IRSJ
SJIF 2023: 5.358 ISSN (Online): 2980-4612 | ISSN (Print): 2980-4604
Intent Research
Scientific Journal
An Open Access, Peer Reviewed International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences
and Educational Advancements
Vol. 2 No. 9 (2023): IRSJ September-2023
https://intentresearch.org/index.php/irsj/index Zambales-2207, Philippines
Vol. 2 No. 9 (2023): IRSJ
Articles
1. IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNSELLING AND CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF
PATIENTS IN A FAMILY POLYCLINIC
Gulyamova Shakhzada Saipiddinovna, Khalimova Khalida Khakimbaevna
1-9
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE PERSONALITY
Parmonova Laylo Ilkhomovna
10-17
3. THE SYSTEM OF ORGANIZING THE READING PROCESS OF FUTURE EDUCATORS
Urazova Nafisa Gulummatovna
18-23
4. PREVENTION PROGRAM DENTAL DISEASES IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN
Sadriyev Nizom Najmiddinovich, Normo’minova Gulira’no Akmalovna, Rahimov Rizamat Qayum ugli, Rahmonov
O’tkirjon Arslon ugli, Xolmo’minov Bunyodbek Botirjon ugli, Yuldashev Navro’zbek To’lqin ugli
24-31
5. FEATURES OF DENTAL DISEASE PREVENTION IN CHILDREN IN THE MODERN ERA
Xojimurodov Burxon Ravshanovich
32-38
6. FEATURES OF SIGNAL FORMATION IN THE GSM STANDARD
Korotkova Larisa Aleksandrovna, Khudoyberganov Shavkat Karimovich, Zhabborov Alibek Botirkul, Rakhimov
Zhamshid Norboy
39-47
7. EFFECTIVE WAYS TO FOSTER LOGICAL THINKING ABILITIES OF STUDENTS IN MATH CLASSES
Samandarov Toji Normurodovich
48-53
8. THE USE OF PHRASES IN ABDULLA QAHHOR'S STORIES AND ABDULLA ORIPOV'S POEMS
Hayitmurodova daughter of Marjona Bekzod, Scientific Supervisor: Anvar Sobirov Kuvandikovic
54-59
Intent Research Scientific Journal-(IRSJ)
ISSN (E): 2980-4612
Volume 2, Issue 9, September-2023
Website: intentresearch.org/index.php/irsj/index
FEATURES OF SIGNAL FORMATION IN THE GSM STANDARD
Korotkova Larisa Aleksandrovna
Senior Teacher
Khudoyberganov Shavkat Karimovich
Senior Lecturer
Zhabborov Alibek Botirkul
Senior Teacher
Rakhimov Zhamshid Norboy
Assistant
Tashkent State Technical University,
Department of Radio Engineering Devices and Systems +998 946905731.
Abstract:
This article is devoted to the principles of the formation of channels in the
system, their structure and properties.
Keywords: frequency plan, principles of signal generation, channel modulation,
GMSK signal generation, frame structure.
Frequency plan in the GSM standard.
Two frequency bands are allocated for GSM 900 radio access:
890–915 MHz for the communication channel from the subscriber to the station
(MS to BS direction);
935–960 MHz for outgoing channel from station to subscriber (BS to MS
directions).
The 25 MHz bands are divided into 124 pairs of channels operating in full duplex
mode with a carrier frequency interval of 200 kHz, using Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA). ).[1]
Each radio channel with a bandwidth of 200 kHz is divided into temporary cells,
which create 8 logical channels. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
contains 8 slots and 248 physical half-duplex channels, making up a group of
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Intent Research Scientific Journal-(IRSJ)
ISSN (E): 2980-4612
Volume 2, Issue 9, September-2023
Website: intentresearch.org/index.php/irsj/index
1984 half-duplex channels. With a cluster size of 7 (frequency reuse), the
number of channels in one cell is approximately 283 (1984 / 7) half-duplex
channels (see Figure 1)
When transmitting over one voice channel, the GSM standard uses a normal time
interval NB (packet) of 0.577 ms duration, which includes:
- 114 bits encrypted message;
- two terminal combinations TV (Tail Bits) of 3 bits each;
- two control bits separating the encrypted bits of the message and the reference
sequence;
- GP guard interval (Guard Period) with a duration equal to the transmission
time of 8.25 bits.
