L.R.

G GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE FOR

WOMEN (AFFILIATED TO BHARATHIAR

UNIVERSITY)

TIRUPUR-641604.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

I MSC-COMPUTER SCIENCE

PRACTICAL-III :DATA MINING USING R

NAME :

REG.NO:
CERTIFICATE
 L R.G GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

(AFFILIATED TO BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY)

TIRUPUR-641604

NAME :

REGISTER NO:

CLASS :

This is to certify that it is a bonafide record of practical work done by the above student of
the I-M.SC COMPUTER SCIENCE PRACTICAL-III: DATA MINING USING R during the
academic year 2023-2024.

Staff in Charge. Head of the Department

Submitted for the Bharathiar University Practical Examination held On. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Internal Examiner. External Examiner

CONTENT
 INDEX

S.N DATE CONTENTS PA SIGN

O G
E
N
O

1 APRIORI ALGORITHM TO
EXTRACT ASSOCIATION RULES
OF DATA MINING

2 K-MEANS CLUSTERING ALGORITHM

3 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING

4 CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM

5 DECISION TREE

6 LINEAR REGRESSION

7 DATA VISUALZATION
 1. APRIORI ALGORITHM TO EXTRACT ASSOCIATION RULES

OF DATA MINING

# Loading Libraries

library(arules)

library(arulesViz)

library(RColorBrewer)

# import dataset

data('Groceries')

# using apriori() function

rules<-apriori(Groceries,parameter=list(supp=0.01,conf=0.2))

# using inspect() function

inspect(rules[1:10])

# using itemFrequencyPlot() function

arules::itemFrequencyPlot(Groceries,topN=20,

col=brewer.pal(8,'Pastel2'),

main='Relative Item Frequency

Plot', type='relative',

ylab='Item Frequency(Relative)')
OUTPUT:
# Loading Libraries

>library(arules)

Loading required package: Matrix

Attaching package: ‘arules’

The following objects are masked from

‘package:base’: abbreviate, write

> library(arulesViz)

> library(RColorBrewer)

> # import dataset

> data('Groceries')

> # using apriori() function

> rules<-apriori(Groceries,parameter=list(supp=0.01,conf=0.2))

Apriori

Parameter specification:

confidence minval smax arem aval originalSupport maxtime support minlen

0.2 0.1 1 none FALSE TRUE 5 0.01 1

maxlen target ext

10 rules TRUE

Algorithmic

control:

filter tree heap memopt load sort verbose

0.1 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE 2 TRUE

Absolute minimum support count: 98

set item appearances ...[0 item(s)] done [0.00s].

set transactions ...[169 item(s), 9835 transaction(s)] done [0.01s].

sorting and recoding items ... [88 item(s)] done [0.00s].

creating transaction tree ... done [0.01s].

checking subsets of size 1 2 3 4 done [0.00s].

writing ... [232 rule(s)] done [0.00s].

creating S4 object ... done [0.00s].

> # using inspect() function

> inspect(rules[1:10])

lhs rhs support confidence coverage

[1] {} => {whole milk} 0.25551601 0.2555160 1.00000000

[2] {hard cheese} => {whole milk} 0.01006609 0.4107884 0.02450432

[3] {butter milk} => {other vegetables} 0.01037112 0.3709091 0.02796136

[4] {butter milk} => {whole milk} 0.01159126 0.4145455 0.02796136

[5] {ham} => {whole milk} 0.01148958 0.4414062 0.02602949

[6] {sliced cheese} => {whole milk} 0.01077783 0.4398340 0.02450432

[7] {oil} => {whole milk} 0.01128622 0.4021739 0.02806304

[8] {onions} => {other vegetables} 0.01423488 0.4590164 0.03101169

[9] {onions} => {whole milk} 0.01209964 0.3901639 0.03101169

[10] {berries} => {yogurt} 0.01057448 0.3180428 0.03324860

lift count
[ 1.0000 25
1 00 13
]
[ 1.6076 9
2 82 9
]
[ 1.9169 10
3 16 2
]
[ 1.6223 11
4 85 4
]
[ 1.7275 11
5 09 3
]
[ 1.7213 10
6 56 6
]
[ 1.5739 11
7 68 1
]
[8] 2.372268 140

