Module 2.

Interface

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 Objective
• Understand what interfaces are and how they are
different from abstract classes
• Understand Object and Wrapper class
• Understand how Strings are created, manipulated,
and split in Java
• Understand enumerations

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 Interfaces

• Interfaces is a collection of methods which are public

and abstract by default.
• The implementing objects have to inherit the
interface and provide implementation for all these
methods.
• multiple inheritance in Java is allowed through
interfaces
• Interfaces are declared with help of a keyword
interface

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 Syntax for Creating Interface

interface interfacename
{
returntype methodname(argumentlist);
…
}
The class can inherit interfaces using implements
keyword
– class classname implements interfacename{}

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 Interface Example

interface Calculator {
int add(int a,int b);
int subtract(int a,int b);
int multiply(int a,int b);
int divide(int a,int b);
}

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 Example (contd.)
class Normal_Calculator implements Calculator
{
public int add(int a,int b){
return a+b;}
public int subtract(int a,int b){
return a-b;}
public int multiply(int a,int b){
return a*b;}
public int divide(int a,int b){
return a/b;}
public static void main(String args[]){
Normal_Calculator c=new Normal_Calculator();
System.out.println(“Value after addition = “+c.add(5,2));
System.out.println(“Value after Subtraction = “+c.subtract(5,2));
System.out.println(“Value after Multiplication = “+c.multiply(5,2));
System.out.println(“Value after division = “+c.divide(5,2)); }}

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 The Output

Value after addition = 7

Value after Subtraction = 3
Value after Multiplication= 10
Value after division = 2

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 Variables in Interface

• They are implicitly public, final, and static

• As they are final, they need to be assigned a
value compulsorily.
• Being static, they can be accessed directly
with the help of an interface name
• as they are public we can access them from
anywhere.

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 Extending Interfaces

• One interface can inherit another interface

using the extends keyword and not the
implements keyword.
• For example,
interface A extends B { }

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Interface Vs Abstract class

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Similarities Between Interface and abstract
class
• Both cannot be instantiated, i.e. objects cannot be
created for both of them.
• Both can have reference variables referring to their
implementing classes objects.
• Interfaces can be extended, i.e. one interface can
inherit another interface, similar to that of abstract
classes (using extends keyword).
• static / final methods can neither be created in an
interface nor can they be used with abstract
methods.

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 java.lang package
• java.lang is a imported by default in all the
classes that we create.
• Remember String and System class

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 Java.lang.Object class

• parent by default of all the classes (predefined

and user-defined) in Java.
• The methods of Object class can be used by all
the objects and arrays.
• toString() and equals() are methods of Object
class

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 toString() method
class Demo {
public String toString() {
return “My Demo Object created”;
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println(new Demo()); }}

Output
My Demo Object created

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 Java Wrapper classes
• For each primitive type, there is a corresponding
wrapper class designed.
• Are wrapper around primitive data types.
• allow for situations where primitives cannot be used
but their corresponding objects are required.
• Normally Used to convert a numeric value to a String
or vice-versa.
• Just like String, Wrapper objects are also immutable
• All the wrapper classes except Character and Float
have two constructors—one that takes the primitive
value and another that takes the String
representation of the value.
• Character has one constructor and float has three.
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 Wrappers classes

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 Wrapper classes (contd.)
• converts primitive to wrapper
– double a = 4.3;
– Double wrp = new Double(a);
• Each wrapper provides a method to return the
primitive value.
– double r = wrp.doubleValue();

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 Converting Primitive types to
wrapper objects
• Integer ValueOfInt = new Integer(v)
• Float ValueOfFloat = new Float(x)
• Double ValOfDouble = new Double(y)
• Long ValueOfLong = new Long(z)
• Where v, x, y and z are int, float, double, and
long values, respectively.