Picture 1. - Formation of channels in the GSM system
Signal generation in the GSM standard.
Using slow frequency hops during a communication session – SFH (Slow
Frequency Hopping).
The main purpose of such hops is to provide frequency diversity in radio
channels operating in conditions of multipath propagation of radio waves. Slow
frequency hopping is used in all mobile networks, which improves the efficiency
of coding and interleaving when subscriber stations are moving slowly. )[1]
The principle of forming slow frequency hops is that a message transmitted in
the time interval of a TDMA frame of 0.577 ms allocated to the subscriber is
transmitted (received) at a new fixed frequency in each subsequent frame, Figure
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Intent Research Scientific Journal-(IRSJ)
ISSN (E): 2980-4612
Volume 2, Issue 9, September-2023
Website: intentresearch.org/index.php/irsj/index
2. In accordance with the frame structure, the time for restructuring frequency is
about 1 ms.
During frequency hopping, a 45 MHz separation between the receive and
transmit channels is constantly maintained. All active subscribers located in the
same cell are assigned non-overlapping frequency switching sequences, which
eliminates mutual interference when subscribers receive messages (Picture 2)
fi 0123456701234567012345670
.
.
.
fj 0123456701234567012345670
.
.
f k. 0123456701234567012345670
Picture 2 - Principles of formation of slow frequency jumps.
Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GMSK)
In the GSM standard, Gaussian frequency shift keying with minimal frequency
shift - GMSK - is selected.
Gaussian minimum keying (GMSK) differs in that the input sequence pulses are
smoothed using a low-pass filter and reduced to a Gaussian curve shape. This
shape provides lower levels of out-of-band emissions and reduces interference
to adjacent channels.
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Intent Research Scientific Journal-(IRSJ)
ISSN (E): 2980-4612
Volume 2, Issue 9, September-2023
Website: intentresearch.org/index.php/irsj/index
Picture 3- Principle of GMSK signal formation
Picture 4 - GMSK signal generation
Properties of GMSK modulation.
- constant level envelope, allowing the use of transmitting devices with power
class C amplifiers;
-narrow spectrum at the output of the power amplifier of the transmitting device
ensuring a low level of out-of-band radiation;
- good noise immunity of the communication channel. ).[2]
Frame structure in the GSM standard
A traffic multiframe contains 26 temporary access (TDMA) frames, each of
which consists of 8 packets (burst1)) of traffic. The duration of a traffic
multiframe is 120 ms. Therefore, the duration of temporary access frames is 120
ms / 26 = 4.615 ms, and the duration of the temporary position (slot) of traffic is
120/26 x 8 = 15/26 = 0.577 μs. Of the 26 frames, 24 are used for traffic, one
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Intent Research Scientific Journal-(IRSJ)
ISSN (E): 2980-4612
Volume 2, Issue 9, September-2023
Website: intentresearch.org/index.php/irsj/index
(12th frame) is used as a low-speed dedicated control channel (SACCH - Slow
Associated Control Channel) and one (25th) is currently not used (Picture 5).
Package contains:
- two data fields of 57 bits each, i.e. one packet contains 114 bits of information;
-field of the training sequence. This sequence is used to evaluate the
characteristics of the radio channel. It is a set of predetermined signs, the
distortion of which determines the quality of the radio channel;
Picture 5 - Frame structure in a channel
- “tail bits”, located at the edges of one block and indicating its boundaries. They
protect information when a slot is shifted;
-one-bit fields - are flags that indicate the type of information. The packet can
be used to carry both traffic and control frames. ).[1]
Structure of GSM radio access traffic frames
The traffic framing structure (TCH) of the forward and reverse directions is
divided in time into 3 packet transmission periods. Therefore, the mobile station
cannot receive and receive the same channel at the same time, which simplifies
its electronic design.