[9] 1.526965 119

[10] 2.279848 104

> # using itemFrequencyPlot() function

> arules::itemFrequencyPlot(Groceries,topN=20,

+ col=brewer.pal(8,'Pastel2'),

+ main='Relative Item Frequency Plot',

+ type='relative',

+ ylab='Item Frequency(Relative)')
Relative Item Frequency Plot
 2.K-Means Clustering
library(cluster)

df=USArrests

#Number of Rows and Columns of the Actul Data

set dim(df)

head(df)

#remove rows with missing

values df=na.omit(df)

dim(df)

#scale each variable to have mean 0 and sd 1

df=scale(df)

head(df)

set.seed(1)

#Cluster the dataset with 5 groups

km=kmeans(df,centers=5,nstart=25)

print(km)

plot(df)

points(km$centers,col=1:5,pch=8,cex=2)

cnt=table(km$cluster)

print(cnt)

final_data=cbind(df,cluster=km$cluster)

head(final_data)

plot(final_data,cex=0.6,main="Final Data")

ag=aggregate(final_data,by=list(cluster=km$cluster),mean)

head(ag)

plot(ag,cex=0.6,main="Aggregate")
 OUTPUT:
#K-means Clustering

> #Number of Rows and Columns of the Actaul Data set

> dim(df)

[1] 50 4

> head(df)

Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape

Alabam 13 23 58
a .2 6 21.2
Alaska 10. 263 48
0 44.5
Arizona 8.1 294 80
31.0
Arkansa 8. 190 50
s 8 19.5
Californ 9. 276 91
ia 0 40.6
Colorad 7. 204 78
o 9 38.7

> #remove rows with missing

values

> dim(df)

[1] 50 4

> #scale each variable to have mean 0 and sd 1

> head(df)

Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape

Alabama 1.24256408 0.7828393 -0.5209066 -0.003416473

Alaska 0.50786248 1.1068225 -1.2117642 2.484202941

Arizona 0.07163341 1.4788032 0.9989801 1.042878388

Arkansas 0.23234938 0.2308680 -1.0735927 -0.184916602

California 0.27826823 1.2628144 1.7589234 2.067820292

Colorado 0.02571456 0.3988593 0.8608085 1.864967207

> #Cluster the dataset with 5 groups

> print(km)

K-means clustering with 5 clusters of sizes 7, 10, 10, 11,

12 Cluster means:

Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape

1 1.5803956 0.9662584 -0.7775109 0.04844071

2 -1.1727674 -1.2078573 -1.0045069 -1.10202608

3 -0.6286291 -0.4086988 0.9506200 -0.38883734

4 -0.1642225 -0.3658283 -0.2822467 -0.11697538

5 0.7298036 1.1188219 0.7571799 1.32135653

Clustering vector:

Alabama Alaska Arkan Californi

a
Arizona 15 5 4 sa

Colorado Connecticut s
Delaware Georg
5 ia
Flori
da

5 3 3 5 1

Haw Idah Illino India Iowa

aii o is na
3 2 5 4 2

Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine

Maryland 4 4 1 2

Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri

3 5 2 1 4

Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New

Jersey 4 4 5 2 3

New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota

Ohio 5 5 1 2
 3

Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina

 4 4 3 3 1

South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah

Vermont 2 1 5 3

Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin

Wyoming 4 3 22 4

Within cluster sum of squares by cluster:

[1] 6.128432 7.443899 9.326266 7.788275 18.257332

(between_SS / total_SS = 75.0 %)

Available components:

[1] "cluster" "centers" "totss" "withinss" "tot.withinss"

[6] "betweenss" "size" "iter" "ifault"

> plot(df)
> points(km$centers,col=1:5,pch=8,cex=2)
> print(cnt)

12345

7 10 10 11 12

> head(final_data)

Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape cluster

Alaba 1.24256408 0.7828393 -0.5209066 - 1

ma 0.003416473
Alaska 0.50786248 1.1068225 -1.2117642 2.484202941 5

Arizon 0.07163341 1.4788032 0.9989801 1.042878388 5

a

Arkansas 0.23234938 0.2308680 -1.0735927 -0.184916602 4

California 0.27826823 1.2628144 1.7589234 2.067820292 5

Colorado 0.02571456 0.3988593 0.8608085 1.864967207 5

> plot(final_data,cex=0.6,main="Final Data")

