj nks vkmViqV ;qfDr;ksa ds uke crkb;sA
9- yslj fizaVj fdl iz.kkyh ij dk;Z djrk gS\
10- izkstsDVj fdl dke vkrk gS\
y?kw Ù kjkRed iz ' u
1- lkW¶V dkWih vkSj gkMZ dkWih esa vUrj crkb,A
2- ystj fizUVj fdl rduhd ij dk;Z djrk gS\
3- bEiSDV fizUVj o ukWu&bEiSDV fizUVj esa vUrj crkb,A
4- ekml dk mi;ksx fdu&fdu dk;ksZa esa gksrk gS\
5- tkW; fLVd vkSj ykbV iSu ds dk;Z fyf[k,A
6- IykWVj fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gS\ uke crkb,A

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fucU/kkRed iz ' u
1- MkWV eSfVªDl fizUVj dh dk;Z fof/k dk lfp= o.kZu dhft,A
2- ekWuhVj fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gSa\ izR;sd dk fp= lfgr o.kZu dhft,A
3- gkMZ fMLd dh lajpuk o dk;Z iz.kkyh lfp= le>kb,A
4- lh-Mh-jkse D;k gS\ bldh dk;Z iz.kkyh rFkk blds mi;ksx fyf[k,A
5- fizUVlZ ds izdkj o mudh dk;Z iz.kkyh crkb;sA

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