Data is transmitted in packets that are placed in slots. The total number of bits
in a traffic multiframe is 156.25 bits x 8 x 26 = 32500 bits. These bits are
transmitted in 120 ms. Therefore, the bit rate of information is 270.833 Kbps
(32500/0.12=270.833 Kbps). The transmission time of one bit is 3.69 µs. To
counteract the effects of timing errors, time dispersion, etc., the data packet is
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Intent Research Scientific Journal-(IRSJ)
ISSN (E): 2980-4612
Volume 2, Issue 9, September-2023
Website: intentresearch.org/index.php/irsj/index
slightly shorter than the time interval. For one packet it is 148 bits out of 156.25
bits transmitted within the slot. In addition to THC's full speed channels, THC's
half speed channels can be used. Half-speed THC's can actually double system
capacity because they offer speech encoding at 11.4 Kbps instead of 22.8 Kbps.
Half-speed THC's channels are also used to transmit control signals.
If half-rate coding is used, then the number of slots increases to 16. In this case,
even frames of the multiframe contain information from slots 0–7, and odd
frames contain information from slots 8–15. ) [1]
Control slot structures
The frequency correction slot (FB - Frequency correction Burst) is designed to
synchronize the frequencies of the mobile station. To transmit these slots, a
frequency adjustment channel (FCCH - Frequency Correction Channel) is
allocated.
The synchronization slot (SCH - Synchronization Burst) is designed for time
synchronization of the base and mobile stations. The slot contains a
synchronization sequence (64 bits), encrypted information about the TDMA
frame number and the base station identification code, two blocks (39 bits each).
To transmit these slots, a separate synchronization channel (SCH -
Synchronizing Channel) is allocated.
Empty slot (DB - Dummy Burst) - this auxiliary packet contains two 58-bit fields
that do not carry information. Such a packet is transmitted to notify that the
station is in working condition.
The access slot (AB - Access Burst) is designed to allow MS access to the BSS,
transmitted over the access rights channel (RACH - Random Access Channel).
This slot is transmitted as the first request when the stations have not yet entered
synchronous mode and the signal transit time is unknown. It contains the trailer
(TB) - in this case it consists of 8 bits; The synchronization sequence for the
base station is 41 bits, which allows the base station to begin the synchronization
process and ensure that the subsequent 36 bits are correctly received. The large
guard interval (68.25 bits with a duration of 252 µs) provides maximum time to
protect frames from the effects of intersymbol distortion. All slots have the same
length of 156.25 bits and duration of 235.833 µs. All slots, except the access
slot, have tail bits (TB - Tail Bit) of 3 bits each, and a guard interval of 8.25 bits.
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Intent Research Scientific Journal-(IRSJ)
ISSN (E): 2980-4612
Volume 2, Issue 9, September-2023
Website: intentresearch.org/index.php/irsj/index
Organization of physical channels
Traffic channels are used to transmit the fast associated control channel
(FACCH - Fast Associated Control Channel) and the low-speed dedicated
control channel (SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel). A traffic packet
can be used to carry both traffic and control frames.
Of the 26 frames, 24 are used for traffic, one (12th frame) is used as a low-speed
dedicated control channel (SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel). One
(25th) is currently not used, but in half-speed mode it can be used to organize a
second SACCH channel. For transmission in the 12th frame, 8 slots can work.
Since one SACCH channel in full-speed mode occupies one slot with an
information field of 114 bits, and the transmission time is 0.12 s, the
transmission speed on this channel is 114/0.12 = 950 bps.