> head(ag)

cluster Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape cluster

1 1 1.5803956 0.9662584 -0.7775109 0.04844071 1

2 2 -1.1727674 -1.2078573 -1.0045069 -1.10202608 2

3 3 -0.6286291 -0.4086988 0.9506200 -0.38883734 3

4 4 -0.1642225 -0.3658283 -0.2822467 -0.11697538 4

5 5 0.7298036 1.1188219 0.7571799 1.32135653 5

> plot(ag,cex=0.6,main="Aggregate")
 3.HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING
#Hierarchical Clustering

library(cluster)

df=USArrests

#remove rows with missing

values df=na.omit(df)

#scale each variable to have a mean 0 and sd of

1 df=scale(df)

head(df)

d=dist(df,method="euclidean")

#complete dendogram

hc1=hclust(d,method="complete")

plot(hc1,cex=0.6,main="complete dendogram",hang=-1)

#average dendogram

hc2=hclust(d,method="average")

plot(hc2,cex=0.6,main="Average Dendogram",hang=-1)

abline(h=3.0,col="green")

groups=cutree(hc2,k=4)

print(groups)

table(groups)

rect.hclust(hc2,k=4,border="red")

final_data=cbind(df,cluster=groups)

head(final_data)

plot(final_data,cex=0.6,main="Final Data")
 OUTPUT:
#Hierarchical Clustering

> #remove rows with missing values

> #scale each variable to have a mean 0 and sd of 1

> head(df)

Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape

Alabama 1.24256408 0.7828393 -0.5209066 -0.003416473

Alaska 0.50786248 1.1068225 -1.2117642 2.484202941

Arizona 0.07163341 1.4788032 0.9989801 1.042878388

Arkansas 0.23234938 0.2308680 -1.0735927 -0.184916602

California 0.27826823 1.2628144 1.7589234 2.067820292

Colorado 0.02571456 0.3988593 0.8608085 1.864967207

> #complete dendogram

> plot(hc1,cex=0.6,main="complete dendogram",hang=-1)

> #average dendogram

> print(groups)

Alabama Alaska Arkan Californi

a
Arizona 12 3 4 sa

Colorado Connecticut s
Delaware Geor
3 gia
Flori
da

3 4 4 3 1

Haw Idah Illino India Iowa

aii o is na
4 4 3 4 4

Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine

Maryland 4 4 1 4

Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri

 4 3 4 1 3

Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey

 4 4 3 4 4

New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota

Ohio 3 3 1 4

Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina 4

4 4 4 1

South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah

Vermont 4 1 3 4

Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin

Wyoming 4 4 44 4

groups

1234

7 1 12 30

> rect.hclust(hc2,k=4,border="red")
> final_data=cbind(df,cluster=groups)

> head(final_data)

Murder Assault UrbanPop Rape cluster

Alaba 1.24256408 0.7828393 -0.5209066 - 1

ma 0.003416473
Alaska 0.50786248 1.1068225 -1.2117642 2.484202941 2

Arizon 0.07163341 1.4788032 0.9989801 1.042878388 3

a

Arkansas 0.23234938 0.2308680 -1.0735927 -0.184916602 4

California 0.27826823 1.2628144 1.7589234 2.067820292 3

Colorado 0.02571456 0.3988593 0.8608085 1.864967207 3

> plot(final_data,cex=0.6,main="Final Data")
 4.CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM
#Classification

Algorithm library(class)

df=data(iris)

#Number of Rows and Columns

dim(iris)

head(iris)

rand=sample(1:nrow(iris),0.9*nrow(iris))

head(rand)

#Scale the values using Normalization

method nor<-function(x)

return((x-min(x))/(max(x)-min(x)))

iris_norm=as.data.frame(lapply(iris[,c(1,2,3,4)],nor))

head(iris_norm)

#Train dataset

iris_train=iris_norm[rand,]

iris_train_target=iris[rand,5

] #Test dataset

iris_test=iris_norm[-rand,]

iris_test_target=iris[-rand,5]

dim(iris_train)

dim(iris_test)