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 Converting wrapper objects to
primitives
• int v = ValueOfInt.intValue();
• float x = ValueOfFloat.floatValue();
• long y = ValueOfLong.longValue();
• double z = ValueOfDouble.doubleValue();

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 Converting primitives to String
Object
• String xyz = Integer.toString(v)
• String xyz = Float.toString(x)
• String xyz = Double.toString(y)
• String xyz = Long.toString(z)

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Converting back from String Object
to Primitives
• int v = Integer.parseInt(xyz)
• long y = Long.parseLong(xyz)
• public float parseFloat(String x)
• public double parseDouble(String x)
• public double parseByte(String x)
• public double parseShort(String x)
• May throw NumberFormatException if the value of
the String does not represent a proper numbers

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 Converting Primitives represented by
String to wrapper
• Double ValueOfDouble = Double.valueOf(xyz);
• Float ValueOfFloat = Float.valueOf(xyz);
• Integer ValueOfInteger = Integer.valueOf(xyz);
• Long ValueOfLong = Long.valueOf(xyz);
• Double ValueOfDouble = Double.valueOf(xyz);
• Float ValueOfFloat = Float.valueOf(xyz);
• Integer ValueOfInteger = Integer.valueOf(xyz);
• Long ValueOfLong = Long.valueOf(xyz);
– String argument method generates a
NumberFormatException in case the value in a String does
not contain a number.

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 Autoboxing and Unboxing
• Introduced in Java 5
• conversion from primitives to wrappers is known as
boxing, while the reverse is known as unboxing.
• Integer wrap_int = 5;
– primitive 5 autoboxed into an Integer
• int prim_int = wrap_int;
– automatic unboxing Integer into int

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 String Example
String a=”Hello”; String b=”Hello”;
String c=new String(“Hello”);
String d=new String(“Hello”);
String e=new String(“Hello, how are you?”);
if(a==b)
System.out.println(“object is same and is being shared by
a & b”);
else
System.out.println(“Different objects”);
if(a==c)
System.out.println(“object is same and is being shared by
a & c”);
else
System.out.println(“Different objects”);

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 String Example
if(c==d)
System.out.println(“same object”);
else
System.out.println(“Different objects”);
String f=e.intern();
if(f==a)
System.out.println(“Interned object f refer to the already
created object a in the pool”);
else
System.out.println(“Interned object does not refer to the
already created objects, as literal was not present in the pool.
It is a new object which has been created in the pool”);
• we have omitted the class and the main method declaration from this example. You need to
add it to run the example (refer Book for complete program).

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 String Example

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 The Output
object is same and is being shared by a & b
Different objects
Different objects
Interned object does not refer to the already created
objects, as literal was not present in the pool. It is a
new object which has been created in the pool

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 String Manipulation
• Strings in Java are immutable (read only) in nature,
Once defined cannot be changed.
• Let us take an example:
– String x = “Hello”; // ok
– String x = x +”World”; // ok, but how?
• the ‘+’ operator concatenates If at least one of the
operand is a string.
• The second statement gets converted to the
following statement automatically
– String x=new StringBuffer(). append(x). append(“World”).
toString();

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Common methods of the String class

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Methods of String class

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 StringBuffer class
• StringBuffer class is used for representing changing
strings.
• StringBuffer offers more performance enhancement
whenever we change Strings, because it is this class
that is actually used behind the curtain.
• Just like any other buffer, StringBuffer also has a
capacity and if the capacity is exceeded, then it is
automatically made larger.
• The initial capacity of StringBuffer can be known by
using a method capacity().

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Methods of StringBuffer class
 StringBuilder class
• introduced in Java 5
• a substitute of StringBuffer class.
• This class is faster than StringBuffer class, as it is not
synchronized
• append(), insert(), delete(), deleteCharAt(), replace(),
and reverse() return StringBuilder objects rather
than StringBuffer objects.
• The line creates a StringBuilder object.
– StringBuilder s=new StringBuilder();
– construct a StringBuilder object with an initial capacity of
16 characters. Similar to that of StringBuffer.