FACCH channel slots are transmitted at the traffic slot rate. The remaining
control channels are transmitted in a control multiframe containing 51 frames. )
[2]
Speech coding
For GSM, long-term linear prediction with regular pulse sequence excitation
(RPE - LPC) is selected. This method is based on the principle of prediction,
where information from previous time samples is used to predict the current time
sample. The coefficients of the linear combination of the previous timing
samples, plus the encoded form of the residuals, the difference between the
predicted and actual timing samples, represent the signal. Speech is divided into
20 time samples per millisecond, each of which is encoded as 260 bits, giving a
total data rate of 13 Kbps. This is the so-called Full Rate speech coding [3]
Methods for improving the quality of signal transmission
1) Suppression of distortions due to multipath propagation.
In the 900 MHz band, radio waves bounce off everything - buildings, hills, cars,
airplanes, etc. Thus, many reflected signals, each with a different phase, can
reach the receiving antenna and cause fading. Fading is a phenomenon in which
a signal gradually increases or decreases over a certain period of time. Distortion
reduction is used to extract the desired signal from unwanted reflections. It
works by detecting how a known transmitted signal is corrupted by multipath
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Intent Research Scientific Journal-(IRSJ)
ISSN (E): 2980-4612
Volume 2, Issue 9, September-2023
Website: intentresearch.org/index.php/irsj/index
fading and adjusts an inverse filter to extract the rest of the transmitted signal.
This known signal is the 26 bits of the training sequence transmitted in the
middle of each packet time slot. The practical implementation of the
compensator is not defined in the GSM specifications.
2) Frequency jump.
The mobile station allows the use of any of the specified frequencies: this means
that the frequency can be changed between the transmitter and the receiver and
controlled within a single TDMA frame. GSM uses this property to implement
slow frequency hopping when the mobile station and BTS each transmit on a
different carrier frequency. The frequency hopping algorithm is broadcast and
controls via the Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH). Since multipath fading
depends on the carrier frequency, slow frequency hops help alleviate the
interference problem. In addition, inter-channel interference is actually random
and not mutually related.
3) Intermittent transmission.
Reducing cross-channel interference is a goal of any cellular system, as it allows
for better service for a given cell size or the use of smaller cells, which increases
the overall capacity of the system. Discontinuous transmission (DTX -
Discontinuous transmission mode) is a method whose advantage is based on the
fact that a person actually speaks less than 40 percent of the time during a normal
communication session. It is therefore possible to turn off the transmitter during
periods of silence. An additional benefit is that DTX saves mobile station
energy.
The most important component of the DTX is the Voice Activity Detection
(VAD) device. It must distinguish speech from noise. If the speech signal is
incorrectly interpreted as noise, the transmitter is turned off and a very annoying
effect called clipping occurs at the receiving end. If, on the other hand, noise is
misinterpreted too often as a speech signal, the effectiveness of DTX is
dramatically reduced.
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Intent Research Scientific Journal-(IRSJ)
ISSN (E): 2980-4612
Volume 2, Issue 9, September-2023
Website: intentresearch.org/index.php/irsj/index
4) Intermittent reception.
Another method of conserving energy in a mobile station is intermittent
reception. The short message broadcast channel (Paging Channel), used by the
base station to signal a call from the base station to the mobile station, is
structured into subchannels. Each mobile station shall receive only its own sub-
channel. In call idle mode, during the period of time between successive sub-
channels, the mobile station can be placed in a mode where almost no power is
consumed. [4]
References
1 Konshin S.V., Sabdykeeva G.G. Theoretical foundations of communication
systems with moving objects: Textbook. – Almaty: AIES, 2007.
2 Klochkovskaya L.P., Konshin S.V. Wireless technology. Calculation of
mobile communication parameters. Tutorial. – Almaty: AIES, 2007.
3 Odinsky A. Promising mobile radio communication technologies Informost,
No. 2(20), 2008, http://www.radioscanner.ru.
4 Rusev D. Wireless access technologies: Directory. – St. Petersburg: BHV-
Petersburg, 2007.
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