#K-nearesr neighbour Classification

model1=knn(train=iris_train,test=iris_test,cl=iris_train_target,k=7)
#Confusion Matric

tab=table(model1,iris_test_target)

print(tab)

accuracy=function(x)

sum(diag(x)/sum(rowSums(x)))*100

cat("Accuracy classifier=",accuracy(tab))
 OUTPUT:
#Classification Algorithm

> #Number of Rows and Columns

> dim(iris)

[1] 150 5

> head(iris)

Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species

1 5.1 3 1.4 0.2 seto

. sa
5
2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 seto
. sa
0
3 4.7 3 1.3 0.2 seto
. sa
2
4 4.6 3 1.5 0.2 seto
. sa
1
5 5.0 3 1.4 0.2 seto
. sa
6
6 5.4 3 1.7 0.4 seto
. sa
9

> head(rand)

[1] 114 107 25 128 14 24

> #Scale the values using Normalization method

> nor<-function(x)

+{

+ return((x-min(x))/(max(x)-min(x)))

+}

> head(iris_norm)

Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width

 1 0.62500 0.067796 0.041666
0.22222222 00 61 67
2 0.41666 0.067796 0.041666
0.16666667 67 61 67
3 0.50000 0.050847 0.041666
0.11111111 00 46 67
4 0.45833 0.084745 0.041666
0.08333333 33 76 67
5 0.19444444 0.6666667 0.06779661 0.04166667

6 0.30555556 0.7916667 0.11864407 0.12500000

> #Train dataset

> iris_train=iris_norm[rand,]

> iris_train_target=iris[rand,5]

> #Test dataset

> iris_test=iris_norm[-rand,]

> iris_test_target=iris[-rand,5]

> dim(iris_train)

[1] 135 4

> dim(iris_test)

[1] 15 4

> #K-nearesr neighbour Classification

> model1=knn(train=iris_train,test=iris_test,cl=iris_train_target,k=7)

> #Confusion Matric

> print(tab)

iris_test_target

model1 setosa versicolor

virginica setosa 6 0

versicolor 0 6 1

virginica 0 0 2

> accuracy=function(x)

+{

+ sum(diag(x)/sum(rowSums(x)))*100

+}

cat("Accuracy classifier=",accuracy(tab)) Accuracy classifier= 100>

 5.DECISION TREE
#Decision Tree

library(rpart)

data=iris

str=data

head(data)

#creating the decision tree using regression

dtree=rpart(Sepal.Width~Sepal.Length+Petal.Width+Petal.Length+Species,data=iris,method
="anova")

plot(dtree,uniform=TRUE,main="Sepal Width Decision Tree Using Regression")

print(dtree)

text(dtree,use.n=TRUE,cex=.7)

#predicting the Sepal Width

adata<-data.frame(Species='versicolor',Sepal.Length=5.1,Petal.Length=4.5,Petal.Width=1.4)

cat("Predicted Value:\n")

pt=predict(dtree,adata,method="anova")

print(pt)

plot(pt)

#creating the decision tree using

classification df=as.data.frame(data)

dt=rpart(Sepal.Width~Sepal.Length+Petal.Width+Petal.Length+Species,data=df,method="cl
ass")

plot(dt,uniform=TRUE,main="Sepal Width Decision Tree using Classification")

print(dt)

text(dt,use.n=TRUE,cex=.7)
 OUTPUT:
> #Decision Tree

> head(data)

Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species

1 5.1 3 1.4 0.2 seto

. sa
5
2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 seto
. sa
0
3 4.7 3 1.3 0.2 seto
. sa
2
4 4.6 3 1.5 0.2 seto
. sa
1
5 5.0 3 1.4 0.2 seto
. sa
6
6 5.4 3 1.7 0.4 seto
. sa
9
> #creating the decision tree using regression
dtree=rpart(Sepal.Width~Sepal.Length+Petal.Width+Petal.Length+Species,data=iris,metho
d
="anova")

> plot(dtree,uniform=TRUE,main="Sepal Width Decision Tree Using Regression")