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 Splitting Strings
• StringTokenizer is a utility class provided by the
java.util package.
• Now a legacy code.
• This class used to be of utmost importance when we
want to divide the entire String into parts (Tokens)
on the basis of delimiters.
• The delimiters can be any of the whitespace, tab
space, semicolon, comma, etc.
• J2SE 1.4 added split( ) method to the String class for
simplifying the task of splitting a String and also
added Pattern and Matcher classes in java.util.regex
package.
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 Example
import java.util.*; import java.util.regex.*;
class StringTokenizerDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i=1;
String str=”Never look down on anybody unless you’re helping him up”;
System.out.println(“Splitting String Using StringTokenizer class”);
StringTokenizer tr=new StringTokenizer(str,” “);
while (tr.hasMoreTokens()) {
System.out.print(“Token “+i+” :”);
System.out.println(tr.nextToken());
++i; }
System.out.println(“Splitting String Using split() method”);
String[] tk=str.split(“ “);
for(String tokens: tk)
System.out.println(tokens);
Pattern p=Pattern.compile(“ “);
tk= p.split(str,3);
for(String tokens: tk)
System.out.println(tokens); }}

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 Enum Type
• is a kind of class definition.
• Subclass of Object class and inherits the Comparable interface
• Defines the type along with the possible set of enum values
which are listed in the curly braces, separated by commas
• All enum types are subclasses of the java.lang.Enum class.
• Each value in an enum is an identifier.
• The following statement declares a type, named Games, with
the values CRICKET, FOOTBALL, TENNIS, and BASKETBALL.
– enum Games { CRICKET, FOOTBALL, TENNIS, BASKETBALL };
• By convention, all names must be in upper case.

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 Enum (contd.)
• Once a type is defined, you can declare a variable of
that type:
– Games G;
– G can hold one of the values defined in the enumerated
type Games or null, but nothing else.
– An attempt to assign a value other than the enumerated
values or null will result in a compilation error.
– The enumerated values can be accessed using the syntax.
• enumeratedTypeName.valueName
• G = Games.TENNIS;

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 Enum Example
public class EnumDemo {
static enum Games {CRICKET, FOOTBALL, CHESS, BASKETBALL,
TENNIS,BADMINTON};
public static void main (String[] args) {
Games G1 = Games.CHESS;
Games G2 = Games.TENNIS;
System.out.println(“First game is “ +G1.name());
System.out.println(“Second game is “ +G2.name());
System.out.println(“First game’s ordinal is “ +G1. ordinal());
System.out.println(“Second game’s ordinal is “ +G2.ordinal());
System.out.println(“G1.equals(G2) returns “ +G1. equals(G2));
System.out.println(“G1.toString() returns “ +G1. toString());
System.out.println(“G1.compareTo(G2) returns
“+G1.compareTo(G2)); }}

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 The output
First game is CHESS
Second game is TENNIS
First game’s ordinal is 2
second game’s ordinal is 4
G1.equals(G2) returns false
G1.toString() returns Chess
G1.compareTo(G2) returns -2

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 for Loop with Enumeration
• Each enumerated type has a static method values( )
associated with them that returns all enumerated
values for the type in an array.
• For example,
– Games[] G = Games.values();
• You can use for loop to process all the values in the
array.
– for (int i = 0; i < G.length; i++)
– System.out.println(G[i]);

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 Conditional Statements with
Enumeration
• can use if or switch-case with Enumerations to test
the value in the variable, as shown below.
If Statement:
if (G1.equals(Games.CRICKET)) {
// action to be performed
} else if (G1.equals(Games.FOOTBALL)) {
// action to be performed
} else ....

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 Conditional Statements with
Enumeration
Switch Statement:
switch (Games) {
case CRICKET: // case CRICKET and not
// Games.CRICKET
// action to be performed;
case FOOTBALL:
// action to be performed;
...
}

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 Attributes and Methods within
Enumeration
public enum Desc {
CRICKET (“Sachin Tendulkar”), CHESS (“Vishwanathan
Anand”), TENNIS (“Sania Mirza”);
private String description;
private Desc(String description) {
this.description = description; }
public String getDesc() {
System.out.print(“Indian Delight: “);
return description; } }

public class UseDesc {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Desc player = Desc.TENNIS; System.out.println(player.getDesc());
}}

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