> print(dtree)

n= 150

node), split, n, deviance, yval

* denotes terminal node

1) root 150 28.3069300 3.057333

2) Species=versicolor,virginica 100 10.9616000 2.872000

4) Petal.Length< 4.05 16 0.7975000 2.487500 *

5) Petal.Length>=4.05 84 7.3480950 2.945238

10) Petal.Width< 1.95 55 3.4920000 2.860000

20) Sepal.Length< 6.35 36 2.5588890 2.805556 *

21) Sepal.Length>=6.35 19 0.6242105 2.963158 *

11) Petal.Width>=1.95 29 2.6986210 3.106897

22) Petal.Length< 5.25 7 0.3285714 2.914286 *

23) Petal.Length>=5.25 22 2.0277270 3.168182 *

 3) Species=setosa 50 7.0408000 3.428000

6) Sepal.Length< 5.05 28 2.0496430 3.203571 *

7) Sepal.Length>=5.05 22 1.7859090 3.713636 *

> text(dtree,use.n=TRUE,cex=.7)

> #predicting the Sepal Width

Predicted Value:

2.805556

> plot(pt)
> #creating the decision tree using classification

> plot(dt,uniform=TRUE,main="Sepal Width Decision Tree using Classification")

> print(dt)

n= 150

node), split, n, loss, yval, (yprob)

* denotes terminal node

 1) root 150 124 3 (0.0067 0.02 0.027 0.02 0.053 0.033 0.06 0.093 0.067 0.17 0.073 0.087
0.04 0.08 0.04 0.027 0.02 0.04 0.013 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067)

2) Petal.Width>=0.8 100 80 3 (0.01 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.09 0.2 0.07 0.08
0.04 0.03 0 0.01 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0)

4) Sepal.Length< 6.45 65 55 2.8 (0.015 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.11 0.062 0.14 0.15 0.11 0.14
0.015 0.046 0.031 0.046 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)

8) Petal.Width< 1.95 56 47 2.7 (0.018 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.11 0.071 0.16 0.11 0.12 0.16
0.018 0.036 0.018 0.018 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)

16) Sepal.Length< 5.55 12 9 2.4 (0.083 0 0.17 0.25 0.25 0.083 0.083 0 0 0.083 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) *

17) Sepal.Length>=5.55 44 36 2.7 (0 0.068 0.023 0 0.068 0.068 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.18
0.023 0.045 0.023 0.023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)

34) Petal.Width< 1.55 29 23 2.9 (0 0.1 0.034 0 0.069 0.1 0.1 0.17 0.21 0.17 0 0.034 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)

68) Sepal.Length>=5.95 15 11 2.9 (0 0.2 0.067 0 0.067 0.067 0 0.2 0.27 0.067 0
0.067 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) *

69) Sepal.Length< 5.95 14 10 3 (0 0 0 0 0.071 0.14 0.21 0.14 0.14 0.29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0) *

35) Petal.Width>=1.55 15 10 2.7 (0 0 0 0 0.067 0 0.33 0.067 0.067 0.2 0.067 0.067
0.067 0.067 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) *

9) Petal.Width>=1.95 9 5 2.8 (0 0 0 0 0.11 0 0 0.44 0 0 0 0.11 0.11 0.22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0) *

5) Sepal.Length>=6.45 35 24 3 (0 0 0 0 0.029 0.029 0 0.11 0.057 0.31 0.17 0.14 0.057 0 0

0.029 0 0.057 0 0 0 0 0) *

3) Petal.Width< 0.8 50 41 3.4 (0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.12 0.08 0.1 0.04 0.18 0.12 0.06
0.06 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02)

6) Sepal.Length< 4.95 20 15 3 (0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0.25 0.2 0.2 0 0.15 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0)

12) Petal.Length< 1.45 13 8 3 (0 0 0.077 0 0 0 0 0 0.077 0.38 0 0.23 0 0.077 0 0.15 0 0 0

0 0 0 0) *

13) Petal.Length>=1.45 7 3 3.1 (0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.57 0.14 0 0.29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) *

 7) Sepal.Length>=4.95 30 24 3.4 (0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.033 0 0.033 0.067 0.2 0.2 0.033 0.1
0.13 0.067 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033)

14) Petal.Length< 1.45 11 7 3.5 (0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.36 0.091 0 0

0.091 0.091 0 0.091 0) *

15) Petal.Length>=1.45 19 14 3.4 (0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.053 0 0 0.053 0.26 0.11 0 0.16

0.21 0.053 0 0.053 0 0.053) *

> text(dt,use.n=TRUE,cex=.7)
 6.LINEAR REGRESSION
#Linear Regression

setwd("D:/R")

df=read.csv("h2.csv",header=TRUE)

print(df)

lr=lm(height~weight,data=df)

print(lr)

#Linear Regression

plot(df$height,df$weight,col="blue",main="Height_Weight
Regression",cex=1.3,pch=15,xlab="height",ylab="weight")

print(summary(lr))

print(residuals(lr))

coeff=coefficients(lr)

eq=paste0("y",round(coeff[2],1),"*(",round(coeff[1],1),"*x)")

print(eq)

#Linear Equation

new.weights=data.frame(weight=c(60,50)

) print(new.weights)

df1=predict(lr,newdata=new.weights)

print(df1)

df2=data.frame(df1,new.weights)

names(df2)=c("height","weight")

print(df2)

df3=rbind(df,df2)

print(df3)

write.csv(df3,"h3.csv")

pie(table(df3$height))
 OUTPUT:
> #Linear Regression

> setwd("D:/R")

> df=read.csv("h2.csv",header=TRUE)

> print(df)

height weight

1 8
0
174
2 7
0
150
3 7
5
160
4 8
5
180

> lr=lm(height~weight,data=df)

> print(lr)

Call:

lm(formula = height ~ weight, data =

df) Coefficients:

(Intercept) weight
 4.80 2.08

> #Linear Regression

> print(summary(lr))

Call:

lm(formula = height ~ weight, data =

df) Residuals:

1 2 3 4

2.8 -0.4 -0.8 -1.6

Coefficients:
 Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 4.8000 16.4463 0.292 0.7979

weight 2.0800 0.2117 9.827 0.0102 *

---

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 2.366 on 2 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-squared: 0.9797, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9696

F-statistic: 96.57 on 1 and 2 DF, p-value: 0.0102

> print(residuals(lr))

1 2 3 4

2.8 -0.4 -0.8 -1.6

> print(eq)

[1] "y2.1*(4.8*x)"

> #Linear Equation

> print(new.weights)

weight

1 60

2 50

> print(df1)

1 2

129.6 108.8

> print(df2)

height weight

1 129.6 60

2 108.8 50

> df3=rbind(df,df2)
> print(df3)

height

weight

1 174.0 8
0
2 150.0 7
0
3 160.0 7
5
4 180.0 8
5
11 6
129.6 0
21 5
108.8 0

> write.csv(df3,"h3.csv")

> pie(table(df3$height))
 7.DATA VISUALIZATION
#Data Visualization

X=iris

dim(X)

summary(X)

head(X)

hist(X$Sepal.Length,main='Histogram',col='green')

barplot(X$Sepal.Length[1:10],main='Barplot',col='red',xlab='Sepal.Length'

) pie(table(X$Sepal.Length),main='pie-chart')

pairs(X)

plot(X$Sepal.Length,main='plot-chart',col='blue')

boxplot(X,main='Boxplot',col='yellow')
 OUTPUT:

> #Data Visualization

> dim(X)

[1] 150 5

> summary(X)

Sepal.Length Sepal.Width

Petal.Length Min. :4.300

Min. :2.000 Min. :1.000 1st Qu.:5.100

1st Qu.:2.800 1st Qu.:1.600

Median :5.800 Median :3.000 Median :4.350

Mean :5.843 Mean :3.057 Mean :3.758 3rd

Qu.:6.400 3rd Qu.:3.300 3rd Qu.:5.100 Max.

:7.900 Max. :4.400 Max. :6.900

Petal.Width Species

Min. :0.100 setosa :50

1st Qu.:0.300 versicolor:50

Median :1.300 virginica :50

Mean :1.199

3rd Qu.:1.800

Max. :2.500

> head(X)

Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species

1 5.1 3 1.4 0.2 seto
. sa
5
2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 seto
. sa
0
3 4.7 3 1.3 0.2 seto
. sa
2
 4 4.6 3 1.5 0.2 seto
. sa
1
5 5.0 3 1.4 0.2 seto
. sa
6
6 5.4 3 1.7 0.4 seto
. sa
9

> hist(X$Sepal.Length,main='Histogram',col='green')

> barplot(X$Sepal.Length[1:10],main='Barplot',col='red',xlab='Sepal.Length')
> pie(table(X$Sepal.Length),main='pie-chart')

> pairs(X)
> plot(X$Sepal.Length,main='plot-chart',col='blue')
> boxplot(X,main='Boxplot',col='yellow')